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. 2018 Jun 1;97(22):e10931. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010931

Hepatitis B virus serosurvey and awareness of mother-to-child transmission among pregnant women in Shenyang, China

An observational study

Qiu-Ju Sheng 1, Sui-Jing Wang 1, Yu-Yu Wu 1, Xiao-Guang Dou 1, Yang Ding 1,∗
Editor: Wenyu Lin1
PMCID: PMC6392912  PMID: 29851831

Abstract

Preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the key to controlling the prevalence of chronic HBV infection. Adequate awareness of hepatitis B in hepatitis B s antigen (HBsAg) positive pregnant women may be helpful to reduce HBV MTCT.

The aim of this study was to explore HBV seroprevalence among pregnant women and investigate the level of hepatitis B awareness among HBsAg positive pregnant women.

HBV serum biomarkers were tested among pregnant women visiting Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University. HBsAg-positive pregnant women received a HBV DNA test and completed a questionnaire. The different HBV DNA loads were interpreted as follows: 20 to  < 2 × 103 IU/mL was low viral load, 2 × 103 to  < 2 × 106 IU/mL was intermediate viral load and ≥2 × 106 IU/mL was high viral load. The pregnant women with high viral load were treated with telbivudine (LdT). HBV DNA at different times was tested. The rate of HBV MTCT was confirmed at 28 weeks postpartum.

HBsAg prevalence among pregnant women was 3.1% (441/14314). There was significant difference in comparing HBsAg prevalence in different age groups (χ2 = 13.86, P < .01). Among 441 HBsAg-positive pregnant women, 151 (34.2%) were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive and 112 (25.4%) had high viral load. After 4 weeks of treatment, the average HBV DNA load of 66 cases with high viral load was (5.0 ± 0.8) log10 IU/mL. The average HBV DNA load at 4 weeks postpartum rebounded to (7.9 ± 1.0) log10 IU/mL, which was not significantly different from that at baseline (t = 1.23, P = .22). At 28 weeks postpartum, the rate of HBV MTCT in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the observation group (0% vs 12.2%; P = .02). Only 23.4% of pregnant women knew their HBV status before gestation and 17.7% of pregnant women knew the HBV status before delivery. However, only 21.3% of pregnant women realized to need antiviral treatment to prevent MTCT.

The pregnant women in Shenyang had a low HBsAg prevalence. Antiviral treatment for pregnant women with high viral load can effectively reduce the rate of HBV MTCT. HBV screening and education among HBsAg-positive pregnant women should be strengthened.

Keywords: hepatitis B virus, mother-to-child transmission, pregnancy, questionnaire, telbivudine

1. Introduction

In China, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main transmission route of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Preventing HBV MTCT is the key to controlling prevalence of chronic HBV infection.[1] Despite immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG), the rate of HBV MTCT is still 10% to 15%, which involves in the women with high viral load and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive.[2] Antiviral treatment during middle and late gestation in pregnant women with high viral load can effectively reduce HBV MTCT.[3,4] Aging women, hepatic flare, HBV mutation, and quasispecies may lead to a seroprevalence change in pregnant women with chronic HBV infection.[5–8] Measures such as improving hepatitis B awareness in hepatitis B s antigen (HBsAg) positive childbearing-age women, HBV screening and education before gestation, follow-up, and timely intervention during gestation can reduce HBV MTCT in HBsAg-positive women.[9,10]

2. Objectives

In this study, we investigated HBV seroprevalence among pregnant women in Shenyang, China. We also tested the dynamic change of HBV DNA load for pregnant women with high viral load during antiviral treatment. We further investigated the level of hepatitis B awareness among HBsAg-positive pregnant women by a questionnaire survey.

3. Study design

All pregnant women visiting Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University between January and December 2016 were enrolled. HBV serum biomarkers were tested for all pregnant women. HBsAg-positive pregnant women also received a HBV DNA test and completed a questionnaire.

HBV serum biomarkers were tested with chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (Architect I8200_C; Abbott, IL). Negative was defined as HBsAg < 0.05 IU/mL, HBeAg < 1.0 s/co, hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe) > 1.0 s/co, and hepatitis B c antibody (anti-HBc) < 1.0 s/co, respectively. HBV DNA was tested with real-time quantitative PCR (COBAS AmpliPrep/TaqMan 48 analyzer; Roche, CA). The different HBV DNA loads were interpreted as follows:  < 20 IU/mL as negative, 20 to  < 2 × 103 IU/mL was low viral load, 2 × 103 to  < 2 × 106 IU/mL was intermediate viral load, and ≥2 × 106 IU/mL was high viral load. The pregnant women with high viral load signed informed documents and were divided into the treatment group and observation group according to their own preference. Telbivudine (LdT, 600 mg, once daily; Beijing Novartis Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was orally administered from 24 to 28 weeks gestation and immediately discontinued after delivery in the treatment group. HBV DNA was tested at baseline, after 4 weeks of treatment, before delivery, and at 4 weeks postpartum in the treatment group. HBV DNA was tested at baseline and 4 weeks postpartum in the observation group. All these infants received 100 IU HBIG (Hualan Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Xinxiang, China) and 10 μg hepatitis B vaccine (Kangtai Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) intramuscularly within 12 hours after birth. The other 2 doses of 10 μg hepatitis B vaccines were scheduled at 1 and 6 months of age. The rate of HBV MTCT was defined as the proportion of infants with HBV DNA and HBsAg-positive in the infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers at 28 weeks of age.

The HBsAg positive pregnant women were requested to complete a written questionnaire survey anonymously. They were taken into a separate room to allow privacy during the survey. The questionnaire was jointly developed by the study team. Content was intensely discussed among the study team. The questionnaire consisted of 10 items, divided into 3 parts: The time when HBsAg status was known (4 items: Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4), their knowledge of HBV MTCT (3 items: Q5, Q6, Q7), and strategies of preventing HBV MTCT (3 items: Q8, Q9, Q10). For each item there were 2 response options: “yes” or “no.”

Data generated were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY). Baseline characteristics and laboratory results were summarized by mean values including percentage and mean ± standard deviation. The t test or Mann–Whitney U test was employed in the comparison of continuous data and the Chi-square test was used for the comparison of count data. P < .05 (bilateral test) was statistically significant.

4. Results

4.1. HB seroprevalence among pregnant women

4.1.1. HBsAg prevalence among pregnant women

There were 14,314 pregnant women visiting Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January to December 2016. The age range of these pregnant women was 19 to 45 years and the average age was (31.1 ± 4.5) years. The HBsAg prevalence among these pregnant women was 3.1% (441/14314). The HBsAg prevalence among pregnant women in different age groups is summarized in Table 1. The HBsAg prevalence in the group 19 to 25 years of age was lowest (1.2%). Whereas, the HBsAg prevalence in the group 26 to 35 and 36 to 45 years of age were 2.8 and 2.9 times than that in the youngest group. There was significant difference in comparing HBsAg prevalence in different age groups (χ2 = 13.86, P < .01).

Table 1.

HBsAg prevalence among pregnant women in different age groups.

4.1.1.

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4.1.2. HBeAg status and HBV DNA level among HBsAg-positive pregnant women

HBeAg status and HBV DNA load among 441 HBsAg-positive pregnant women are summarized in Table 2. Among 441 HBsAg-positive pregnant women, 151 (34.2%) were HBeAg positive, and 207 (46.9%) were HBV DNA positive. There were 112 (25.4%) pregnant women with high viral load. Among 112 pregnant women with high viral load, 107 were HBeAg positive and the remaining 5 cases were HBeAg negative.

Table 2.

HBeAg status and HBV DNA load among 441 HBsAg-positive pregnant women.

4.1.2.

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4.1.3. Dynamic change of HBV DNA after antiviral treatment among the pregnant women with high viral load

One hundred twelve pregnant women with high viral load were divided into the treatment group (n = 66) and observation group (n = 46). All pregnant women in the treatment group were treated for more than 8 weeks and no subject was prematurely delivered before 28 weeks gestation. The baseline conditions in the 2 groups are described in Table 3. There was no significant difference in age, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and HBV DNA load between the 2 groups. The change of HBV DNA load at different times in the treatment group is described in Fig. 1. After 4 weeks of treatment, the average HBV DNA load was (5.0 ± 0.8) log10 IU/mL, which decreased by 3.1 log10 IU/mL compared with that at baseline (t = 29.78, P < .01). The average HBV DNA load continued to decrease an extra 0.9 log10 IU/mL to (4.1 ± 0.8) log10 IU/mL before delivery (t = 7.10, P < .01). The average HBV DNA load at 4 weeks postpartum rebounded to (7.9 ± 1.0) log10 IU/mL, which was not significantly different from that at baseline (t = 1.23, P = .22). The average HBV DNA load was (7.8 ± 0.6) log10 IU/mL at 4 weeks postpartum in the observation group, which was not significantly different from that at baseline (t = 1.54, P = .13).

Table 3.

Comparison of the baseline conditions between treatment group and observation group.

4.1.3.

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Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Change of HBV DNA level at different time points in the treatment group. After 4 weeks of treatment, the average HBV DNA load was (5.0 ± 0.8) log10 IU/mL, which decreased by 3.1 log10 IU/mL compared with that at baseline (t = 29.78, P < .01). The average HBV DNA load continued to decrease an extra 0.9 log10 IU/mL to (4.1 ± 0.8) log10 IU/mL before delivery (t = 7.10, P < .01). The average HBV DNA load at 4 weeks postpartum rebounded to (7.9 ± 1.0) log10 IU/mL, which was not significantly different from that at baseline (t = 1.23, P = .22).

4.2. Questionnaire survey among HBsAg-positive pregnant women

Four hundred forty-one questionnaires completed by HBsAg-positive pregnant women were collected with the results described in Table 4. Only 23.4% (103/441) of HBsAg-positive pregnant women knew their HBV status before gestation and 17.7% (78/441) of HBsAg-positive pregnant women knew their HBV status before delivery. There were 66.2% (292/441) of HBsAg-positive pregnant women who knew that a HBsAg-positive mother could transmit HBV to her children; however, only 21.32% (94/441) of HBsAg-positive pregnant women knew that pregnant women with high viral load should need antiviral treatment to prevent MTCT. About 69.2% (305/441) of HBsAg-positive pregnant women were aware of the need for the inoculation of hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG in neonates.

Table 4.

Questionnaire survey among HBsAg-positive pregnant women.

4.2.

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4.3. The rate of HBV MTCT

All these infants received immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG and visited follow-up. At 28 weeks postpartum, the rate of HBV MTCT among the infants born to mothers in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the observation group (Fig. 2). The rate of HBV MTCT in the treatment group was 0% (0 of 66 infants) versus 12.2% (5 of 46 infants) in the observation group (χ2 = 5.18, P = .02).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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The rate of HBV MTCT. The rate of HBV MTCT was 0% (0 of 66 infants) in the treatment group versus 12.2% (5 of 46 infants) in the observation group. The rate of HBV MTCT among the infants born to mothers in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the observation group. (χ2 = 5.18, P = .02). HBV = hepatitis B virus, LdT = telbivudine, MTCT = mother-to-child transmission.

5. Discussion

According to the data reported by the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Center in 2007, HBsAg prevalence among childbearing-age women in China was 8.16%[11]. Various measures such as improving the clinical care, HBV screening, immunoprophylaxis, effective treatment, and close follow-up can significantly prevent HBV MTCT and mitigate the family, society, and individuals burden brought by chronic HBV infection.[12] Although immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG in neonates can remarkably reduce HBV infection, still cannot block HBV MTCT completely.[13,14] To further reduce HBV infection in neonates, it is recommended that HBeAg-positive pregnant women with high viral load should receive antiviral treatment during middle and late gestation.[15–18] Therefore, it is important to understand the HBV seroprevalence, HBeAg status, and viral load among pregnant women.

HBsAg prevalence among pregnant women in Shenyang previously reported was 5.49% with the average age of (26.1 ± 3.2) years. The immunization of hepatitis B vaccine effectively reduced HBsAg prevalence in this area.[19] Our study showed that HBsAg prevalence among pregnant women in the area in 2016 was 3.1% with the average age of (31.1 ± 4.5) years. Moreover, there was significant difference in comparing HBsAg prevalence in different age groups. Because of 2-child policy, the pregnant women are older. The older pregnant women may not have been vaccinated in their childhood. Hence, HBsAg prevalence in older age groups was significantly higher than that in the youngest age groups.

Previously, pregnant women with chronic HBV infection were generally younger and majority were in immune tolerance status. Currently, due to aging pregnant women, more women may have hepatic flare before or during gestation, which cause certain health risks to mothers and fetus.[20–22] The aim of antiviral treatment with LdT or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) during gestation is to maintain stable liver function of pregnant women, ensure the continuation of gestation, and reduce HBV MTCT. Whether aging pregnant women would affect HBV seroprevalence and HBV DNA load, we found that the majority of pregnant women were HBeAg negative. However, in our previous investigation,[19] the majority of pregnant women were HBeAg positive (67.1%). It was inconclusive whether the change was caused by HBV genome variation, which was either introduced during viral replication due to the lack of proof-reading activity of the reverse transcriptase or induced by antiviral drugs pressure.[23,24]

A consensus is to treat pregnant women with high viral load in middle or late gestation. Therefore, it is of clinical significance to understand HBV DNA load among pregnant women.[25,26] In our study, the proportion of pregnant women with HBV DNA positive in 2016 was 46.9%, which was lower than that in 2010 (81.93%). The reason may be that some pregnant women received antiviral treatment before or during gestation because of hepatic flare. The proportion of pregnant women with high viral load was 25.4%. High viral load can occur in both HBeAg-positive and negative pregnant women (although in the minority).

In this study, 66 pregnant women with high viral load were treated orally with LdT. After 4 weeks of treatment, HBV DNA load significantly decreased. HBV DNA load at 4 weeks postpartum approximately rebounded to that at baseline. At 28 weeks postpartum, the rate of HBV MTCT in the treatment group (0%) was lower than that in the observation group (12.2%). After antiviral treatment, the dynamic change of HBV DNA in pregnant women and the rate of HBV MTCT were consistent with previous reports.[27] However, the latest study by Jourdain et al [28] in Thailand failed to obtain a positive result on their issue. Their result was generalized to pregnant women in the area with lower MTCT rate (MTCT rate in Thailand is 2%). It should not be generalized to pregnant women in the area with higher MTCT rate (MTCT rate in China is 10–15%).

It is necessary for HBsAg-positive pregnant women to have adequate awareness of hepatitis B, which has important influence on the screening and follow-up during gestation. Our survey was administered among HBsAg-positive pregnant women to determine the level of hepatitis B awareness. We found that relatively a few (23.4%) of HBsAg-positive pregnant women knew their HBV status before gestation. Only 21.3% of pregnant women knew that pregnant women with high viral load need antiviral treatment to prevent HBV MTCT. HBV screening and education among HBsAg-positive pregnant women still need to be strengthened. In China, the neonates born to HBsAg-positive mothers are provided free inoculation of hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG within 12 hours after delivery, which significantly decreases HBV MTCT. Over 60% of HBsAg-positive pregnant women knew about the HBV-free immunization policy.

The limitation of this study included potential long-term side effects of antiviral treatment on mothers and children. This aspect will require further investigation. These pregnant women treated with LdT were self-selected, and the questionnaire survey was not administered among HBsAg-negative pregnant women, which may be potential selective bias. It was still a limitation for the lack of the validation about our survey tool.

In 2015, China Foundation for Hepatitis Prevention and Control launched “Zero HBV MTCT Project” and standardized clinical management for preventing HBV MTCT. In 2016, the World Health Assembly endorsed World Health Organization global health sector strategies on hepatitis. These strategies call for the elimination of HBV MTCT by 2030.[29] Furthermore, HBV screening, education, as well as antiviral treatment in pregnant women are initiated. “Zero HBV MTCT ” is expected to realize in China and all over the world.

Acknowledgment

We extend our thanks to all pregnant women involved in our study, who all agreed to be tested for HBV serum biomarkers, HBV DNA, and completed questionnaire survey. We disclosed they had no writing assistance.

Author contributions

Investigation: Qiuju Sheng, Suijing Wang, Yuyu Wu, YANG DING.

Writing – original draft: Qiuju Sheng, Xiaoguang Dou, YANG DING.

Data curation: Suijing Wang.

Funding acquisition: Xiaoguang Dou.

Supervision: YANG DING.

Footnotes

Abbreviations: ALT = alanine aminotransferase, anti-HBc = hepatitis B c antibody, anti-HBe = hepatitis B e antibody, HBeAg = hepatitis B e antigen, HBIG = hepatitis B immunoglobulin, HBsAg = hepatitis B s antigen, HBV = hepatitis B virus, LdT = telbivudine, MTCT = mother-to-child transmission, TDF= tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Funding/support: This work was supported by National Science and Technology Major Project for Infectious Diseases Control [2017ZX10201201], Liaoning Province Natural Science Foundation [2014021007], and Liaoning Province Local Professional Technology Innovation Platform Construction Project [2016007013].

The Institutional Ethics Committee approved the study and the study conformed to the Helsinki declaration of 1977. Informed consent was obtained from all the study subjects before the study.

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

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