Correction for Street et al., Coevolution of cultural intelligence, extended life history, sociality, and brain size in primates

COLLOQUIUM Correction for “Coevolution of cultural intelligence, extended life history, sociality, and brain size in primates,” by Sally E. Street, Ana F. Navarrete, Simon M. Reader, and Kevin N. Laland, which was first published July 25, 2017; 10.1073/pnas.1620734114 (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114:7908–7914).

The authors wish to note the following: “We wish to notify readers that a data entry error was detected in the primate body mass data used in our study. A reanalysis of the corrected dataset has been conducted and the principal findings remain robust, with the exception of three: We no longer find support for a positive relationship between social learning and relative brain size, between relative brain size and lifespan, and between relative brain size and group size (see Table 1). The results of all reanalysed models including body mass, which include some further minor differences between the original and corrected analyses, are given in Table 2. Our corrected dataset is available from the DataDryad repository (https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.jb22k75/1). Readers are encouraged to contact the authors for discussion of how these differences affect interpretation.”

Table 1.

Results of three principal reanalyses based on corrected body mass data

Dependent variable (sample)	n	h2	Ps-R2	Parameter	Mean β	% β
Social learning (all species)	150	0.37	0.59	Brain volume	2.27	12.65
				Body mass	−0.37	39.55
				Research effort	3.40	0.00
Brain volume (all species)	112	0.94	0.96	Longevity	0.06	17.30
				Body mass	0.62	0.00
Brain volume (all species)	151	0.95	0.95	Group size	0.03	9.45
				Body mass	0.62	0.00

n = N species, h² = heritability (phylogenetic signal), Ps-R² = pseudo-R², Parameter = fixed effects, mean β = mean β coefficient from posterior distribution, % β = percentage of β estimates crossing zero in the opposite direction to that predicted for each effect (here, all associations are predicted to be positive).

Table 2.

Results of all reanalyses based on corrected body mass data

Dependent variable (sample)	n	h2	Ps-R2	Parameter	Mean β	% β
Social learning (all species)	150	0.37	0.59	Brain volume	2.27	12.65
				Body mass	−0.37	39.55
				Research effort	3.40	0.00
Social learning (without great apes)	146	0.49	0.44	Brain volume	1.72	19.55
				Body mass	0.12	47.90
				Research effort	3.33	0.00
Social learning (all species)	117	0.45	0.50	Longevity	5.03	0.50
				Body mass	0.59	13.45
				Research effort	3.23	0.00
Social learning (without great apes)	113	0.42	0.51	Longevity	4.46	0.90
				Body mass	0.98	4.70
				Research effort	3.37	0.00
Social learning (all species)	87	0.47	0.79	Longevity	3.85	4.00
				Mat. investment	0.51	41.00
				Body mass	0.59	21.20
				Research effort	3.44	0.00
Social learning (without great apes)	83	0.48	0.57	Longevity	3.37	5.90
				Mat. investment	0.10	47.90
				Body mass	1.12	8.45
				Research effort	3.58	0.00
Social learning (all species)	111	0.46	0.60	Longevity	5.79	0.20
				Brain volume	−1.40	29.30
				Body mass	1.47	20.10
				Research effort	3.15	0.00
Social learning (without great apes)	107	0.43	0.28	Longevity	5.59	0.55
				Brain volume	−1.96	21.00
				Body mass	2.26	9.10
				Research effort	3.34	0.00
Social learning (all species)	101	0.57	0.04	Juvenile period	−2.94	4.20
				Body mass	2.17	0.25
				Research effort	3.94	0.00
Social learning (without great apes)	97	0.78	0.47	Juvenile period	−3.99	1.90
				Body mass	2.89	0.10
				Research effort	3.78	0.00
Social learning (all species)	92	0.43	0.48	Rep. lifespan	5.85	0.15
				Body mass	0.41	21.05
				Research effort	3.22	0.00
Social learning (without great apes)	88	0.47	0.46	Rep. lifespan	5.01	0.30
				Body mass	0.86	7.30
				Research effort	3.43	0.00
Social learning (all species)	82	0.47	0.54	Rep. lifespan	5.82	0.15
				Mat. investment	0.28	44.75
				Body mass	0.40	29.60
				Research effort	3.23	0.00
Social learning (without great apes)	78	0.49	0.47	Rep. lifespan	5.24	0.25
				Mat. investment	−0.22	44.65
				Body mass	0.95	11.80
				Research effort	3.39	0.00
Social learning (all species)	89	0.43	0.32	Rep. lifespan	6.54	0.15
				Brain volume	−1.40	28.65
				Body mass	1.31	22.85
				Research effort	3.14	0.00
Social learning (without great apes)	85	0.51	0.51	Rep. lifespan	6.30	0.00
				Brain volume	−2.48	15.00
				Body mass	2.53	7.80
				Research effort	3.37	0.00
Social learning (all species)	111	0.39	0.83	Longevity	4.32	1.45
				Group size	0.93	3.85
				Body mass	0.44	24.65
				Research effort	3.53	0.00
Social learning (without great apes)	107	0.49	0.63	Longevity	3.29	4.25
				Group size	2.04	0.30
				Body mass	0.42	27.70
				Research effort	3.39	0.00
Social learning (all species)	89	0.46	0.83	Rep. lifespan	5.99	0.10
				Group size	0.83	4.30
				Body mass	0.33	29.00
				Research effort	3.23	0.00
Social learning (without great apes)	85	0.54	0.33	Rep. lifespan	4.61	0.55
				Group size	1.85	0.50
				Body mass	0.32	33.85
				Research effort	3.14	0.00
Social learning (all species)	140	0.37	<0.01	Group size	0.99	4.00
				Brain volume	1.19	28.65
				Body mass	0.12	48.65
				Research effort	3.61	0.00
Social learning (without great apes)	136	0.55	0.58	Group size	2.52	0.10
				Brain volume	−0.32	46.65
				Body mass	0.75	36.35
				Research effort	3.15	0.00
Brain volume (all species)	151	0.95	0.95	Group size	0.03	9.45
				Body mass	0.62	0.00
Brain volume (without great apes)	147	0.96	0.94	Group size	0.02	16.20
				Body mass	0.62	0.00
Brain volume (all species)	112	0.94	0.96	Longevity	0.06	17.30
				Body mass	0.62	0.00
Brain volume (without great apes)	108	0.94	0.96	Longevity	0.06	18.75
				Body mass	0.62	0.00
Brain volume (all species)	98	0.95	0.97	Juvenile period	0.18	0.10
				Body mass	0.60	0.00
Brain volume (without great apes)	94	0.95	0.96	Juvenile period	0.17	0.35
				Body mass	0.61	0.00
Brain volume (all species)	90	0.95	0.96	Rep. lifespan	0.03	33.35
				Body mass	0.64	0.00
Brain volume (without great apes)	86	0.95	0.96	Rep. lifespan	0.03	31.65
				Body mass	0.65	0.00
Brain volume (all species)	84	0.90	0.97	Longevity	0.12	7.40
				Body mass	0.26	0.05
				Mat. investment	0.23	0.00
Brain volume (without great apes)	80	0.90	0.97	Longevity	0.12	8.30
				Body mass	0.26	0.00
				Mat. investment	0.22	0.05
Brain volume (all species)	86	0.94	0.97	Juvenile period	0.18	0.15
				Body mass	0.25	0.00
				Mat. investment	0.14	1.40
Brain volume (without great apes)	82	0.94	0.96	Juvenile period	0.16	0.75
				Body mass	0.26	0.00
				Mat. investment	0.13	2.45
Brain volume (all species)	79	0.90	0.97	Rep. lifespan	0.08	14.30
				Body mass	0.26	0.00
				Mat. investment	0.24	0.05
Brain volume (without great apes)	75	0.89	0.97	Rep. lifespan	0.10	10.80
				Body mass	0.27	0.25
				Mat. investment	0.23	0.00
Brain volume (all species)	106	0.93	0.97	Group size	0.05	2.15
				Longevity	0.07	14.45
				Body mass	0.63	0.00
Brain volume (without great apes)	102	0.93	0.96	Group size	0.05	4.10
				Longevity	0.06	17.05
				Body mass	0.63	0.00
Brain volume (all species)	95	0.93	0.97	Group size	0.04	4.35
				Juvenile period	0.19	0.05
				Body mass	0.60	0.00
Brain volume (without great apes)	91	0.93	0.96	Group size	0.04	6.50
				Juvenile period	0.19	0.05
				Body mass	0.60	0.00
Brain volume (all species)	87	0.93	0.97	Group size	0.04	5.20
				Rep. lifespan	0.04	26.85
				Body mass	0.64	0.00
Brain volume (without great apes)	83	0.93	0.96	Group size	0.04	12.20
				Rep. lifespan	0.05	25.45
				Body mass	0.64	0.00

n = N species, h² = heritability (phylogenetic signal), Ps-R² = pseudo-R², Parameter = fixed effects, mean β = mean β coefficient from posterior distribution, % β = percentage of β estimates crossing zero in the opposite direction to that predicted for each effect (here, all associations are predicted to be positive). Mat., maternal; Rep., reproductive.