Fig. 5.

Sterile fecal water from patients with low CD4 counts reduces macrophage activation, increases IL-1β expression, and decreases the frequency of tissue repair macrophages. a Compared with CD4-high patients, sterile fecal water from CD4-low patients induces fewer activated CD80+ CD86+ THP-1-derived macrophages (KW, p < 0.001; all treatments versus media or buffer p < 0.001). b Increased pro-inflammatory IL-1β+ THP-1-derived macrophages are induced by CD4-low compared to CD4-high patient SFW (KW, p < 0.0001; low or intermediate versus media or buffer p < 0.01, high versus media or buffer p < 0.08). c CD4-low patient sterile fecal water decreased tissue repair associated CD206+ IL-10+ THP-1-derived macrophages (compared with CD4-high patients; KW, p < 0.001, low versus media or buffer p < 0.05, intermediate or high versus media or buffer p < 0.06). Low and high subgroups are CD4 count quartiles 1 and 4, respectively. Data representative of two independent experiments; 24 biological replicates with three technical replicates each are plotted. Plotted p values from Mann–Whitney test. KW, Kruskal–Wallis; SFW, sterile fecal water