Table 2.
Potential mediators and lifestyle outcomes per intervention group at all three time points.
| Psychological Variables | UC | HE&PA | HE | PA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline <20 Weeks | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | p |
| Attitude towards weight (range 2–20) | 103 | 15.7 ± 3.4 | 108 | 15.2 ± 4.1 | 112 | 15.3 ± 3.5 | 107 | 15.9 ± 3.6 | 0.41 |
| Perceived risk for GDM (range 1–5) | 105 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 107 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 113 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 110 | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 0.75 |
| Outcome expectancy GDM risk reduction (range 2–20) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 104 | 16.5 ± 3.1 | 106 | 16.6 ± 3.0 | 112 | 16.8 ± 2.9 | 108 | 17.0 ± 3.0 | 0.60 |
| Physical activity | 103 | 16.3 ± 3.0 | 106 | 16.3 ± 3.2 | 112 | 16.5 ± 3.0 | 106 | 16.8 ± 3.2 | 0.64 |
| Outcome expectancy risk reduction baby (range 2–20) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 104 | 17.3 ± 2.5 | 106 | 16.8 ± 3.0 | 112 | 17.5 ± 2.7 | 109 | 17.7 ± 2.6 | 0.11 |
| Physical activity | 104 | 16.8 ± 2.7 | 107 | 16.6 ± 3.2 | 112 | 17.3 ± 2.8 | 110 | 17.4 ± 2.8 | 0.09 |
| Task self-efficacy (range 3–30) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 104 | 21.2 ± 5.2 | 108 | 22.0 ± 5.1 | 112 | 21.3 ± 5.2 | 110 | 21.8 ± 5.0 | 0.63 |
| Physical activity | 104 | 20.7 ± 5.2 | 107 | 20.8 ± 5.1 | 112 | 20.7 ± 5.1 | 109 | 21.4 ± 5.5 | 0.67 |
| Satisfaction with social support (range 1–10) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 104 | 7.6 ± 2.0 | 108 | 7.6 ± 1.9 | 112 | 7.4 ± 2.1 | 109 | 7.8 ± 2.2 | 0.61 |
| Physical activity | 104 | 7.7 ± 2.0 | 108 | 7.5 ± 2.1 | 112 | 7.4 ± 2.3 | 108 | 7.8 ± 2.2 | 0.39 |
| 24 – 28 weeks | |||||||||
| Attitude towards weight (range 2–20) | 99 | 13.9 ± 3.7 | 95 | 14.8 ± 3.5 | 104 | 14.7 ± 3.8 | 101 | 14.7 ± 3.5 | 0.30 |
| Perceived risk for GDM (range 1–5) | 100 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 95 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 104 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 100 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 0.87 |
| Outcome expectancy GDM risk reduction (range 2–20) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 100 | 15.5 ± 3.3 | 95 | 16.5 ± 3.6 | 105 | 16.9 ± 3.1 | 101 | 16.6 ± 3.2 | 0.01 |
| Physical activity | 100 | 15.1 ± 3.5 | 94 | 16.3 ± 3.7 | 105 | 16.5 ± 3.3 | 101 | 16.6 ± 3.3 | 0.005 |
| Outcome expectancy risk reduction baby (range 2–20) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 101 | 16.2 ± 3.3 | 94 | 17.0 ± 3.4 | 104 | 17.5 ± 3.0 | 101 | 17.5 ± 2.5 | 0.01 |
| Physical activity | 101 | 16.0 ± 3.5 | 95 | 16.8 ± 3.5 | 104 | 17.2 ± 3.0 | 101 | 17.4 ± 2.6 | 0.01 |
| Task self-efficacy (range 3–30) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 101 | 19.4 ± 4.7 | 96 | 21.8 ± 4.5 | 104 | 21.5 ± 4.7 | 100 | 20.5 ± 5.3 | 0.002 |
| Physical activity | 100 | 18.6 ± 5.0 | 96 | 20.6 ± 5.0 | 105 | 19.6 ± 5.3 | 101 | 20.9 ± 5.6 | 0.01 |
| Satisfaction with social support (range 1–10) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 101 | 7.5 ± 1.8 | 96 | 7.8 ± 2.0 | 105 | 7.8 ± 2.0 | 101 | 7.8 ± 2.0 | 0.58 |
| Physical activity | 100 | 7.2 ± 2.1 | 96 | 7.8 ± 2.0 | 105 | 7.6 ± 2.3 | 101 | 8.0 ± 2.2 | 0.047 |
| 35 – 37 weeks | |||||||||
| Attitude towards weight (range 2–20) | 89 | 13.0 ± 4.3 | 86 | 14.1 ± 4.0 | 88 | 14.0 ± 4.1 | 89 | 14.4 ±3.9 | 0.14 |
| Perceived risk for GDM (range 1–5) | 86 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 86 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 85 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 87 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 0.52 |
| Outcome expectancy GDM risk reduction (range 2–20) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 88 | 14.2 ± 4.6 | 85 | 15.5 ± 5.3 | 88 | 15.3 ± 5.0 | 88 | 15.7 ± 4.5 | 0.20 |
| Physical activity | 88 | 13.9 ± 4.7 | 85 | 15.3 ± 5.3 | 87 | 14.9 ± 5.1 | 88 | 15.8 ± 4.6 | 0.09 |
| Outcome expectancy risk reduction baby (range 2–20) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 89 | 15.5 ± 3.6 | 85 | 16.8 ± 3.5 | 87 | 16.7 ± 3.0 | 89 | 16.7 ± 3.0 | 0.03 |
| Physical activity | 89 | 15.2 ± 3.9 | 85 | 16.5 ± 3.6 | 87 | 16.4 ± 3.1 | 89 | 16.7 ± 3.1 | 0.02 |
| Task self-efficacy (range 3–30) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 88 | 19.9 ± 4.9 | 83 | 22.1 ± 5.5 | 88 | 21.5 ± 4.4 | 89 | 20.8 ± 5.8 | 0.03 |
| Physical activity | 88 | 17.4 ± 5.7 | 84 | 19.4 ± 5.7 | 87 | 19.4 ± 5.7 | 87 | 19.7 ± 6.0 | 0.03 |
| Satisfaction with social support (range 1–10) | |||||||||
| Healthy eating | 89 | 7.4 ± 2.1 | 86 | 7.7 ± 2.1 | 88 | 8.0 ± 1.7 | 89 | 7.7 ± 2.1 | 0.26 |
| Physical activity | 89 | 7.4 ± 2.2 | 86 | 7.7 ± 2.2 | 86 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | 89 | 8.2 ± 1.9 | 0.10 |
|
Lifestyle behaviours
24 – 28 weeks |
|||||||||
| MVPA, MET-h/week * | 101 | 29.7 (15.3; 70.3) | 96 | 43.1 (21.0; 77.8) | 104 | 35.7 (17.1; 83.5) | 101 | 51.2 (25.3; 83.5) | 0,03 |
| Sedentary behaviour, MET-h/week | 101 | 13.4 ± 9.7 | 96 | 10.8 ± 8.9 | 104 | 11.8 ± 7.8 | 101 | 12.3 ± 7.3 | 0.19 |
| Sugary drinks, portions/week | 96 | 4.8 ± 5.0 | 90 | 5.3 ± 7.6 | 99 | 3.2 ± 4.2 | 96 | 7.4 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
| Vegetables, portions/week | 97 | 11.6 ± 9.2 | 91 | 13.8 ± 8.5 | 98 | 15.2 ± 9.7 | 95 | 12.7 ± 9.2 | 0.04 |
| Carbohydrates, portions /week | 92 | 35.8 ± 19.0 | 87 | 37.0 ± 17.5 | 98 | 32.6 ± 15.6 | 90 | 35.4 ± 19.6 | 0.40 |
| Portion size, portions/week | 97 | 18.1 ± 13.1 | 91 | 19.9 ± 17.7 | 97 | 14.1 ±10.1 | 94 | 20.1 ± 14.4 | 0.01 |
| 35 – 37 weeks | |||||||||
| MVPA, MET-h/week * | 89 | 21.6 (11.6; 42.0) | 86 | 27.2 (7.8; 54.2) | 88 | 21.1 (9.9; 59.6) | 88 | 35.4 (15.8; 60.4) | 0.18 |
| Sedentary behaviour, MET-h/week | 89 | 13.8 ± 9.9 | 86 | 10.7 ± 7.7 | 88 | 13.2 ± 9.6 | 88 | 13.9 ± 8.2 | 0.06 |
| Sugary drinks, portions/week | 77 | 5.4 ± 5.9 | 79 | 3.6 ± 4.7 | 82 | 3.3 ± 5.1 | 76 | 6.2 ± 6.7 | 0.002 |
| Vegetables, portions/week | 86 | 12.9 ± 9.5 | 81 | 12.6 ± 9.2 | 82 | 14.2 ± 10.1 | 82 | 12.6 ± 11.0 | 0.69 |
| Carbohydrates, portions/week | 77 | 37.3 ± 19.7 | 79 | 32.9 ± 18.4 | 80 | 29.6 ± 13.9 | 77 | 36.5 ± 20.4 | 0.03 |
| Portion size, portions /week | 81 | 17.9 ± 13.8 | 80 | 16.7 ± 14.1 | 81 | 14.8 ± 11.3 | 80 | 21.3 ± 17.4 | 0.03 |
* Data presented as median (interquartile range) because of skewed distribution. Abbreviations: UC = usual care; HE = healthy eating; PA = physical activity; HE&PA = healthy eating & physical activity; GDM = gestational diabetes; SD = standard deviation; MVPA = moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; MET = metabolic equivalent of task. p values of the tests for differences between groups are based on ANOVA (with natural log values for MVPA). Significant differences between intervention group and UC group based on Tukey’s post hoc tests are in bold.