Table 3.
Intervention effects on psychological variables at 24–28 and 35–37 weeks (a path).*
| 24–28 Weeks |
HE&PA vs. UC
Estimate (95% CI) |
p |
HE vs. UC
Estimate (95% CI) |
p |
PA vs. UC
Estimate (95% CI) |
p |
| Perceived risk for GDM (range 1–5) | 0.04 (−0.19; 0.27) | 0.74 | 0.002 (−0.22; 0.23) | 0.99 | −0.01 (−0.24; 0.22) | 0.92 |
| Outcome expectancy GDM risk reduction with physical activity (range 2–20) | 1.31 (0.47; 2.14) | 0.002 | 1.24 (0.43; 2.05) | 0.003 | 1.38 (0.56; 2.21) | 0.001 |
| Outcome expectancy GDM risk reduction with healthy eating (range 2–20) | 1.25 (0.43; 2.07) | 0.003 | 1.24 (0.43; 2.03) | 0.003 | 1.12 (0.30; 1.93) | 0.007 |
| Outcome expectancy risk reduction baby with physical activity (range 2–20) | 0.83 (0.03; 1.63) | 0.04 | 0.92 (0.14; 1.70) | 0.02 | 0.96 (0.17; 1.75) | 0.02 |
| Outcome expectancy risk reduction baby with healthy eating (range 2–20) | 0.89 (0.13; 1.66) | 0.02 | 0.91 (0.16; 1.66) | 0.02 | 0.95 (0.19; 1.72) | 0.01 |
| Task self-efficacy for physical activity (range 3–30) | 2.11 (0.81; 3.42) | 0.002 | 1.09 (−0.18; 2.37) | 0.09 | 1.89 (0.59; 3.18) | 0.004 |
| Task self-efficacy for healthy eating (range 3–30) | 2.19 (0.94; 3.43) | 0.001 | 2.32 (1.10; 3.54) | 0.0002 | 0.49 (−0.75; 1.73) | 0.44 |
| Satisfaction with social support for physical activity (range 1–10) | 0.57 (0.06; 1.08) | 0.03 | 0.41 (−0.09; 0.90) | 0.11 | 0.49 (−0.01; 1.00) | 0.054 |
| Satisfaction with social support for healthy eating (range 1–10) | 0.10 (−0.38; 0.59) | 0.67 | 0.38 (−0.09; 0.84) ** | 0.12 | 0.07 (−0.41; 0.54) | 0.78 |
| 35–37 weeks |
HE&PA vs. UC
Estimate (95% CI) |
p |
HE vs. UC
Estimate (95% CI) |
p |
PA vs. UC
Estimate (95% CI) |
p |
| Perceived risk for GDM (range 1–5) | −0.02 (−0.35; 0.31) | 0.74 | −0.001 (−0.33; 0.32) | 0.99 | −0.15 (−0.47; 0.18) | 0.37 |
| Outcome expectancy GDM risk reduction with physical activity (range 2–20) | 1.99 (0.62; 3.36) | 0.002 | 0.87 (−0.49; 2.22) | 0.21 | 1.74 (0.39; 3.10) | 0.01 |
| Outcome expectancy GDM risk reduction with healthy eating (range 2–20) | 2.09 (0.69; 3.49) | 0.004 | 0.97 (−0.41; 2.35) | 0.17 | 1.32 (−0.05; 2.69) | 0.06 |
| Outcome expectancy risk reduction baby with physical activity (range 2–20) | 1.29 (0.39; 2.18) | 0.04 | 0.85 (−0.03; 1.74) | 0.06 | 1.25 (0.36; 2.13) | 0.01 |
| Outcome expectancy risk reduction baby with healthy eating (range 2–20) | 1.46 (0.56; 2.36) | 0.002 | 0.82 (−0.07; 1.71) | 0.07 | 0.82 (−0.06; 1.71) | 0.07 |
| Task self-efficacy for physical activity (range 3–30) | 2.02 (0.38; 3.67) | 0.002 | 1.98 (0.35; 3.60) | 0.02 | 1.90 (0.27; 3.53) | 0.02 |
| Task self-efficacy for healthy eating (range 3–30) | 2.01 (0.49; 3.53) | 0.01 | 1.43 (−0.07; 2.93) | 0.06 | 0.37 (−1.12; 1.86) | 0.63 |
| Satisfaction with social support for physical activity (range 1–10) | 0.63 (0.07; 1.19) | 0.03 | 0.63 (0.08; 1.18) | 0.03 | 0.78 (0.23; 1.33) | 0.01 |
| Satisfaction with social support for healthy eating (range 1–10) | 0.54 (−0.02; 1.10) | 0.06 | 0.65 (0.10; 1.21) | 0.02 | 0.36 (−0.19; 0.91) | 0.20 |
* Values vary slightly between analyses for different lifestyle outcomes, due to varying sample sizes. ** Satisfaction with social support for HE was statistically significant in the HE group, depending on the sample. Abbreviations: UC = usual care; HE = healthy eating; PA = physical activity; HE&PA = healthy eating and physical activity; GDM = gestational diabetes. p values based on regressions from the mediation analyses. Significant differences compared to the UC group are in bold.