Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that target tumor enhancement (TTE) of colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) on 10-minute delayed phase gadobutrol-enhanced MRI is associated with overall survival post-hepatectomy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether TTE of CRCLM on preoperative gadobutrol-enhanced MRI measured at 5-minute delayed phase is also associated with overall survival. We performed a single-institution, REB-approved, retrospective study of 121 patients with CRCLM who had received a clinical gadobutrol-enhanced MRI after treatment with chemotherapy and prior to liver surgery between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2012. The TTE of the colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) on 5-minute delayed phase was determined. Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression survival analyses were used in order to determine the association between TTE on 5-minute delayed phase and overall survival, after adjusting for known prognostic variables. TTE of chemotherapy-treated CRLM on gadobutrol-enhanced MRI at 5-minute post-contrast injection is associated with overall survival post-hepatectomy. On Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, there was a significant difference in overall survival between strong and weak TTE groups (log-rank P=0.009) with 74.4% survival at 36 months in the strong TTE group compared to only 44.6% in the weak TTE group. On Cox-regression analysis, the adjusted hazard ratio of death for patients with low TTE was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.18–0.90, P=0.026), after adjusting for known prognostic variables. This study provides preliminary evidence that tumor enhancement of CRLM at 5 minutes post-contrast injection on gadobutrol-enhanced MRI may provide preoperative prognostic information. This may be helpful for risk stratification of patients for surgery.
Keywords: Colorectal cancer, neoplasm metastases, gadolinium, survival
Introduction
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths (after lung) in the United States (1). Liver metastases develop in approximately 50% of patients with colorectal cancer despite screening programs and early treatment (2). With new advances in surgery and chemotherapy, patients who meet surgical resectability criteria have significantly improved morbidity and mortality with 5- and 10-year survival rates of 38% and 26% respectively (3,4).
It is increasingly being understood that colorectal cancer is not a homogeneous disease and that the biology of tumors may account for a large range of differences in response to treatment (5). Preoperative imaging may be a simple, noninvasive way of risk-stratifying patients prior to treatment.
A recently published study demonstrated that late gadolinium enhancement of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) on preoperative gadobutrol-enhanced MRI is associated with overall survival post-hepatectomy (6). In that study, the authors measured late gadolinium enhancement using the “target tumor enhancement” (TTE), which they defined as the mean liver-lesion contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the two largest tumors on 10-minute delayed phase (6). However, many standard liver MRI protocols have now reduced the delayed phase imaging time to 5-minutes in order to improve workflow (7). The goal of this study was to determine whether TTE measured at 5-minute delayed phase is also associated with survival.
Methods
This was a single-institutional, retrospective study, which was approved by the institutional research ethics board.
The patient population included all patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) who had received a clinical gadobutrol-enhanced MRI after treatment with chemotherapy and prior to liver surgery between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2012 for diagnosis and/or staging. We excluded patients who did not have 5-minute delayed phase imaging or where MRI image quality was unacceptable for analysis. Patients who did not have any tumors that met criteria for measurable target lesions (>10 mm) were also excluded. Any patients who died within 30 days of surgery were also excluded from the analysis in order to exclude perioperative mortality.
As per standard clinical protocols at our institution, patients received contrast-enhanced liver MRI with gadobutrol on either a 1.5T (GE Twinspeed™) or 3.0 T (Philips Achieva™) MRI scanner with an eight-channel body phased array coil covering the entire liver. Delayed phase, contrast-enhanced, 3D axial T1 imaging was performed at 5-minute post-contrast (protocol at 1.5T: TR ~4.5, TE ~2.2, flip angle ~15, slice thickness =5 mm, spacing =2.5 mm, FOV =380 mm, matrix =320×192. Protocol at 3.0T: TR ~3.0, TE ~1.4, flip angle ~10, slice thickness =3 mm, spacing =1.5 mm, FOV ~380, matrix ~250×250).
We measured the TTE at 5-minute delayed phase for all patients using methods previously described (6). Up to two target lesions measuring at least 10 mm in long axis diameter were chosen for analysis. The axial slice at which the tumor was largest was chosen. A round ROI was drawn to most closely approximate the entire tumor in order to determine the signal intensity of the tumor. Five 1–2 cm round ROIs were drawn on the adjacent background liver parenchyma (taking care to avoid major blood vessels) in order to determine the mean signal intensity of the background liver. The standard deviation of the background noise was calculated by taking the mean standard deviation of eight 1–2 cm ROIs drawn in the background noise in each of the four quadrants. The CNR of up to two target lesions on 5 minute delayed phase was measured and the mean CNR of up to two target lesions was taken as the TTE. The lesion-liver CNR was measured as follows:
All imaging analysis was performed on standard, clinical PACS software used at our institution (Agfa Impax 6.3.1, AGFA HealthCare N.V., Belgium). Imaging analysis was performed by a single reader (Helen M. C. Cheung, 6 years of experience) blinded to all clinical information other than the history of CRLM.
The primary clinical end-point was overall survival. The following additional clinical information was also obtained: age, sex, number of liver tumors, size of largest liver tumor, time from diagnosis of primary colorectal cancer to time to diagnosis of hepatic metastases, number of positive regional lymph nodes seen on pathology in the primary colorectal cancer, and preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level. Based on our clinical data, we calculated the patient’s clinical risk score, which is a 5-point score that has been validated as a predictor of long-term, postoperative survival and is commonly used to risk-stratify patients for surgery (8).
Statistical analysis
Patients were dichotomized into strong and weak TTE using the Youden index for three-year survival (9). The association between TTE at 5 minutes and overall survival was determined using univariate analysis using Kaplan-Meier statistics. The association between TTE at 5 minutes and overall survival was determined using multivariate analysis using Cox-regression analysis, adjusted for clinical risk score.
Additional descriptive analysis was performed on demographic variables (age and sex). Chi-Square tests were used in order to determine if there were differences in demographic data between strong and weak TTE groups.
All analyses were performed on SPSS (SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 24.0, 2016. IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
There were a total of 121 patients who met inclusion/exclusion criteria for the study. There were 70 (58%) men and 51 (42%) women in our cohort. The mean age was 63 years. Demographic data is shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference in demographic variables between strong and weak TTE groups. There was no difference in the proportion of patients with weak or strong TTE between 1.5T and 3.0T (P=0.104).
Table 1. Demographic information for patients with weak and strong target tumor enhancement (TTE) measured on preoperative gadobutrol-enhanced MRI of the liver at 5 minutes post-contrast injection.
| Characteristic | Weak TTE (n=17) (%) | Strong TTE (n=104) (%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| <65 years | 11 (64.7) | 53 (51.0) | 0.433 |
| ≥65 years | 6 (35.3) | 51 (49.0) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 8 (47.1) | 62 (59.6) | 0.428 |
| Female | 9 (52.9) | 42 (40.4) | |
| Clinical risk score | |||
| <3 | 9 (56.3) | 77 (80.2) | 0.053 |
| ≥3 | 7 (43.8) | 19 (19.8) | |
| Data not available | 1 | 8 | |
| Number of tumors | |||
| 1 tumor | 4 (23.5) | 49 (47.1) | 0.112 |
| >1 tumor | 13 (76.5) | 55 (52.9) | |
| Size of tumors | |||
| <5 cm | 11 (64.7) | 87 (83.7) | 0.092 |
| ≥5 cm | 6 (35.3) | 17 (16.3) | |
| Time from diagnosis of primary to diagnosis of metastasis | |||
| ≤12 months | 6 (35.3) | 37 (35.6) | 1.000 |
| >12 months | 11 (64.7) | 67 (64.4) | |
| Number of positive lymph nodes | |||
| <5 nodes positive | 12 (70.6) | 77 (75.5) | 0.764 |
| ≥5 nodes positive | 5 (29.4) | 25 (24.5) | |
| Data not available | 0 | 2 | |
| Preoperative CEA level | |||
| <200 ng/mL | 14 (100.0) | 89 (94.7) | 1.000 |
| ≥200 ng/mL | 0 (0.0) | 5 (5.3) | |
| Data not available | 3 | 10 | |
| Location of primary | |||
| Rectum | 6 (35.3) | 48 (46.2) | 0.443 |
| Colon | 11 (64.7) | 56 (53.8) | |
| Magnet | |||
| 1.5T | 14 (82.4) | 61 (58.7) | 0.104 |
| 3.0T | 3 (17.6) | 43 (41.3) | |
CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.
Based on the Youden index, patients were dichotomized into strong and weak TTE at a threshold of −26. There were 17 patients (with 9 deaths) with weak TTE and 104 patients (with 31 deaths) with strong TTE (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Colorectal liver metastases on 5-minute delayed phase preoperative gadobutrol-enhanced liver MRI (A) in a 73-year-old female with weak target tumor enhancement (TTE) and (B) in a 75-year-old male with strong TTE. Arrows indicate pathology-confirmed colorectal liver metastases.
On univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis, there was a significant difference in survival between the strong and weak TTE groups (Figure 2) (log-rank P=0.009). At 36 months, 74.4% were surviving in the strong TTE group compared to only 44.6% in the weak TTE group.
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves comparing patients with colorectal liver metastases demonstrating strong vs. weak target tumor enhancement (TTE) on 5-minute delayed phase preoperative gadobutrol-enhanced MRI (n=121).
On multivariable Cox-regression analysis, there was a significant difference in survival between the strong and weak TTE groups (P=0.026), even after adjusting for clinical risk score. The adjusted hazard ratio of death for patients with low TTE was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.18–0.90) (Table 2).
Table 2. Multivariable Cox-regression model for the association between target tumor enhancement (TTE) on preoperative gadobutrol-enhanced MRI of the liver at 5 minutes post-contrast injection and overall survival.
| Characteristic | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Target tumor enhancement (TTE) | ||
| Weak | Reference | 0.026* |
| Strong | 0.40 (0.18–0.90) | |
| Clinical risk score | ||
| <3 | Reference | 0.040* |
| ≥3 | 2.12 (1.03–4.34) | |
*, P<0.05.
Discussion
This study demonstrates that TTE of chemotherapy-treated CRLM at 5 minutes post-contrast injection with gadobutrol is associated with overall survival post-hepatectomy. The proportion of patients surviving at 36 months with strongly enhancing tumors was 74.4% compared to only 44.6% with weakly enhancing tumors.
A previous study demonstrated that TTE of chemotherapy-treated CRLM at 10 minutes post-contrast injection with gadobutrol is associated with tumor fibrosis and overall survival post-hepatectomy (6). However, we note that the proportion of patients who were in the low vs. high TTE group at 5 minutes in the current study is different than the proportion of patients who were in the low vs. high TTE group at 10 minutes in the previous study despite being similar populations (6). In the current study, only 14% of patients were in the low TTE group at 5 minutes, whereas 61% of patients were in the low TTE group at 10 minutes in the prior study (6). This suggests that the mechanism of TTE may be different at 5 versus 10 minutes. Prior studies in the cardiac MRI literature has shown that fibrosis is best observed between 10–30 minutes (10). Therefore, although high TTE at 10 minutes was correlated with tumor fibrosis, high TTE at 5 minutes may represent a different mechanism.
The mechanism by which TTE at 5 minutes is associated with survival is unclear based on this study. Possible mechanisms may include differences in vascularity and/or perfusion between high and low TTE groups. Prior studies using dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) have shown variability in tumor vessel volume and perfusion volume, which may be related to response to chemotherapy (11-13). Further prospective studies with high-resolution matched radiologic-pathologic correlation are required in order to determine whether tumor vascularity or other histopathological variables may be associated with TTE at 5 minutes.
There are a number of additional limitations to this study. This study represents a single-institution, retrospective study. Further prospective, multi-center studies are required for external validation. Due to its retrospective nature, there are a number of clinical and technical confounders. In particular, we were unable to control for chemotherapy regimens used in this study. All patients received standard-of-care chemotherapy regimens as determined by their clinical team. The chemotherapy regimens received by the patients were not standardized and different patients received different chemotherapy regimens. This could be a potential confounder. Future studies are required in order to control for this and to better understand the role of chemotherapy on TTE.
Technical confounders such as magnetic field strength and phased array surface coil may also affect CNR measurements (14,15). Future studies are also required in order to optimize measurement techniques for TTE, including measuring signal intensity increase from pre-contrast to delayed phase or signal intensity involving the entire volume of tumor rather than a single axial slice.
In conclusion, this study provides preliminary evidence that tumor enhancement of CRLM at 5 minutes post-contrast injection on gadobutrol-enhanced MRI may provide preoperative prognostic information. This may potentially be helpful for risk stratification of patients for surgery.
Acknowledgements
None.
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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