Figure 1. Residual change in cognitive domains after adjustment for cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative conditions.

The time-varying effect model adjusted for age at death, education, sex, AD pathology, gross infarcts, microinfarcts, TDP-43 pathology, hippocampal sclerosis, Lewy bodies, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, atherosclerosis, and arteriolar sclerosis. The data represent the estimated mean cognition for a woman with average age at death (88.9 years), average years of education (16.4 years), low levels (10th percentile) of AD pathology (0.044), TDP-43 pathology (0), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (0), and no other neuropathologies, with the black dotted line showing the initial estimated cognitive level and the red dotted line (with blue shading indicating the 95% confidence intervals) showing change in the estimated cognitive level as a function of years before death. AD = Alzheimer disease; TDP-43 = transactive response DNA-binding protein 43.