Abstract
Background
Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) in the elderly is insufficiently elucidated. A few studies attempted to investigate the role of age in PLA have yielded controversial results. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible differences in the comorbidity, microbiological characteristics and clinical course between elderly and young PLA patients.
Methods
The clinical data of 332 adult PLA patients who received treatment at our hospital from January 2010 to December 2016 were collected. The demographic data, etiologies, comorbidities, clinical features, laboratory results, imaging findings, microbiological characteristics, choices of treatment and clinical outcomes were analyzed.
Results
Eighty-two (24.7%) patients were older than 65 years. Comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cholelithiasis were more frequently found in older patients. Elderly PLA patients were more likely to present with atypical symptoms and signs on admission. The laboratory abnormalities and imaging findings were similar between the two groups. Klebsiella pneumonia was the most common pathogen on pus culture in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences in choices of treatment, PLA-related complications and length of in-hospital stay between the two groups. And there was no in-hospital mortality.
Conclusions
The clinical characteristics were similar in young and elderly PLA patients. However, elderly PLA patients were more likely to have underlying diseases and tended to have atypical presentations. Physicians need to be vigilant when encounter possible elderly patients with PLA. However, older PLA patients had comparable outcomes as their younger counterparts. With effective treatment, both elderly and young PLA patients can be cured.
Keywords: Pyogenic liver abscess, Elderly, Comorbidities, Treatment, Prognosis
Background
According to World Health Organization (WHO), the number of people aged 65 or older is projected to grow from an estimated 524 million in 2010 to nearly 1.5 billion in 2050. While the aging population represents a great achievement of medical advances, it also presents tremendous challenges for the public health system. Due to the progressive deterioration of the immune function with age, older people are particularly susceptible to infectious diseases. In the United States of America, elderly people (≥ 65 years of age) account for 12% of the population but almost 65% of sepsis cases [1]. Age has been shown to be an independent predictor of mortality in sepsis [1]. An epidemiology study in china also revealed that elderly sepsis patients had markedly higher mortality than their younger adult counterparts [2]. The clinical course of acute infection in elderly patients is frequently complicated by the presence of multiple chronic comorbidities. Signs and symptoms of acute infection in the elderly patients are often atypical and misleading.
Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is an accumulation of pus within the liver as a result of an infection. It accounts for almost half of the visceral abscess cases. Life-threatening sepsis can develop in patients with PLA. Along with the rapid aging population, both the incidence of PLA and the mean age of PLA patients have increased steadily in the past several decades [3, 4]. However, the impact of aging on PLA remains largely unknown. And there are several controversial reports on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of PLA in elderly patients [5–11]. Recent advances in antibiotic therapy, surgical techniques and intensive care have markedly improved the outcome of patients with PLA. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible differences in the comorbidity, microbiological characteristics and clinical course between elderly and young PLA patients. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 332 consecutive PLA patients admitted to our hospital and explored the possible differences in the comorbidity, microbiological characteristics and clinical course between elderly and young PLA patients.
Methods
Patients
We screened consecutive patients who were admitted to the first affiliated hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University for treatment of PLA between January 2010 and December 2016. The diagnostic criteria were described previously [12]. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (XJTU1AF2015LSL-057). The patient’s informed written consent to analysis of their medical records was waived due to the retrospective nature of this study. And no further permission from the hospital was required.
Data collection
Part of the data in this study was used to assess the impact of previous abdominal surgery on clinical characteristics and prognosis of PLA [12]. The medical records of all patients, including demographic data, etiologies, comorbidities, surgery history, clinical features, laboratory results, imaging findings, microbiological characteristics, treatments, complications and outcomes were reviewed retrospectively as we previous described [12].
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and analyzed by the two-tailed Student t test. Categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers and percentages and compared by Chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors were performed using the logistics regression. SPSS version 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY) was used for statistical analysis. A two-sided P value < 0.05 was indicated statistical significance.
Results
Demographic data and comorbidities
From January 2010 to December 2016, a total of 332 adult patients were admitted to our hospital for treatment of PLA. The median age was 57 years (range 18–89). Eighty-two (24.7%) patients were older than 65 years. The demographic data, etiologies, comorbidities and surgery history were summarized in Table 1. Of the 250 young PLA patients (18–64 years of age), 59.2% were male. On the other hand, only 47.6% elderly PLA patients (≥ 65 years of age) were male (P = 0.065). Biliary tract disease was the most common identifiable cause of PLA in this study. More elderly PLA patients had a biliary source than their younger counterparts. On the other hand, more young PLA patients had an unknown cause than elderly PLA patients. The elderly patients were less likely to have a smoking history (15.9% vs. 30.8%, P = 0.008), but more likely to suffer hypertension (40.2% vs. 14.4%, P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (41.5% vs. 28.8%, P = 0.033), cholelithiasis (50.0% vs. 32.8%, P = 0.005) and coronary artery disease (12.2% vs. 2.0%, P < 0.001) than young patients. Overall, 46.7% of the PLA patients underwent abdominal surgery before in this cohort. No difference was found in the surgery history between the two groups.
Table 1.
Demographic data, etiologies, comorbidities and surgery history
| Total N = 332 |
Under 65 N = 250 |
Over 65 N = 82 |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years; median, range) | 57(18–89) | 53(18–60) | 72(65–89) | |
| Gender (Male/Female) | 187/145 | 148/102 | 39/43 | 0.065 |
| Etiologies (n, %) | ||||
| Biliary source | 107(32.2%) | 71(28.4%) | 36(43.9%) | 0.009 |
| Portal vein seeding, bowel and/or pelvic pathology | 29(8.7%) | 24(9.6%) | 5(6.1%) | 0.330 |
| Hepatic artery seeding | 19(5.7%) | 16(6.4%) | 3(3.7%) | 0.513 |
| Direct extension | 39(11.7%) | 25(10.0%) | 14(17.1%) | 0.084 |
| Trauma to the liver | 12(3.6%) | 10(4.0%) | 2(2.4%) | 0.752 |
| Cryptogenic infection | 126(38.0%) | 104(41.6%) | 22(26.8%) | 0.017 |
| Comorbidities (n, %) | ||||
| Smoking | 90(27.1%) | 77(30.8%) | 13(15.9%) | 0.008 |
| Drinking | 56(16.9%) | 46(18.4%) | 10(12.2%) | 0.193 |
| Hypertension | 69(20.8%) | 36(14.4%) | 33(40.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 106(31.9%) | 72(28.8%) | 34(41.5%) | 0.033 |
| Hepatobiliary malignant diseases | 40(12.1%) | 32(12.8%) | 8(9.8%) | 0.462 |
| Cholelithiasis | 123(37.1%) | 82(32.8%) | 41(50.0%) | 0.005 |
| Cirrhosis | 14(4.2%) | 11(4.4%) | 3(3.7%) | 1 |
| Viral hepatitis | 23(6.9%) | 19(7.6%) | 4(4.9%) | 0.400 |
| Coronary artery disease | 15(4.5%) | 5(2.0%) | 10(12.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Surgery history | ||||
| Abdominal surgery history | 155(46.7%) | 115(46.0%) | 40(48.8%) | 0.661 |
| Hepatobiliary surgery | 129(38.9%) | 94(37.6%) | 35(42.7%) | 0.413 |
| Other surgery | 26(7.8%) | 21(8.4%) | 5(6.1%) | 0.501 |
| No surgery | 177(53.3%) | 135(54.0%) | 42(51.2%) | 0.661 |
Clinical features, laboratory results and imaging findings
As shown in Table 2, fever, chills and abdominal pains were the three most common symptoms of PLA. There were no differences in these three symptoms between elderly and young PLA patients. However, more elderly PLA patients presented with nausea (P = 0.016) and vomit (P = 0.006) than young PLA patients on admission. Elderly PLA patients appeared to have a slight lower body temperature than their young counterparts (P = 0.062). Furthermore, elderly PLA patients had a faster heart rate than young PLA patients on admission (P = 0.042). In terms of laboratory results and imaging findings, however, there were no significant differences between the two groups.
Table 2.
Clinical features, laboratory results and imaging findings
| Total N = 332 |
Under 65 N = 250 |
Over 65 N = 82 |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms and signs (n, % or mean ± S.D.) | ||||
| Fever | 292(88.0%) | 221(88.4%) | 71(86.6%) | 0.661 |
| Chills | 170(51.2%) | 131(52.4%) | 39(47.6%) | 0.447 |
| Abdominal pain | 144(43.4%) | 105(42.0%) | 39(47.6%) | 0.378 |
| Nausea | 77(23.2%) | 50(20.0%) | 27(32.9%) | 0.016 |
| Vomit | 50(15.1%) | 30(12.0%) | 20(24.4%) | 0.006 |
| Fatigue | 55(16.6%) | 44(17.6%) | 11(13.4%) | 0.376 |
| Temperature (°C) | 37.3 ± 1.1 | 37.3 ± 1.1 | 37.1 ± 1.0 | 0.062 |
| Respiratory rate | 19.8 ± 1.8 | 19.8 ± 1.8 | 19.5 ± 1.7 | 0.149 |
| Heart rate | 85.3 ± 13.3 | 86.1 ± 13.5 | 82.7 ± 12.5 | 0.042 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 89.8 ± 25.2 | 88.6 ± 25.5 | 93.6 ± 24.1 | 0.116 |
| Laboratory results (mean ± S.D.) | ||||
| Leucocytes (× 109/L) | 11.1 ± 5.7 | 10.8 ± 5.0 | 12.2 ± 7.4 | 0.123 |
| Neutrophils (×109/L) | 9.0 ± 5.5 | 8.7 ± 4.8 | 10.0 ± 7.1 | 0.136 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 112.1 ± 19.7 | 112.4 ± 19.8 | 111.1 ± 19.7 | 0.624 |
| Platelet count (× 109/L) | 227.6 ± 127.4 | 231.5 ± 133.1 | 215.9 ± 108.4 | 0.342 |
| ALT (U/L) | 64.1 ± 103.8 | 62.3 ± 91.3 | 69.8 ± 135.5 | 0.569 |
| AST (U/L) | 55.2 ± 139.3 | 50.6 ± 93.8 | 69.2 ± 227.7 | 0.295 |
| ALP (U/L) | 195.0 ± 136.2 | 197.2 ± 137.3 | 188.1 ± 133.4 | 0.600 |
| GGT (U/L) | 165.0 ± 158.3 | 159.2 ± 148.6 | 182.5 ± 184.3 | 0.248 |
| TBIL (μmol/L) | 20.7 ± 25.1 | 21.6 ± 27.8 | 18.1 ± 14.3 | 0.277 |
| DBIL (μmol/L) | 11.0 ± 17.4 | 11.7 ± 19.4 | 9.0 ± 8.2 | 0.210 |
| ALB (g/L) | 30.6 ± 5.9 | 30.8 ± 5.8 | 29.9 ± 5.9 | 0.200 |
| Cr (umol/L) | 65.9 ± 49.8 | 65.4 ± 49.8 | 67.1 ± 50.1 | 0.780 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 3.0 | 4.9 ± 3.1 | 5.6 ± 2.7 | 0.088 |
| PT (s) | 14.6 ± 1.8 | 14.5 ± 1.5 | 15.0 ± 2.5 | 0.127 |
| APTT (s) | 38.7 ± 5.7 | 38.6 ± 5.5 | 38.9 ± 6.2 | 0.700 |
| INR | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.106 |
| FIB (g/L) | 6.0 ± 1.9 | 6.1 ± 1.9 | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 0.198 |
| Imaging findings (n, % or mean ± S.D.) | ||||
| Single lesion | 244(73.5%) | 184(73.6%) | 60(73.1%) | 0.939 |
| Multiple lesions | 88(26.5%) | 66(26.4%) | 22(26.8%) | |
| Maximal diameter of abscess (cm) | 6.6 ± 2.8 | 6.6 ± 2.8 | 6.9 ± 2.8 | 0.406 |
| Gas formation | 56(16.9%) | 40(16.0%) | 16(19.5%) | 0.461 |
| Abscess location | N = 297 | N = 229 | N = 68 | |
| Left lobe | 45(15.2%) | 34(14.9%) | 11(16.2%) | 0.307 |
| Right lobe | 211(71.0%) | 167(72.9%) | 44(64.7%) | |
| Both-lobes | 41(13.8%) | 28(12.2%) | 13(19.1%) | |
ALT Alanine Transaminase, AST Aspartate Transaminase, ALP Alkaline Phosphatase, GGT Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, TBIL Total bilirubin, DBIL Direct bilirubin, ALB Albumin, Cr Creatinine, BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen, PT Prothrombin Time, APTT Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, INR International Normalized Ratio, FIB Fibrinogen
Microbiological characteristics
The bacterial species identified from the patients’ samples are summarized in Table 3. Of the 332 PLA patients in this cohort, the pus culture result was available in 202 (60.8%) patients. Among them, 142 (70.3%) patients showed positive bacterial culture. Klebsiella pneumonia was the most common pathogens on pus culture in both groups. The blood culture result was available in 151 (45.5%) patients. Among them, 40 (26.5%) had an identifiable organism. Klebsiella pneumonia remained the most common pathogen in patients under 65 years of age, while Escherichia coli were the most common pathogen in patients over 65 years of age on blood culture. The elderly PLA patients appeared to have a slightly higher negative rate (no growth) on both pus and blood culture than young ones in our study. However, the differences did not reach statistically significant. Overall, no significant differences were found on the pus and blood culture results between the two groups.
Table 3.
Microbiological characteristics
| Total | Under 65 | Over 65 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pus culture (n, %) | N = 202 | N = 155 | N = 47 | |
| Klebsiella spp | 77(38.1%) | 62(40.0%) | 15(31.9%) | 0.317 |
| Escherichia coli | 19(9.4%) | 14(9.0%) | 5(10.6%) | 0.777 |
| Enterococcus | 7(3.5%) | 4(2.6%) | 3(6.4%) | 0.357 |
| Streptococcus | 8(4.0%) | 8(5.2%) | 0(0) | 0.202 |
| Staphylococcus | 3(1.5%) | 2(1.3%) | 1(2.1%) | 0.550 |
| Clostridium perfringens | 1(0.5%) | 1(0.7%) | 0(0) | 1 |
| Other | 10(5.0%) | 7(4.5%) | 3(6.4%) | 0.701 |
| Multiple bacteria | 17(8.4%) | 13(8.4%) | 4(8.5%) | 1 |
| No growth | 60(29.7%) | 44(28.4%) | 16(34.0%) | 0.457 |
| Blood culture (n, %) | N = 151 | N = 111 | N = 40 | |
| Klebsiella spp | 13(8.6%) | 12(10.8%) | 1(2.5%) | 0.186 |
| Escherichia coli | 8(5.3%) | 5(4.5%) | 3(7.5%) | 0.437 |
| Enterococcus | 2(1.3%) | 1(0.9%) | 1(2.5%) | 0.461 |
| Streptococcus | 4(2.7%) | 3(2.7%) | 1(2.5%) | 1 |
| Staphylococcus | 4(2.7%) | 3(2.7%) | 1(2.5%) | 1 |
| Clostridium perfringens | 1(0.7%) | 1(0.9%) | 0(0) | 1 |
| Other | 3(2.0%) | 3(2.7%) | 0(0) | 0.566 |
| Multiple bacteria | 5(3.3%) | 5(4.5%) | 0(0) | 0.326 |
| No growth | 111(73.5%) | 78(70.3%) | 33(82.5%) | 0.133 |
Treatment and outcomes
As shown in Table 4, the majority of PLA patients in this cohort required either percutaneous or surgical drainage. Five (1.5%) patients initially treated with antibiotics alone required subsequent drainage and 2 (0.6%) patients initially treated with percutaneous drainage required surgical drainage. There were 44 PLA patients with gallstones in this study. Twenty patients had a cholecystectomy at the time of abscess drainage. Others were managed with antibiotics alone (n = 8), percutaneous drainage (n = 11) and surgical drainage (n = 5). In young PLA patients, 26.0% were managed with antibiotics alone, 59.2% required percutaneous drainage, and 14.8% required surgical drainage. In elderly PLA patients, on the other hand, 37.8% were managed with antibiotics alone, 48.8% required percutaneous drainage, and 13.4% required surgical drainage. A total of 170 patients (51.2%) received empirical antibiotic treatments in this study. There were no statistically significant differences in the percentage of patients received empirical antibiotic treatments between the two groups. The proportion of patients who required percutaneous or surgical drainage was also similar between the two groups (P = 0.120, Table 4). There were no statistically significant differences in length of antibiotics required between young and older PLA patients. Interestingly, days taken for temperature normalization were significantly shorter in elderly PLA patients than young ones (P = 0.040, Table 4). However, there were no differences in the incidence of PLA-related complications and length of in-hospital stay between the two groups. The number of patients received antibiotic therapy in the preceding 3 months and required re-operation were also similar between young and elderly groups (Table 4). Only 16 patients required ICU care in this study. There was no significant difference in the length of ICU stay between the groups. And there was no in-hospital mortality in this cohort (Table 4).
Table 4.
Treatments, complications and outcomes
| Total N = 332 |
Under 65 N = 250 |
Over 65 N = 82 |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatments (n, %) | ||||
| Empirical antibiotic treatment | 170(51.2%) | 135(54.0%) | 35(42.7%) | 0.075 |
| Antibiotics alone | 96(28.9%) | 65(26.0%) | 31(37.8%) | 0.120 |
| Percutaneous drainage | 188(56.6%) | 148(59.2%) | 40(48.8%) | |
| Surgical drainage | 48(14.5%) | 37(14.8%) | 11(13.4%) | |
| Complications (n, %) | ||||
| Sepsis | 151(45.5%) | 111(44.4%) | 40(48.8%) | 0.489 |
| Septic shock | 3(0.9%) | 2(0.8%) | 1(1.2%) | 0.574 |
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 3(0.9%) | 3(1.2%) | 0(0) | 1 |
| Acute kidney injury | 1(0.3%) | 1(0.4%) | 0(0) | 1 |
| Spontaneous rupture of abscess | 2(0.6%) | 1(0.4%) | 1(1.2%) | 0.434 |
| Pleural effusion | 117(35.2%) | 87(34.8%) | 30(36.6%) | 0.769 |
| Portal venous thrombosis | 2(0.6%) | 2(0.8%) | 0(0) | 1 |
| Metastatic complications | 8(2.4%) | 7(2.8%) | 1(1.2%) | 0.693 |
| Outcomes (% or mean ± S.D.) | ||||
| Length of antibiotics required (days) | 8.4 ± 5.3 | 8.3 ± 5.4 | 8.7 ± 4.9 | 0.535 |
| Time taken for temperature normalization (days) | 7.0 ± 6.1 | 7.4 ± 6.3 | 5.8 ± 5.3 | 0.040 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 15.6 ± 8.3 | 15.9 ± 8.3 | 14.7 ± 8.4 | 0.258 |
| Received antibiotic therapy in the preceding 3 months | 62(18.7%) | 43(17.2%) | 19(23.2%) | 0.229 |
| Re-operated | 12(3.6%) | 12(4.8%) | 0(0) | 0.093 |
| In-hospital mortality | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Prognostic factors associated with the development of sepsis in PLA patients
Sepsis is a common and serious complication of PLA. In this study, a total of 154 patients (46.4%) developed sepsis or septic shock. As shown in Table 5, the development of sepsis or septic shock was significantly associated with hepatic artery seeding, cryptogenic infection, history of alcohol drinking and previous abdominal surgery in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, however, only hepatic artery seeding remained independently associated with the development of sepsis.
Table 5.
Prognostic factors associated with the development of sepsis and septic shock in PLA patients
| Variable (N = 332) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes N = 154 |
No N = 178 |
P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (years; median, range) | 56(18–85) | 59(20–89) | 0.290 | ||
| Gender (Male/Female) | 88/66 | 99/79 | 0.780 | ||
| Etiologies (n, %) | |||||
| Biliary source | 53(34.1%) | 54(30.3%) | 0.428 | ||
| Portal vein seeding, bowel and/or pelvic pathology | 17(11.0%) | 12(6.7%) | 0.167 | ||
| Hepatic artery seeding | 17(11.0%) | 2(1.1%) | < 0.001 | 0.105(0.023–0.486) | 0.004 |
| Direct extension | 17(11.0%) | 22(12.4%) | 0.709 | ||
| Trauma to the liver | 5(3.2%) | 7(3.9%) | 0.738 | ||
| Cryptogenic infection | 45(29.2%) | 81(45.5%) | 0.002 | 1.406(0.824–2.397) | 0.211 |
| Comorbidities (n, %) | |||||
| Smoking | 49(31.8%) | 41(23.0%) | 0.073 | ||
| Drinking | 33(21.4%) | 23(12.9%) | 0.039 | 0.617(0.329–1.154) | 0.131 |
| Hypertension | 28(18.2%) | 41(23.0%) | 0.277 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 56(36.4%) | 50(28.1%) | 0.107 | ||
| Hepatobiliary malignant diseases | 20(13.0%) | 20(11.2%) | 0.625 | ||
| Cholelithiasis | 58(37.7%) | 65(36.5%) | 0.829 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 4(2.6%) | 10(5.6%) | 0.170 | ||
| Viral hepatitis | 8(5.2%) | 15(8.4%) | 0.886 | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 5(3.2%) | 10(5.6%) | 0.413 | ||
| Surgery history | |||||
| Abdominal surgery history | 81(52.6%) | 74(41.6%) | 0.045 | 0.617(0.368–1.035) | 0.067 |
| Hepatobiliary surgery | 67(43.5%) | 62(34.8%) | 0.106 | ||
| Other surgery | 14(9.1%) | 12(6.7%) | 0.427 | ||
Prognostic factors associated with prolonged time (≥7 days) taken for temperature normalization in PLA patients
Normalization of body temperature is an indicator of recovery in PLA patients. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the independent factors associated with prolonged time (≥7 days) taken for temperature normalization in PLA patients. As shown in Table 6, male and alcohol drinking were associated with shorter time taken for temperature normalization in PLA patients.
Table 6.
Prognostic factors associated with prolonged time (≥7 days) taken for temperature normalization in PLA patients
| Variable (N = 332) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 7 days N = 174 |
≥ 7 days N = 158 |
P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (years; median, range) | 57(20–89) | 59(18–84) | 0.385 | ||
| Gender (Male/Female) | 108/66 | 79/79 | 0.027 | 1.767(1.017–3.070) | 0.012 |
| Etiologies (n, %) | |||||
| Biliary source | 64(36.8%) | 43(27.2%) | 0.063 | ||
| Portal vein seeding, bowel and/or pelvic pathology | 13(7.5%) | 16(10.1%) | 0.392 | ||
| Hepatic artery seeding | 6(3.4%) | 12(7.6%) | 0.162 | ||
| Direct extension | 18(10.3%) | 21(13.3%) | 0.405 | ||
| Trauma to the liver | 7(4.0%) | 5(3.2%) | 0.676 | ||
| Cryptogenic infection | 65(37.4%) | 61(38.6%) | 0.814 | ||
| Comorbidities (n, %) | |||||
| Smoking | 52(29.9%) | 38(24.1%) | 0.232 | ||
| Drinking | 38(21.8%) | 18(11.4%) | 0.011 | 2.849(1.262–6.430) | 0.012 |
| Hypertension | 40(23.0%) | 29(18.4%) | 0.299 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 58(33.3%) | 48(30.4%) | 0.564 | ||
| Hepatobiliary malignant diseases | 19(10.9%) | 21(13.3%) | 0.507 | ||
| Cholelithiasis | 74(42.5%) | 49(31.0%) | 0.052 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 10(5.7%) | 4(2.5%) | 0.145 | ||
| Viral hepatitis | 14(8.0%) | 9(5.7%) | 0.400 | ||
| Surgery history | |||||
| Abdominal surgery history | 87(50.0%) | 68(43.0%) | 0.204 | ||
| Hepatobiliary surgery | 74(42.5%) | 55(34.8%) | 0.150 | ||
| Other surgery | 13(8.5%) | 13(8.2%) | 0.798 | ||
Discussion
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of PLA in elderly patients are insufficiently elucidated. A few studies attempted to investigate the role of age in PLA have yielded controversial results [5–10]. In the current study, we found that elderly PLA patients were more likely to have underlying diseases and present with atypical symptoms and signs on admission. However, the microbiological characteristics and clinical courses of young and elderly PLA patients were similar. More importantly, there were no major differences in the overall outcomes between young and elderly PLA patients.
Comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cholelithiasis were more frequently found in older patients. This is expected as it reflects a greater prevalence of these diseases in the elderly population. In the current study, we also found that men under 65 were more likely to develop PLA than women; however, the PLA incidence appeared to increase in elderly women. This result is consistent with several previous observations [5, 6]. Hormonally active women are better protected from sepsis than men [13, 14]. This gender bias may be attributed to female sex hormones. Sex hormones play an important role in inflammatory responses [14–18]. Animal studies have consistently shown a survival advantage in females in critical illness including sepsis [19–21]. Estrogen administration or blockade of the testosterone receptor has been shown to reduce organ injury in experimental models of sepsis [13, 22, 23]. Thus, the trend in gender distribution with age can be explained by the reduced estrogen level in postmenopausal women which makes them more susceptible to PLA than their younger counterparts.
The clinical presentations, laboratory abnormalities, imaging findings and microbiological characteristics were similar in the two groups. However, the elderly patients had a lower body temperature and a higher heart rate than young patients in our study. In addition, the elderly PLA patients were more likely to have non-specific gastrointestinal complaints such as nausea and vomit than their younger counterparts on admission. Consistent with findings in other PLA studies conducted in Asia [24–27], the most frequent pathogen identified in this study was Klebsiella pneumonia. However, the elderly PLA patients appeared to have a slightly lower positive rate on both pus and blood culture than young ones in our study. Thus, the diagnosis of PLA can be challenging in the geriatric population. Clinicians need to be vigilant when encounter elderly patients with atypical symptoms and signs of PLA.
In this study, the patients were treated by physician discretion based on each patient’s condition. In general, selection of therapeutic methods was dependent on the number and size of abscesses, degree of abscess liquefaction, separation of abscess cavity, with/without other comorbidities, patients’ response to antibiotics and personal experience of the physicians. For the method of drainage, percutaneous treatment was first taken into consideration. However, surgical drainage was used if the diameter of the abscess was larger than 5 cm, multilocular abscesses were present, percutaneous drainage failed, or when surgical treatment of the underlying cause of PLA was required [28].
Advanced age is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with sepsis [1]. However, the impact of aging on outcomes of patients with PLA remains unclear. Some studies have indicated that older age was associated with increased mortality in PLA [6, 29], while others have shown that older PLA patients had a fair or similar outcome compared with their younger counterparts [5, 7]. In terms of the treatment options, the majority of PLA patients in this cohort required either percutaneous or surgical drainage. We did not find any significant differences in the therapeutic procedures performed between young and elderly PLA patients. More importantly, elderly and young PLA patients had a similar clinical outcome in the current study. We did not find any significant differences in PLA-related complications between young and elderly PLA patients. And it even took less time for elderly PLA patients’ temperature to return to normal than young ones. However, this does not necessary mean elderly PLA patients recover faster than young patients, as elderly PLA patients had slight lower body temperatures than young ones on admission. Owing to advances in imaging techniques and novel antibiotics, mortality from PLA has been steadily decreasing during the past several decades [3, 4]. In this cohort, no patients died during their stay in the hospital. This result demonstrates that with effective treatment both elderly and young PLA patients can be cured.
Several limitations of this study need to be considered. First, we only included patients from a single center. Substantial differences in etiology, treatment and outcomes of PLA have been revealed in studies from different regions [30]. Therefore, our findings need to be validated by multicenter studies. Second, we only investigated the short-term outcomes of PLA in this study. This is due to the consideration that the underlying disease would significantly influence the long-term outcomes of the patient. And life-expectancy is expected to be shorter in elderly patients. To evaluate the impact of aging on the long-term outcomes of PLA, a prospective propensity score-matched study is warranted in the future. Finally, this is a retrospective study. The results are subject to a selection bias, recall bias and some residual confounding. A prospective multicentric study should be performed to validate our findings.
Conclusions
The clinical presentations, laboratory abnormalities, imaging findings and microbiological characteristics were similar in young and elderly PLA patients. However, elderly PLA patients were more likely to have underlying diseases and tended to present with atypical symptoms and signs on admission. Physicians need to be on high alert when encounter possible elderly PLA patients. However, older PLA patients had comparable outcomes as their younger counterparts. With effective treatment, both elderly and young PLA patients can be cured.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81770491), Ministry of Education Innovation Team Development Program of China (No. IRT16R57) and a research fund for Young Talent Recruiting Plans of Xi’an Jiaotong University (RW). The funding bodies played no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
Abbreviations
- ALP
Alkaline phosphatase
- ALT
Alanine aminotransferase
- APTT
Activated partial thromboplastin time
- AST
Aspartate transaminase
- BUN
Blood urea nitrogen
- Cr
Creatinine
- CT
Computed tomography
- DBIL
Direct bilirubin
- FIB
Fibrinogen
- GGT
Gamma-glutamyl transferase
- INR
International normalized ratio
- PLA
Pyogenic liver abscess
- PT
Prothrombin time
- SD
Standard deviation
- TBIL
Total bilirubin
Authors’ contributions
WR and ZX designed the research; ZJ, DZ and BJ collected the data; WZ and LY supported the data; ZJ, DZ and WR analyzed the data; WR and ZJ wrote the manuscript; WR supervised the whole research; all authors have read and agreed with the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (XJTU1AF2015LSL-057). The patient’s informed written consent to analysis of their medical records was waived due to the retrospective nature of this study. And no further permission from the hospital was required.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Jia Zhang, Email: zhangjia921014@stu.xjtu.edu.cn.
Zhaoqing Du, Email: duzhaoqing2007@126.com.
Jianbin Bi, Email: bijianbin.90@stu.xjtu.edu.cn.
Zheng Wu, Email: woozheng@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
Yi Lv, Email: luyi169@126.com.
Xufeng Zhang, Phone: +86 29 82657541, Email: xfzhang125@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
Rongqian Wu, Phone: +86 29 82657541, Email: rwu001@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
References
- 1.Martin GS, Mannino DM, Moss M. The effect of age on the development and outcome of adult sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(1):15–21. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000194535.82812.BA. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Chen XC, Yang YF, Wang R, Gou HF, Chen XZ. Epidemiology and microbiology of sepsis in mainland China in the first decade of the 21st century. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;31:9–14. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.11.027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Meddings L, Myers RP, Hubbard J, Shaheen AA, Laupland KB, Dixon E, Coffin C, Kaplan GG. A population-based study of pyogenic liver abscesses in the United States: incidence, mortality, and temporal trends. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(1):117–124. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.614. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Tsai FC, Huang YT, Chang LY, Wang JT. Pyogenic liver abscess as endemic disease, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(10):1592–1600. doi: 10.3201/eid1410.071254. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Wi JW, Cho EA, Jun CH, Park SY, Park CH, Joo YE, Kim HS, Choi SK, Rew JS, Jung SI. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pyogenic liver abscess in elderly Korean patients. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2015;66(1):27–32. doi: 10.4166/kjg.2015.66.1.27. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Law ST, Li KK. Older age as a poor prognostic sign in patients with pyogenic liver abscess. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(3):e177–e184. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.09.016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Chen SC, Lee YT, Yen CH, Lai KC, Jeng LB, Lin DB, Wang PH, Chen CC, Lee MC, Bell WR. Pyogenic liver abscess in the elderly: clinical features, outcomes and prognostic factors. Age Ageing. 2009;38(3):271–276. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afp002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Kang SC, Hwang SJ. Impact of advanced age on inpatients with pyogenic liver abscess in Taiwan: a nationwide claim-based analysis. J Chin Med Assoc. 2011;74(12):539–543. doi: 10.1016/j.jcma.2011.10.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Alvarez JA, Gonzalez JJ, Baldonedo RF, Sanz L, Junco A, Rodrfiguez JL, Martinez MD. Pyogenic liver abscesses: a comparison of older and younger patients. HPB (Oxford) 2001;3(3):201–206. doi: 10.1080/136518201753242217. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Smoger SH, Mitchell CK, McClave SA. Pyogenic liver abscesses: a comparison of older and younger patients. Age Ageing. 1998;27(4):443–448. doi: 10.1093/ageing/27.4.443. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Peris J, Bellot P, Roig P, Reus S, Carrascosa S, Gonzalez-Alcaide G, Palazon JM, Ramos JM. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pyogenic liver abscess in people 65 years or older versus people under 65: a retrospective study. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):161. doi: 10.1186/s12877-017-0545-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Zhang J, Du Z, Bi J, Wu Z, Lv Y, Zhang X, Wu R. The impact of previous abdominal surgery on clinical characteristics and prognosis of pyogenic liver abscess: a 10-year retrospective study of 392 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97(39):e12290. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012290. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Kawasaki T, Chaudry IH. The effects of estrogen on various organs: therapeutic approach for sepsis, trauma, and reperfusion injury. Part 2: liver, intestine, spleen, and kidney. J Anesth. 2012;26(6):892–899. doi: 10.1007/s00540-012-1426-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Kawasaki T, Chaudry IH. The effects of estrogen on various organs: therapeutic approach for sepsis, trauma, and reperfusion injury. Part 1: central nervous system, lung, and heart. J Anesth. 2012;26(6):883–891. doi: 10.1007/s00540-012-1425-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Weniger M, Angele MK, Chaudry IH. The role and use of estrogens following trauma. Shock. 2016;46(3 Suppl 1):4–11. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000670. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Klein SL, Jedlicka A, Pekosz A. The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(5):338–349. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70049-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Aulock SV, Deininger S, Draing C, Gueinzius K, Dehus O, Hermann C. Gender difference in cytokine secretion on immune stimulation with LPS and LTA. J Interf Cytokine Res. 2006;26(12):887–892. doi: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.887. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Couto Dde O, Peixoto Junior AA, Farias JL, Sales Dde B, Lima JP, Rodrigues RS, Meneses FA. Gender and mortality in sepsis: do sex hormones impact the outcome? Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2011;23(3):297–303. doi: 10.1590/S0103-507X2011000300007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Angele MK, Pratschke S, Hubbard WJ, Chaudry IH. Gender differences in sepsis: cardiovascular and immunological aspects. Virulence. 2014;5(1):12–19. doi: 10.4161/viru.26982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Choudhry MA, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Trauma and immune response--effect of gender differences. Injury. 2007;38(12):1382–1391. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2007.09.027. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Choudhry MA, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Gender and susceptibility to sepsis following trauma. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2006;6(2):127–135. doi: 10.2174/187153006777442422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Sener G, Arbak S, Kurtaran P, Gedik N, Yegen BC. Estrogen protects the liver and intestines against sepsis-induced injury in rats. J Surg Res. 2005;128(1):70–78. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.02.019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Angele MK, Wichmann MW, Ayala A, Cioffi WG, Chaudry IH. Testosterone receptor blockade after hemorrhage in males. Restoration of the depressed immune functions and improved survival following subsequent sepsis. Arch Surg. 1997;132(11):1207–1214. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1997.01430350057010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Qian Y, Wong CC, Lai S, Chen H, He X, Sun L, Wu J, Zhou J, Yu J, Liu W, et al. A retrospective study of pyogenic liver abscess focusing on Klebsiella pneumoniae as a primary pathogen in China from 1994 to 2015. Sci Rep. 2016;6:38587. doi: 10.1038/srep38587. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Du ZQ, Zhang LN, Lu Q, Ren YF, Lv Y, Liu XM, Zhang XF. Clinical Charateristics and outcome of pyogenic liver abscess with different size: 15-year experience from a single center. Sci Rep. 2016;6:35890. doi: 10.1038/srep35890. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Luo M, Yang XX, Tan B, Zhou XP, Xia HM, Xue J, Xu X, Qing Y, Li CR, Qiu JF, et al. Distribution of common pathogens in patients with pyogenic liver abscess in China: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35(10):1557–1565. doi: 10.1007/s10096-016-2712-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Keller JJ, Tsai MC, Lin CC, Lin YC, Lin HC. Risk of infections subsequent to pyogenic liver abscess: a nationwide population-based study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(8):717–722. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Lardiere-Deguelte S, Ragot E, Amroun K, Piardi T, Dokmak S, Bruno O, Appere F, Sibert A, Hoeffel C, Sommacale D, et al. Hepatic abscess: diagnosis and management. J Visc Surg. 2015;152(4):231–243. doi: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2015.01.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Ruiz-Hernandez JJ, Leon-Mazorra M, Conde-Martel A, Marchena-Gomez J, Hemmersbach-Miller M, Betancor-Leon P. Pyogenic liver abscesses: mortality-related factors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19(10):853–858. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282eeb53b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Cerwenka H. Pyogenic liver abscess: differences in etiology and treatment in Southeast Asia and Central Europe. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(20):2458–2462. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i20.2458. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.