Abstract
The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the main restraining force in the first 20° of flexion against lateral patellar displacement and is disrupted after patellar subluxation or dislocation. MPFL reconstruction is frequently performed when conservative management fails and the patient has recurrent patellar dislocations. However, a variety of complications have been reported in the literature with this procedure. Internal bracing with suture tape augmentation encourages healing and allows early mobilization. This article describes, with video illustration, MPFL repair with suture tape augmentation.
The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the main restraining force against lateral patellar displacement in the first 20° of flexion and is often disrupted after patellar subluxation or dislocation.1, 2 It originates at the posterior aspect of the medial epicondyle and inserts along the superomedial border of the patella.2, 3, 4
MPFL reconstruction procedures are the most widely used surgical option to address patellar instability by restoring the native length and stiffness of the medial soft tissues. However, a variety of complications with this procedure have been reported in the literature.1, 3 Isolated MPFL repairs have been thought to be insufficient in providing adequate functional outcomes and have been associated with a high failure rate in past literature.5, 6 However, recent literature has seen a renewed interest in MPFL repair with acceptable results.7, 8 We describe MPFL repair with suture tape augmentation that encourages healing and allows early mobilization (Video 1).
Surgical Technique
The patient is placed in the supine position, and a tourniquet is placed on the upper thigh. The injured leg is prepared and draped in the surgeon's preferred position similarly to an MPFL reconstruction procedure. Appropriate landmarks are palpated and marked (Fig 1). A short parapatellar incision is made exposing the medial border of the patella. A tissue plane is established underneath the fascia and over the top of the MPFL. A second short incision is then made over the medial epicondyle (Fig 2). Adequate exposure is obtained to ensure the correct placement of the suture tape.
Fig 1.
Left knee, medial view. The medial border of the patella (1 asterisk), medial epicondyle (2 asterisks), and medial patellofemoral ligament (3 asterisks) are shown.
Fig 2.
Left knee, medial view. A short parapatellar incision (1 asterisk) is made to expose the medial border of the patella. A stab incision (2 asterisks) is then made over the medial epicondyle.
The next step is to predrill with a 4.5-mm drill and tap just posterior and proximal to the medial epicondyle, with the surgeon ensuring that this is performed perpendicular to the cortex. A 4.75-mm SwiveLock (Arthrex) preloaded with FiberTape (Arthrex) is then inserted, with the surgeon ensuring it is flush with the cortex (Fig 3). The FiberTape is an ultrahigh-strength 2-mm-wide tape, consisting of long-chain ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene. The suture tape is then shuttled through the previously defined tissue plane to come out through the initial incision (Fig 4).
Fig 3.
Left knee, medial view. (A, B) Preparation for the anchor by predrilling (1 asterisk) and tapping (2 asterisks) just posterior and proximal to the medial epicondyle. (C) The anchor preloaded with the suture tape (3 asterisks) is inserted, with the surgeon ensuring it is flush with the cortex.
Fig 4.
Left knee, medial view. The suture tape (1 asterisk) has been shuttled from the medial epicondyle (2 asterisks) toward the medial border of the patella (3 asterisks) in the direction of the medial patellofemoral ligament.
The insertion of the MPFL on the medial border of the patella is identified. Preparation is then carried out for a 3.5-mm SwiveLock (Arthrex) by predrilling and tapping (Fig 5). It is important that the insertion point of the anchor is at the midpoint of the insertion of the MPFL at the anteromedial angle where the superior surface meets the medial wall. This allows the repair to be secured below. Primary repair of the MPFL is then performed using 2 suture anchors with FiberWire (Arthrex) inserted into the medial border of the patella with 1 above and 1 below the initial anchor (Fig 6). The 3.5-mm anchor is loaded with the suture tape, and the knee is taken through a full range of motion, with particular attention given to the tension on the suture tape during the first 20° to 30° of flexion. A hemostat can be passed gently underneath during early flexion to ensure excessive tension has not been applied. Excessive tension at this point will result in postoperative irritation and could lead to quadriceps inhibition. The suture tape is marked at the laser line during early-phase flexion to ensure that adequate length is provided and the patella is not overconstrained because this will result in pain and ongoing restriction in function. It is then repositioned in the eye of the anchor at the marked level, and finally, the anchor is placed in the drill hole (Fig 7).
Fig 5.
Left knee, medial view. (A, B) Preparation is carried out for the second anchor by predrilling (1 asterisk) and tapping (2 asterisks) at the anteromedial angle of the patella where the superior surface meets the medial wall.
Fig 6.
Left knee, medial view. Medial patellofemoral ligament repair using FiberWire (asterisk).
Fig 7.
Left knee, medial view. The suture tape is repositioned in the eye of the anchor at the marked level (asterisk) to ensure that the anatomic length of the medial patellofemoral ligament is restored.
The rehabilitation protocol could be compared with an accelerated MPFL reconstruction protocol. Patients are allowed to fully bear weight with crutches as required during the first few weeks. Physical therapy focuses on early range of movement, muscle control, and restoration of function. This is facilitated by the limited pain and swelling, allowing accelerated early-phase rehabilitation. Moreover, the anchor in the dense bone of the patella and the angulation of the suture tape augmentation provide a very secure fixation that can mimic the strength of the native MPFL. Patients are allowed to perform sports if the neuromuscular function has recovered. No brace is required. Advantages and disadvantages as well as pearls and pitfalls of this technique are outlined in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Repair With Suture Tape Augmentation
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Simple and reproducible | Synthetic augmentation |
| No graft harvest required | Medial epicondyle tenderness |
| Facilitates rehabilitation | |
| Minimal surgical morbidity |
Table 2.
Pearls and Pitfalls of Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Repair With Suture Tape Augmentation
| Pearls | Pitfalls |
|---|---|
| The use of ultrasound may give some surgeons additional confidence when identifying the medial epicondyle.9 | It is important to establish anatomic accuracy. |
| The surgeon should ensure that excessive constraint is not applied. | Excessive tension will result in postoperative irritation and may lead to quadriceps inhibition. |
| The suture tape should be tensioned during the first 20°-30° of flexion. |
Discussion
Multiple techniques have been described in the literature for the operative management of patients with recurrent patellar instability.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 MPFL reconstruction is the most common technique of choice; however, a number of complications have been reported in the literature.1, 3 MPFL repair is less commonly performed owing to high failure rates reported in the literature.5, 6
Camp et al.6 described the outcomes of 27 patients who underwent MPFL repair with either suture anchors or a medial reefing technique with a minimum 2-year follow-up. In 28% of patients, a recurrent lateral patellar dislocation occurred, with 5 of these patients requiring further surgery. Camp et al. found that a significant number of recurrences were due to nonanatomic anchor placement. In addition, Arendt et al.5 described an MPFL repair technique using suture anchors to fix the MPFL to its origin on the femur. They retrospectively reviewed 55 knees in 48 patients with a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. Recurrent patellar dislocations occurred in 46% of patients, with 13 patients undergoing a further stabilization procedure. On the other hand, using an algorithm-based approach, at a mean follow-up of 51 months, Dragoo et al.7 recently compared 24 patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction or MPFL repair. They found no differences between the 2 groups, and only 1 patient in the MPFL repair group had a further dislocation.
Several systematic reviews have been published analyzing the outcomes of MPFL reconstructions. The first review, by Smith et al.,2 looked at 8 studies with 186 MPFL reconstructions and found satisfactory clinical and radiologic outcomes; however, they concluded that all of the articles had several methodologic weaknesses. Fisher et al.,11 Buckens and Saris,4 Mackay et al.,10 and Tompkins and Arendt13 have since reported similar conclusions. Schneider et al.12 performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to look more specifically at return to sport after MPFL reconstructions. They reported encouraging results, with 84.1% of patients returning to sports postoperatively with a low incidence of recurrent instability. On the other hand, Shah et al.3 reviewed 25 articles and found a complication rate of 26.1%, with 26 patients requiring further surgery.
MPFL repair with suture tape augmentation as described in this Technical Note reinforces the ligament and acts as a secondary stabilizer. This promotes natural healing by protecting the ligament during the healing phase, as well as allowing early mobilization. Furthermore, it does not require the use of a graft, thereby avoiding the unnecessary morbidity of graft harvest. In addition, with protection of the ligament by the suture tape augmentation, complications previously associated with MPFL repair may be avoided. However, it is important to ensure that the suture tape is not overconstrained and is tensioned in the first 20° to 30° of flexion. Excess tensioning can lead to irritation and may result in quadriceps inhibition (Tables 1 and 2).
In conclusion, this Technical Note has discussed the technique of MPFL repair with suture tape augmentation. Several advantages are associated with this technique as outlined earlier, and we have observed excellent clinical results. However, further clinical studies are necessary to determine the overall outcomes of this procedure.
Footnotes
The authors report the following potential conflicts of interest or sources of funding: Arthrex has facilitated the making of the video for this surgical technique. C.H.W.H. reports that Antwerp University Hospital receives support from Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) under reference T001017N not related to this manuscript. L.D. receives support from Mathys Medical for consultancy regarding hip replacement. G.M.M. is a consultant for and receives royalties from Arthrex and has a patent for the InternalBrace. Full ICMJE author disclosure forms are available for this article online, as supplementary material.
Supplementary Data
Narrated step-by-step guide for the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) repair technique with suture tape augmentation in a left knee from a medial view. Appropriate landmarks are palpated and marked; then, a short parapatellar incision is made to expose the medial border of the patella, followed by a stab incision over the medial epicondyle. An anchor loaded with suture tape is inserted just posterior and proximal to the medial epicondyle and subsequently shuttled toward the medial border of the patella. A second anchor then secures the suture tape to the MPFL insertion point on the patella. This technique is simple and reproducible and facilitates rehabilitation.
References
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Narrated step-by-step guide for the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) repair technique with suture tape augmentation in a left knee from a medial view. Appropriate landmarks are palpated and marked; then, a short parapatellar incision is made to expose the medial border of the patella, followed by a stab incision over the medial epicondyle. An anchor loaded with suture tape is inserted just posterior and proximal to the medial epicondyle and subsequently shuttled toward the medial border of the patella. A second anchor then secures the suture tape to the MPFL insertion point on the patella. This technique is simple and reproducible and facilitates rehabilitation.