Abstract
Introduction
Even though transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the standard surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), there is a high rate of postoperative retrograde ejaculation.
Aim
To evaluate the effectiveness of TURP with preservation of the bladder neck in comparison with that of standard TURP.
Material and methods
This is a retrospective study. 137 men with BPH were divided into two groups: TURP with preservation of the bladder neck and standard TURP were performed respectively in group A and group B. The patients were evaluated preoperatively and at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery by International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), health-related quality of life (HRQL) score, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual urine volume (PVR) and the rate of complications including retrograde ejaculation.
Results
There was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of the operative duration, catheterization period, hemoglobin decrease, and hospital stay. At the 3-month follow-up, the rates of incontinence and retrograde ejaculation in group A were lower than those in group B. At the 6- and 12-month follow-ups, the difference in the frequency of retrograde ejaculation remained constantly stable whereas the incontinence rates were similar in both groups. The IPSS, HRQL score, Qmax, PVR and the rate of complications including hematuria, clot retention, urinary tract infection, urethral stricture, and bladder neck contracture evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months also displayed a very similar response in the two groups.
Conclusions
Comparable with standard TURP, TURP with preservation of the bladder neck appears to provide a satisfactory clinical outcome in decreasing early postoperative incontinence and lowering the rate of retrograde ejaculation.
Keywords: benign prostatic hyperplasia, transurethral resection of the prostate, bladder neck preservation, retrograde ejaculation, incontinence
Introduction
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), as the most common disease in male urological pathology [1], represents a serious public health problem in our contemporary society. Although it is benign, this disease has been shown to have a negative impact on the patient’s health-related quality of life (HRQL), marked by obstructive and irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) [2, 3]. Despite continuing development of new minimally invasive surgical methods, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) still remains the gold standard surgical treatment for LUTS due to BPH [4, 5], with more than 90% of the patients reporting normal or improved urinary voiding over the 10-year follow-up period. TURP has undergone significant improvements in the last decade [6]. The key point of standard TURP is resecting the tissues enveloped in the prostatic capsule and the bladder neck, while protecting the urethral tissues below the verumontanum [7, 8]. To achieve an improved bladder outlet, circumferential overresection of the bladder neck has been performed, which is commonly thought to cause excessive hemorrhage, uncontrolled perforation of the bladder, prostatic capsule or prostatovesical junction during the operation, as well as sexual dysfunction and bladder neck contracture in the long-term follow-up [9, 10].
Aim
We aim to evaluate the safety and efficiency of TURP with preservation of the bladder neck and compare it with the conventional standard TURP.
Material and methods
This study was approved by the Local Ethics and Research Committee. Patients in Xiang Ya Hospital with the diagnosis of BPH between January 2013 and January 2016 were included in the assessment.
Inclusion criteria: The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) > 19 after the medical therapy failure. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients. The exclusion criteria were detrusor hypocontractility or overactivity on urodynamic study, untreated acute urinary retention, incontinence, urethral stricture, retrograde ejaculation (which was confirmed by testing the urine for the presence of sperm after a dry ejaculation), prostate cancer, previous prostate, bladder neck or urethral surgery and metabolic (including diabetes mellitus) disorders and neurologic disorders. The patients with the value of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) > 2.5 ng/ml or abnormal digital rectal examination findings underwent prior ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. A total of 137 patients with a mean age of 66 years (ranging from 53 to 81) were included in the study and they were divided into group A (n = 58, TURP with bladder neck preservation) and group B (n = 79, conventional standard TURP).
General clinical examination including blood tests, PSA level measurement, digital rectal examination (DRE), urine culture, IPSS, HRQL, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) and postvoid residual urine volume (PVR) was applied in all cases. All patients received spinal anaesthesia and the same surgeon performed all the operations.
Conventional TURP was done as described previously [11]. The TURP with preservation of the bladder neck was performed as follows: in order to retain tissues in the bladder neck, resection started from 0.5 cm to 0.8 cm away from the bladder neck, while the rest of the procedures were comparable with those of the standard TURP. In the case of the lobes that highly proliferate or protrude into the bladder, operations aiming at removing those prostate tissues that broke into the bladder and that highly proliferate around the bladder neck were performed, avoiding any injury to the muscle fibers in the bladder neck. Both procedures were carried out using a 27 F continuous-flow resectoscope (Richard Wolf, Germany) with an irrigating fluid containing glycine 1.5%. A ValleyLab Forcex electrosurgical unit was used for cutting and coagulation (80 W and 120 W).
Patients were evaluated at a follow-up time of 1 year. The 3-, 6- and 12-month follow-ups assessed the PSA level measurement, IPSS, HRQL, Qmax, PVR and rates of complications (including urethral stricture, incontinence, bladder neck contracture, and retrograde ejaculation) in all patients, which were compared between the groups.
Statistical analysis
Student’s t-test and the χ2 test were used for statistical analysis of the data, with P < 0.05 considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results
Table I shows the clinical characteristics of the patients before surgery, which were similar between the two groups. In addition, there was no significant difference in the operative time, catheterization time, hemoglobin decrease or hospital stay between the two groups (Table II). As shown in Table III, at 3-, 6- and 12-month follow-ups, improvements in all the measured variables were similar in the two groups.
Table I.
Baseline characteristics
| Parameter | Group A, mean (SD) | Group B, mean (SD) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 58 | 79 | |
| Age [years] | 67.5 (8.52) | 66.7 (10.27) | 0.706 |
| Prostate volume [cm3] | 51.9 (12.21) | 54.5 (11.81) | 0.321 |
| PAS [ng/ml] | 2.56 (1.37) | 2.23 (1.30) | 0.284 |
| PVR [ml] | 97.5 (24.7) | 99.3 (33.3) | 0.785 |
| Qmax [ml/s] | 6.72 (2.6) | 7.9 (3.66) | 0.115 |
| IPSS | 21.5 (3.26) | 20.9 (2.6) | 0.407 |
| HRQL | 5.0 (0.89) | 4.9 (0.85) | 0.444 |
Table II.
Perioperative results
| Parameter | Group A, mean (SD) | Group B, mean (SD) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Operative time [min] | 60.1 (12.81) | 58.0 (11.19) | 0.454 |
| Catheterization time [h] | 84.6 (30.86) | 93.6 (27.2) | 0.17 |
| Hemoglobin decrease [g/dl] | 1.2 (1.18) | 1.4 (1) | 0.555 |
| Hospital stay [days] | 7.4 (2.06) | 6.6 (1.85) | 0.091 |
Table III.
Results at 3-, 6- and 12- months follow-ups
| Parameter | Group A, mean (SD) | Group B, mean (SD) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| IPSS: | |||
| 3 months | 10.1 (4.54) | 9.1 (4.36) | 0.343 |
| 6 months | 9.8 (4.48) | 9.1 (3.97) | 0.462 |
| 12 months | 9.0 (4.02) | 9.2 (4.04) | 0.782 |
| HRQL: | |||
| 3 months | 2.4 (1.67) | 2.2 (1.94) | 0.712 |
| 6 months | 2.1 (1.80) | 2.5 (2.03) | 0.354 |
| 12 months | 2.0 (1.40) | 2.1 (1.85) | 0.838 |
| Qmax [ml/s]: | |||
| 3 months | 19.5 (3.34) | 19.8 (3.87) | 0.735 |
| 6 months | 20.8 (3.37) | 21.4 (3.84) | 0.469 |
| 12 months | 21.4 (3.91) | 21.4 (4.34) | 0.981 |
| PVR [ml]: | |||
| 3 months | 17.9 (5.69) | 20.3 (5.87) | 0.069 |
| 6 months | 18.7 (6.46) | 17.3 (7.25) | 0.373 |
| 12 months | 17.0 (7.53) | 18.8 (6.51) | 0.237 |
| Prostate volume [ml]: | |||
| 3 months | 18.9 (3.81) | 17.8 (4.50) | 0.274 |
| 6 months | 19.1 (4.55) | 18.1 (4.07) | 0.284 |
| 12 months | 19.5 (3.56) | 18.3 (4.04) | 0.159 |
Table IV shows operative, early (< 60 days) and late (> 60 days) complications. Between the two groups, there was no significant difference in the rates of all measured operative and early complications which include hematuria plus transfusion, mild hyponatremia, hematuria, clot retention and urinary tract infection. At the 3-month follow-up, the rates of incontinence and retrograde ejaculation in group A were lower than those in group B. The difference in the frequency of retrograde ejaculation remained constantly stable in all regards at the 6- and 12-month follow-ups, though the 6- and 12-month evaluation of the rates of incontinence were similar in both groups. The rates of other late complications including urethral stricture and bladder neck contracture evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months also displayed a very similar response in the two groups.
Table IV.
Complications
| Complications | Group A, n (%) | Group B, n (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intraoperative: | |||
| Hematuria plus transfusion | 4 (6.9) | 4 (5.1) | 0.651 |
| Mild hyponatremia | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | 1 |
| Early: | |||
| Hematuria | 6 (10.3) | 10 (12.6) | 0.677 |
| Clot retention | 3 (5.2) | 3 (3.8) | 0.698 |
| Urinary tract infection | 2 (3.4) | 2 (2.5) | 0.753 |
| Late: | |||
| Urethral stricture: | |||
| 3 months | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0.241 |
| 6 months | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0.241 |
| 12 months | 1 (1.7) | 1 (1.3) | 0.825 |
| Incontinence: | |||
| 3 months | 1 (6.9) | 9 (11.4) | 0.032 |
| 6 months | 0 (0) | 3 (3.8) | 0.133 |
| 12 months | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | 0.390 |
| Bladder neck contracture: | |||
| 3 months | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | 0.390 |
| 6 months | 2 (3.4) | 1 (1.3) | 0.388 |
| 12 months | 2 (3.4) | 1 (1.3) | 0.388 |
| Retrograde ejaculation: | |||
| 3 months | 34 (58.6) | 69 (87.3) | < 0.001 |
| 6 months | 19 (32.8) | 61 (77.2) | < 0.001 |
| 12 months | 19 (32.8) | 59 (74.7) | < 0.001 |
Discussion
A competent ring of smooth muscle at the bladder neck in the male has been described [12]. The bladder neck is a part of the bladder base with a laminar architecture, and it is combined with the deep deltoid layer [13]. A muscle layer deep in the superficial layer is connected with the detrusor. The smaller muscle bundles of the deep muscle layer in the bladder base show a predominantly circular orientation. The importance of the bladder neck as the main part of maintaining continence still remains controversial [14, 15]. The bladder neck plays a significant role in reproduction. For men, bladder neck closure facilitates anterograde ejaculation. It actively contracts the bladder neck during ejaculation through a rich noradrenergic innervation by sympathetic nerves [16]. In our study, TURP with preservation of the bladder neck was performed and the results of this technique were compared with those of standard TURP. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the operative duration, catheterization period, hemoglobin decrease, hospital stay, IPSS, HRQL, Qmax, PVR and the rate of hematuria, clot retention, bladder neck contracture and urethral stricture.
One of the complications of TURP is postoperative retrograde ejaculation, which accounts for not only male infertility but also impaired sexual satisfaction [17]. The rate of retrograde ejaculation after TURP approximated 70–90% [18, 19]. The internal urethral sphincter (smooth sphincter of the bladder neck) is regarded as an indispensable part of the “compression chamber”, delimited anteriorly by the external sphincter of the urethra (striated sphincter), in which the seminal fluid accumulates and resides when it reaches the prostatic urethra before being expelled during ejaculation. Therefore, retrograde ejaculation was considered a physiological result of the removal of the smooth sphincter of the bladder neck [19, 20]. Another alternative treatment option for BPH is transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP), which has been proved to be an effective treatment option decreasing the rate of retrograde ejaculation, but the weaknesses of TUIP were reported to be the insufficiency in reducing prostate volume at the median lobe hyperplasia and the inability to obtain specimens for pathology so that the incidental prostate cancer cannot be diagnosed [21]. During TURP, we emphasize the protection of the bladder neck, especially the muscle fibers in it. At the 3-, 6- and 12-month follow-ups, the rates of retrograde ejaculation were lower in group A than those in group B: they were 58.6% vs. 87.3%, 32.8% vs. 77.2%, and 32.8% vs. 74.7% respectively (all p < 0.05). This result can be interpreted as an effect of the preservation of the bladder neck, which has prevented seminal fluid from going back into the bladder during ejaculation.
Early incontinence can occur in up to 30–40% of patients, while late iatrogenic stress incontinence occurs in fewer than 0.5% of patients, due to an incomplete external urethral sphincter. Early incontinence usually urges symptomatic or irritative symptoms such as associated urinary tract infection (UTI) and fossa healing or detrusor instability caused by long-lasting BPH [22, 23]. In this study, at the 3-month follow-up, the rate of incontinence in group A was lower, 6.9% vs. 11.4% (p < 0.05), while at the 12-month follow-up there was no patient with incontinence in either group. A decreasing trend of the rate in the standard TURP group was observed, which is in accordance with previous reports [11]. The low rate of early incontinence in patients undergoing TURP with preservation of the bladder neck in our study may be due to less damage of the prostate or detrusor instability by preserving the bladder neck. Moreover, postoperative bladder neck contracture was seen in 1 (2.5%) patient in the standard TURP group and 2 (5%) patients in the TURP with preservation of the bladder neck group, but the difference was not significant.
Conclusions
Comparable with standard TURP, TURP with preservation of the bladder neck appears to provide a satisfactory clinical outcome in decreasing early postoperative incontinence and lowering the rate of retrograde ejaculation. However, both follow-up time and the number of cases may not be sufficient to draw strong conclusions from this study.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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