TABLE 1.
Association Between Maternal Serum Cotinine (Log-Transformed and 3-Class Categorical Variables) and Offspring ADHD
| Patient | Control | Association With Maternal Serum Cotinine | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | |||
| Maternal cotinine levels (ng/mL), median | 27.4 | 11.3 | — | — | — |
| Log-transformed analysis | |||||
| Unadjusted | — | — | 1.14 | 1.11–1.17 | <.001 |
| Model 1a | — | — | 1.09 | 1.06–1.13 | <.001 |
| Model 2b | — | — | 1.10 | 1.06–1.13 | <.001 |
| Categorical analysis | |||||
| Unadjusted | |||||
| Reference, n (%)c | 777 (72.0) | 936 (86.8) | — | — | — |
| Moderated | 84 (7.8%) | 54 (5.0%) | 1.92 | 1.33–2.77 | <.001 |
| Heavy exposuree | 218 (20.2%) | 89 (8.2%) | 2.95 | 2.25–3.88 | <.001 |
| Model 1a | |||||
| Moderate exposured | — | — | 1.27 | 0.84–1.92 | .25 |
| Heavy exposuree | — | — | 2.21 | 1.64–2.99 | <.001 |
| Model 2b | |||||
| Moderate exposured | — | — | 1.31 | 0.87–1.96 | .20 |
| Heavy exposuree | — | — | 2.27 | 1.69–3.07 | <.001 |
—, not applicable.
a
Model 1: adjusted for BWGA, maternal SES, maternal age, maternal psychopathology, maternal substance abuse, paternal age, and paternal psychopathology.
b
Model 2: adjusted for BWGA, maternal SES, maternal age, maternal psychopathology, maternal substance abuse, and paternal age.
c
Reference: <20 ng/mL.
d
Moderate exposure: 20–50 ng/mL.
e
Heavy exposure: >50 ng/mL.