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. 2019 Feb 7;11(2):70. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020070

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Inflammation and hyperalgesia induced by streptococcal cell wall peptidoglycan polysaccharide (PGPS) reactivations in a modified model enabling long-term monitoring of pain. (a) Joint swelling, as indication of inflammation, was measured in untreated affected (ipsilateral) and contralateral (contralateral) knee joints. PGPS reactivations on day 0, 28, and 56 are indicated by red arrows. (b) Withdrawal threshold of the induced mechanical hypersensitivity in untreated affected (ipsilateral) and contralateral (contralateral) knee joints. PGPS reactivations on day 0, 28, and 56 are indicated by red arrows. (c) Inflammation-induced changes in the ratio of weight bearing of the affected ipsilateral paw compared to the other weight bearing parts in untreated rats, reactivated with PGPS on day 0, 28, and 56, indicated by red arrows. All data represent mean ± standard deviation (SD).