Table 1.

Methods and conditions for the determination of biogenic amines in food samples.

Analyte	Method/ Equipment	Sample	Extraction Solvents	Separation Technique	Derivatization Reagents	Detection System	Time of Analysis (min)	LOD	Ref
HIS	Fluorometric	Seafood, meats, cheeses, sauerkraut, etc.	MeOH	---	OPA	PF	---	0.02 mg/100 g	[59]
HIS	Fluorometric	Fish (fresh, dry, salted, frozen, brine, etc.)	MeOH	Ion exchange resin	OPA	PF	---	--	[60]
HIS	Colorimetric	Fish (tuna, mackerel),	NaCl solution	---	p-phenyldiazonium sulfonate	UV/vis	---	1 mg/100 g	[61]
HIS	ELISA immunoassay	Fish, wine		---	---	UV/vis	10	--	[62]
HIS, Tyr, Cad, Put, Phe, Trp, Spd, Spm	TLC	Cod, squid, MRS, TSB	TCA	---	Dansyl chloride	PF	---	5 ng–10 ng (1 mg/L per 10 μL spotted)	[63,64]
HIS, Cad, Put, Spm	IEC	Tuna fish	MSA, HCL, PCA, PB	IonPac CS17	MSA	EDC	20	0.15–0.50 mg/kg	[65]
HIS, Tyr, Cad, Put, Spd	HPLC	Milk (cow, goat)	PCA	ODS2-C18	Benzoyl Chloride	UV/vis	13	0.03–1.30 mg/L	[66]
His, Tyr, Phe, Try, Cad, Put Spm Spd	HPLC	Sausages, cheese	PCA, HCL	Eclipse XDB-C18	Dansyl chloride, Fluorenylmethoxy-carbonyl chloride, Benzoyl chloride, Dansyl chloride	UV/vis	25–50	0.03–0.38 mg/kg,	[67]
HIS, Tyr, Cad, Put, Phe, Trp, Spd, Spm	HPLC or UHPLC	Meat, beer, wine, rice, mushroom, sausage, juice, oil, peanut butter, fish, shrimp sauce, etc.	PCA TCA HCL	ODS2-C-18, Nova-Pak C18, Zorbax XDB C18	Dansyl chloride	UV/vis	6–30	0.01–0.10 mg/kg 4.43–6.96 μg/L	[68,69,70,71]
HIS, Tyr, Cad, Put, Phe, Spd, Spm, Ser, Met, Etm	HPLC or UHPLC	Wines, meat, beverages, coffee	TCA	Phenomenex Luna 5u RP-18 Kromasil	Dansyl chloride	DAD	35	0.5 mg/kg	[72,73]
Trp, Phe, Put, Cad, HIS, Tyr, Spm, Spd	HPLC	Chicken carcasses	PCA	C18	Dansyl chloride	FLD	32	0.05–25 μg/mL	[74]
HIS, Met, Etm, Tyr, Phe, Put, Cad	HPLC	Wine	---	Nova-Pak C18	OPA	FLD	42	0.006–0.057 mg/L	[62]
HIS, Tyr, Cad, Put, Phe, Agm, Trp, Spd, Spm	HPLC or UHPLC	Meat, fish, squid, prawn	TCA PCA	Cation exchange-Capcell Pak MG-C18	OPA	FLD	25–55	0.05–0.2 mg/L 0.2–2.0 µg/L	[75,76,77]
Met, Etm, HIS, Tym, Trp, Phe, Put, Cad	HPLC	Canned tuna fish	TCA	Inertsil ODS-3	Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde	FLD	50	2.5–330 mg/kg	[78]
HIS, Tyr, Phe, Ser, Trp, Oct, Dopa, Cad, Put, Agm, Spd, Spm	HPLC	Wine, cider, spinach hazelnut, banana, potato, milk, chocolate, meat	PCA	Nova-Pak C18	OPA	FLD	55–60	0.03–0.06 mg/L 0.07–0.2 mg/L ≤1.5 mg/kg	[41,79,80]
HIS, Tyr, Phe, Ser, Trp, Oct, Dopa, Cad, Put, Agm, Spd, Spm	UHPLC	Wine, fish, cheese, sausage	PCA	Acquity BEH C18	OPA	FLD	7	0.2–0.3 mg/L	[81]
Put, HIS, Cad, Phe, Tyr, Spd, Spm	HPLC-	Beer, cheese, fish, sausage, shrimp	TCA	Hypersil BDS C18	EAC	FLD	6	0.27–0.69 ng/mL	[82]
HIS, Tyr, Cad, Put, Phe, Agm, Trp, Spd, Spm, Ser, Oct, Dopa	HPLC	Wines	---	A Zorbax C18	NQS	DAD	45	0.2–3 mg/L,	[83]
Met, HIS, Put, Cad, Tyr, Spm, Spd, Trip, Phe, Etm	HPLC	Wine, beer	PVP	Inertsil ODS-3 column	Dansyl chloride	DAD–APCI-MS	35	0.008–40.0 mg/L	[84]
His, Tyr, Spd, Spm, Cad, Put, Agm	HPLC	Fish, cheese, meat, vegetable	HCL, TCA, MeOH	LiChrospher RP 18,	OPA	FLD–DAD	20	0.5–8.5 mg/kg	[85]
HIS, Cad, Agm, Tyr, Put, Phe	HPLC	Beer, wines	BB	Gemini C-18	p-toluenesulfonyl chloride	MS	22	0.023–12 µg/dm3	[86]
HIS, Tyr, Phe	HPLC	Cheese	HCL	Luna C18	---	MS	11	0.05–0.25 mg/kg	[87]
Cad, Put, HIS	GC	Cheese, fish	---	OV-225	Perfluoropropionyl derivatives	ECD	20	<1.1 µg/g	[88]
Etm, HIS, Put, Spm, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Met, Prp	GC	Wine	MeOH, CHCl3 (DLLME)	ZB-5MS capillary column	IBCF, PCF	MS–MS	25	<4.1 μg/L.	[89]
Cad, Put HIS	GC	Apple juice	DLLME	CC-DB-5	---	MS	8	0.06–2.20 μg/L	[90]
Put, Cad, HIS, Phe, Tyr	GC	Alcoholic beverages	Toluene	CC-HP-5MS	Isobutyl chloroformate	MS	12	1–10 μg/L	[91]
HIS	FIA	Mackerel, mahi-mahi	MeOH	---	OPA	FLD	---	0.8–6 mg/kg	[92,93]
HIS	FIA	Cider, wine	---	Anion exchange mini-column	OPA	FLD	---	30–101 µg/L	[94]
HIS, Tyr, Put, Cad, Agm, Spm	FIA	Tuna	Water	Electrode-Biosensor (AO, HmDH)	OPA	APMD	---	100 pmol	[95,96]
HIS, Phe	CE–FIA	Standard solutions	Water	---	---	MS	22	0.018–0.09 μg/mL	[97]
Put, Cad, Spm, Spd, Trp, Tyr, HIS	CE	Sauerkraut	PCA	Silica capillary	Benzoyl chloride	UV/vis	35	0.2–0.7 mg/L	[98]
HIS, Tyr, Phe, Put, Cad, Spm, Spd	CE	Soy sauce, fish, wine	TCA	Silica capillary	FBQCA	LIFD	14	0.4–10 nM	[99]
Put, Cad, Spd, Spm	CE	Fresh milk	PCA	Ag/AgCl electrode	---	APMD	27	100–400 nM	[100]
Put, HIS, Try, Phe, Spd	CE	Oyster	PCA	capillary column- Ag/AgCl	---	ECHL	30	9.2 × 10−4–9.6 × 10−2 μg/mL	[101]
HIS, Tyr	CE	Meat, cheese, fish, vegetable	HCL, MeOH, TCA	---	---	DAD	9	2–6 mg/kg	[85]
Spm, Spd, Put, Cad, HIS, Phe, Trp, Tyr	CE	Beer, wine	---	Electrophoretic separation	---	MS	10	1–2 μg/L	[102]

Agm: agmatine, AO: amine oxidase, APMD: amperometric detection, BB: borate-buffer, Cad: cadaverine, CC: capillary column, CE: capillary electrophoresis, CHCl3: chloroform, CHMD: chemiluminescence detector, DAD: diode-array detector, DAD–APCI-MS: diode array detection–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry system, DLLME: dispersive liquid microextraction, DOPA: dopamine, EAC: ethyl-acridine-sulfonyl chloride, EB: electrode-biosensor, ECD: electron capture detector, ECHL: electrochemiluminescence, EDC: electrochemical detector-conductivity, Etm: ethylamine, FBQCA: 3-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde, FLD: fluorescence detection, HCL: chloridric acid, HIS: histamine, HmDH: histamine dehydrogenase, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography or high pressure liquid chromatography, HS-SPME: head space solid phase microextraction; IBCF: isobutyl choloroformate; IBUT: isobutylamine, IEC: ion-exchange chromatography, LIFD: laser-induced fluorescence detection, LLE: liquid-liquid extraction; LOD: limits of the detection, MAS: methanesulfonic acid, MeOH: methanol, Met: methylamine, MRS: Man, Rogosa and Sharpe Broth, MSA: methanesulphonic acid, MS: mass spectrometry, NQS: 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate, Oct: octopamine, OPA: o-phthaldialdehyde, PB: phosphate buffer, PCA: percloric acid, PCF: propyl chloroformate, PF: photofluorometer, Phe: β-phenylethylamine, Put: putrescine, PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone, Ser: serotonin, Spd: spermidine, Spm: spermine, TCA: tricloroacetic acid, TLC: thin layer chromatography, Trp: tryptamine, TSB: tryptic soy broth, Tyr: tyramine, UHPLC: ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, UV: ultraviolet.