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. 2019 Feb 28;38(5):1159–1167. doi: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00013

Chemistry of a 1,5-Oligosilanylene Dianion Containing a Disiloxane Unit

Rainer Zitz 1, Judith Baumgartner 1,*, Christoph Marschner 1,*
PMCID: PMC6415795  PMID: 30880866

Abstract

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Synthesis of a number of disiloxane containing cyclo- and bicyclooligosilanes is described starting from the dipotassium 1,5-oligosiloxanylene diide derived from 1,3-bis[tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl]tetramethyldisiloxane. In addition, the use of this particular fragment as ligand for zinc and group 4 metallocene complexes was studied. Both types of compounds exhibit marked structural differences compared to related compounds containing Si-Si-Si units instead of the Si-O-Si fragment.

Introduction

Over the past years, we have utilized oligosilanylene diides1−4 for the synthesis of longer oligosilane chains,5−10 cyclosilanes,2,7,11−14 heterocyclosilanes,11,12,15,16 and as ligands for silyl transition metal complexes1,4,17−22 and silylated low valent main group compounds.23−30

Usually methylated oligosilanylene units were used as the connecting units between the two silyl anionic atoms of these compounds. Such spacer parts generally do not interact with a newly incorporated heteroatom and are mainly responsible for conformational properties. However, our recent studies concerning the use of silanides as ligands for lanthanide complexes31−34 have brought about the necessity of incorporating additional donor sites into the ligand backbone. These additional donor sites for the metal atom should avoid or diminish the coordination of solvent molecules like THF or DME to the metal atoms. Solvent free lanthanide complexes allow the use of vacuum during workup procedures and do not restrict the solvent use in order to ensure a homogeneous product distribution. For this reason, we have prepared several different silylated siloxanes, and in doing so, disiloxane 1 (Scheme 1) turned out to be an easily available ligand with great opportunities for further transformations, leading to a variety of interesting new compounds. Furthermore, theoretical35,36 and synthetic aspects37−41 of siloxanes have gained considerable attraction in recent times. Despite the large structural variety of oligosilanes that have been prepared over the past years, compounds with Si–Si bonds and Si-O-Si units are not very abundant. While such compounds are available by controlled hydrolysis of α,ω-dichlorooligosilanes,42 examples with even slightly more complex molecular architecture are rather rare. Nevertheless, Krempner et al. have shown that dendritic oligosilanes with discrete disiloxane units are interesting compounds for the modeling of oxygen defects in silicon nanomaterials43 and von Hänisch and co-workers have recently incorporated oligosiloxane units into crown ethers.44

Scheme 1. Synthesis of 1,3-Bis[tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl]tetramethyldisiloxane (1) and Its Conversion to the 1,5-Oligosilanylene Diide 2.

Scheme 1

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Upon treatment with 2 equiv tBuOK, disiloxane 1 can be converted to the respective oligosilanylene diide 2 (Scheme 1).33

In the reactions of dianion 2 with YbI2·(THF)2 and SmI2·(THF)2, it acted as a tridentate ligand to Ln(II), leading to complexes 3 (Scheme 2).33 The fact that the lanthanide ion coordinates to the very weakly basic siloxane oxygen45 is likely caused by the ion’s very strong Lewis acidity.

Scheme 2. Formation of Ytterbium and Samarium Disilyl Complexes 3 by Reaction of Dianion 2 with the Respective Metal Diiodides.

Scheme 2

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With a convenient access to disiloxane 1 and the respective dianionic derivative 2, we thought it would be interesting to use these as precursors for the design of oligosilanes with even more siloxane units and also for the formation of additional silyl-metal complexes.

Results and Discussion

Disiloxane Containing Oligosilanes

With compound 2 readily available, we decided to study its chemistry in more detail. By addition of 1,2-dibromoethane, oxidative coupling of the two silanide moieties46 was achieved, yielding oxacyclopentasilane 4 (Scheme 3). In the case of using a slight excess of 1,2-dibromoethane, in addition to 4 also the 1,5-dibromide 5 was formed as a side product, which was converted to 4 by reaction with added potassium graphite (Scheme 3).

Scheme 3. Formation of Oxacyclopentasilane 4 by Oxidative Cyclization of 2. Side Product 5 Can Be Converted to 4 by Reductive Coupling with Potassium Graphite.

Scheme 3

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The 29Si NMR spectrum of compound 4 (Table 1) features expected values for SiMe3 (−9.6 ppm), and Si(SiMe3)2 (−132.2 ppm). For the disiloxane unit, a resonance at 20.9 ppm was observed, which is somewhat downfield shifted compared to acyclic products 1 and 5 (Table 1), as can be expected for the diminished Si-O-Si angle in a cyclic compound.

Table 1. Selected NMR Spectroscopic Data of Oligosilanyl Disiloxane Containing Compounds in ppm.

  29Si (SiMe3) 29Si (SiMe2O) 29Si (Siq) 29Si (Si-E)
1a –10.5 13.4 –132.8 n.a.
2a –7.0 27.6 n.a. –185.7 (SiK)
3 –5.0 32.4 n.a. –153.8 (SiYb)
4 –9.6 20.9 –132.2 n.a.
5 –13.0 6.9 –28.9 n.a.
6 –11.2 11.6 –132.2 n.a.
7 –9.9 24.7 n.a. –188.0 (SiK)
8 –10.0 22.2 –132.9 n.a.
9 –15.3 10.9 –136.2 n.a.
10 n.a. 15.5 n.a. –186.7 (SiK)
11 –12.6 11.9 n.a. –116.5 (SiH)
12 –14.9 5.9 n.a. –19.7 (SiCl)
13 –12.3 8.4 n.a. –18.5 (SiN)
14 –16.9 1.6 n.a. –7.0 (SiO)
15 –8.8 20.6 n.a. –155.7 (SiYb)
16 –7.3 15.2 n.a. –166.9 (SiMg)
17 –5.8 16.3 n.a. –142.0 (SiZn)
18 –5.6 18.2 n.a. –71.5 (SiZr)
19 –4.9 13.3 n.a. –45.7 (SiHf)
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a

Data taken from ref (33).

Reaction of oligosilanylene diide 2 with 1,3-dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane gave the expected 1,5-dioxacyclooctasilane 6 (Scheme 4). Further reaction of 6 with 2 equiv of tBuOK provided the respective 1,5-dioxacyclooctasilanyl-3,7-diide 7. Subjecting 7 to 1,2-dibromoethane causes coupling of the two silanide units to form 3,7-dioxabicycle[3.3.0]octasilane 8 (Scheme 4). Alternatively, disilanide 7 can react with another equiv of 1,3-dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane, yielding dodecamethyl-1,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)-3,7,10-trioxa-octasilabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane (9) (Scheme 4). NMR spectroscopic analysis of reactions leading to 8 and 9 revealed that both reactions are not entirely selective. Presumably oligomers or polymers connecting 1,5-dioxacyclooctasilane rings are formed as side products. This can be concluded from the 13C NMR spectra, which feature a fair number of small signals in close proximity to the SiMe2 and SiMe3 signals (see f.i. Figure S15).

Scheme 4. Preparation of 1,5-Dioxacyclooctasilane 6, Its Conversion to the Respective 3,7-Disilanide 7, Which Can Further Be Used for the Synthesis of 3,7-Dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octasilane 8 and 1,5-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-3,7,10-trioxa-octasilabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane 9.

Scheme 4

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Compound 9 still has two trimethylsilyl groups originating from precursor 1, located at the bridgehead positions. Additions of further 2 equiv of tBuOK cleaved off these groups and converted 9 to [3.3.3]bicyclo-1,5-potassium disilanide 10 (Scheme 4).

The eight-membered ring of 6 allows for a widened Si–O–Si angle, and accordingly, the 29Si NMR chemical shift of the siloxane silicon atoms (11.6 ppm) is close to that of the acyclic compound 1 (13.4 ppm) (Table1). Correspondingly, the 29Si NMR spectrum of the respective 1,4-dianionic compound 7 resembles that of compound 2 (Table 1).

The 3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octasilane 8 is structurally very similar to 4. This is clearly reflected by its 29Si NMR spectrum which resembles that of 4. In a similar sense, compound 9 is structurally related to 6. The 29Si NMR resonances of the trimethylsilyl groups of 1,336, and 9 experience upfield shift in this order. Compound 9 is a rare example of a tricyclic oligosiloxane. A somewhat related bicyclo[3.3.3]pentasiloxane was recently obtained by Iwamoto and co-workers using mCPBA oxidation of a 1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentasilane.37 Compound 10 features a very simple 29Si NMR spectrum with only two lines; the typical upfield resonances for the anionic silicon atoms (−186.7 ppm) are accompanied by a peak at 15.5 ppm for the SiO units. The compound might be regarded as a building block for the synthesis of low dimensional materials such as one-dimensional nanorods consisting of bridgehead connected bicyclo[3.3.3]trisiloxane units.37

Facile protonation of oligosilanylene diide 2 yielded the respective 1,5-dihydrosilane 11. Reaction with tetrachloromethane converted 11 to the 1,5-dichlorooligosilane 12 (Scheme 5).47 Further reaction of 12 with excess diethylamine gave 1,5-bis(diethylamino)oligosilanyldisiloxane 13,47 which upon reaction with aqueous methanol led to the rather unexpected formation of 1,4-dioxacyclohexasilane 14. We assume that 14 forms via an intermediate oligosilane diol, which in the presence of Et2NH is partly deprotonated. Attack of the respective siloxide at a SiMe2 unit leads to a rearranged oligosilane diol, which upon water elimination can cyclize to 14 (Scheme S1).

Scheme 5. Formation of 1,5-Dihydrosilane 11, Followed by Chlorination (12), and Amination (13). Hydrolysis of 13 Yields 1,4-Dioxacyclohexasilane 14.

Scheme 5

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Quite typically, dihydrooligosilane 11 was obtained as an oil. Its 29Si NMR spectroscopic properties are very much as expected. The Si-H resonance at −116.5 ppm is close to the respective signal of (Me3Si)3SiH (−115.4), and also the trimethylsilyl signal at −12.6 ppm is in line with the −10.9 ppm observed for (Me3Si)3SiH.46

In a similar way, the 29Si NMR signature of oligosilanyldichloride 12 (5.9 (SiO), −14.9 (SiMe3), −19.7 (SiCl) ppm) reflects the similarity of 12 to (Me3Si)3SiCl (−11.6 (SiMe3), −13.3 (SiCl) ppm).48 Compound 13 features the trimethylsilyl and NSi resonances at −12.3 ppm and −18.5 ppm, respectively. Compared to the previously prepared Et2NSi(SiMe3)2(SiMe2)2Si(SiMe3)2NEt2 (δ = −16.0 (SiMe3), −23.3 (SiN), and −38.0 (SiMe2) ppm),47 these values are somewhat deshielded, which can be attributed to the presence of the polar Si-O-Si unit.

Metal Complexes with Disiloxane Containing Oligosilanyl Ligands

Silylated lanthanides are an interesting field of research pioneered by Schumann and co-workers.49,50 Oligosilylated examples are still investigated by us31−34 and others.51−54 As mentioned, we initially devised the synthesis of oligosilanylene diide 2 to employ it as a ligand for Ln(II)-silyl complexes.33 As compound 7 can be regarded as a derivative of 2, containing an additional disiloxane unit, we reacted it with YbI2 (Scheme 6). 1H NMR studies showed that the obtained product 15 was indeed coordinating to both oxygen atoms as only two THF or one DME molecules were shown to occupy the remaining two of the six coordination sites of Yb.

Scheme 6. Reaction of Dianion 7 with YbI2.

Scheme 6

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The clean reaction of 2 with YbI2 encouraged us to study its coordination chemistry also with other divalent metal halides (Scheme 7). Not unexpectedly, 2 can be cleanly transmetalated to the respective magnesium compound 16 by reaction with MgBr2·Et2O.4,5516 exhibits the typical 29Si NMR spectroscopic signature known for oligosilanyl magnesium compounds. The signal at −166.9 ppm (Table 1) reflects the diminished anionic character compared to 2. While the influence of the negative charge on the directly metalated silicon atom is most pronounced, a downfield shift for attached trimethylsilyl groups compared to the neutral precursor molecules is usually observed.

Scheme 7. Reaction of Dianion 2 with Other Divalent Metal Complexes.

Scheme 7

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Conversion of oligosilanides with zinc halides to silyl zinc compounds is a well established process.19,34,56−60 Reaction of 2 with ZnCl2 was thus attempted (Scheme 7). We expected a six-membered ring to be formed in the reaction;19 however, the obtained product 17 is a 12-membered ring with close to linear Si-Zn-Si coordination geometry. Earlier studies have already shown a pronounced tendency of the Si-Zn-Si unit to acquire linear arrangements.19,56 Cases with significant bending of the Si-Zn-Si unit are almost always accompanied by coordination of one or more Lewis bases to the involved Zn atom. The main reason compound 17 forms is likely that not only the Si-Zn-Si unit preference for linear arrangement but also the Si-O-Si part’s tendency for engaging in larger angles. 29Si NMR resonances at −5.8 (SiMe3) and −142.0 (SiZn) ppm are close to the respective −7.2 and −123.9 ppm observed for (Me3Si)3SiZnSi(SiMe3)3.56

In contrast to the reaction of 2 with ZnCl2, analogous reactions with zirconocene and hafnocene dichlorides gave compounds 18 and 19 with six-membered rings (Scheme 7). At first glance, this is not unexpected. However, our previous attempts to react Cp2MCl2 (M = Zr, Hf) with an oligosilanyl 1,5-diide caused eventual formation of M(III) complexes.17 If we would envision a similar course as for the previous reaction, we would have expected that compound 4 would form in the reaction by reductive elimination from 18 and 19. Although it is not quite clear why compounds 18 and 19 are stable toward the elimination process, it seems likely that the ring strain of compound 4 is higher than that of 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)hexamethylcyclopentasilane. The reason for this increased strain seems to be the enhanced tendency of the Si-O-Si unit to acquire angles larger than tetrahedral.

29Si NMR chemical shifts of silylated zirconocenes and hafnocenes typically are much deshielded compared to the respective silanides. For structurally related 1-zircona- and 1-hafna-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)tetramethylcyclopentasilanes,1 values of −65.2 and −52.2 ppm, respectively, were observed. The resonances for 18 (−71.5 ppm) and 19 (−45.7 ppm) are similar, but the difference between the two metals is more pronounced.

Crystal Structure Analysis

The molecular structure of 4 was determined using single crystal XRD analysis (Figure 1). The five-membered ring is almost planar (sum of angles is 537°) which is caused by a large Si–O–Si angle of 132.4° (Table 2). As a consequence of the planar arrangement, the Me3Si–Si–Si–SiMe3 torsional angles are small (16.2° and 17.0°), causing some steric interaction between the vicinal trimethylsilyl groups. The Si(1)–Si(4) distance is therefore slightly elongated (2.3887(6) Å).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Molecular structure of 4 (thermal ellipsoid plot drawn at the 30% probability level). All hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity (bond lengths in Å, angles in deg). O(1)–Si(2) 1.6472(11), O(1)–Si(3) 1.6503(11), Si(1)–Si(6) 2.3576(6), Si(1)–Si(5) 2.3616(6), Si(1)–Si(2) 2.3688(6), Si(1)–Si(4) 2.3887(6), Si(3)–Si(4) 2.3670(6), Si(2)–O(1)–Si(3) 132.37(7), Si(2)–Si(1)–Si(4) 97.10(2), O(1)–Si(2)–Si(1) 105.58(4), Si(3)–Si(4)–Si(1) 97.18(2).

Table 2. Selected Structural Data Derived by Single Crystal XRD Analysis of Compounds 1, 4, 6, 14, 17, 18, and 19.

  dSi··SiMe3 [Å] dSi··O [Å] dSi··E [Å] ∠Si–O–SiO [deg]
1a 2.358(2) 1.628(6) n.a. 149.5(5)
4 2.3533(7)–2.3616(6) 1.647(1)–1.650(1) n.a. 132.37(7)
6 2.3466(8)–2.3466(9) 1.630(1)–1.634(1) n.a. 153.68(9)
14 2.350(1) 1.640(2)–1.663(2) n.a. 143.8(1)
17 2.343(4)–2.358(3) 1.627(6)–1.644(6) 2.358(2)–2.380(2) 155.2(4)/156.9(4)
18 2.367(1)–2.383(1) 1.652(2)–1.653(2) 2.820(1)–2.824(1) 139.3(2)
19 2.373(1)–2.385(1) 1.651(2)–1.653(2) 2.7942(8)–2.7990(8) 138.6(1)
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a

Data taken from ref (33).

Although compound 6 contains an eight-membered ring, in the solid state, a fairly wide Si–O–Si angle of 153.7° causes the molecular structure (Figure 2) to engage in a conformation that is similar to a six-membered ring chair conformer.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Molecular structure of 6 (thermal ellipsoid plot drawn at the 30% probability level). All hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity (bond lengths in Å, angles in deg). Si(1)–Si(4) 2.3428(7), Si(1)–Si(2) 2.3465(7), Si(1)–Si(3) 2.3491(7), Si(1)–Si(5) 2.3560(7), Si(2)–C(1) 1.8739(19), O(1)–Si(4A) 1.6300(12), Si(4)–Si(1)–Si(2) 109.66(3), Si(4)–Si(1)–Si(3) 113.23(3), Si(2)–Si(1)–Si(3) 110.58(3), Si(4)–Si(1)–Si(5) 105.39(2), Si(2)–Si(1)–Si(5) 109.54(2), Si(3)–Si(1)–Si(5) 108.27(3), Si(4A)–O(1)–Si(5) 153.68(8).

Compounds similar to 14 are not abundant. The structurally related 1,4-dioxaoctamethylcyclohexasilane was prepared by hydrolylsis of 1,2-dichlorotetramethyldisilane61 a long time ago, and its structure was determined by XRD methods more recently.62 The structure is quite similar to that of 14 (Figure 3). For both compounds, rather flat rings were observed and Si–O bond distances and Si–O–Si angles of both compounds are quite similar.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Molecular structure of 14 (thermal ellipsoid plot drawn at the 30% probability level). All hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity (bond lengths in Å, angles in deg). Si(1)–O(1) 1.664(2), Si(1)–Si(3) 2.3500(11), Si(1)–Si(2) 2.3504(11), Si(1)–Si(4) 2.3948(13), Si(2)–C(1) 1.869(3), Si(4)-O(1A) 1.640(2), Si(3)–Si(1)–Si(2) 112.12(4), Si(3)–Si(1)–Si(4) 111.67(4), Si(2)–Si(1)–Si(4) 111.76(4), Si(4A)–O(1)–Si(1) 143.77(14).

The molecular structure of 17 (Figure 4) features a 12-membered ring, which, due to almost linear Si-Zn-Si and Si-O-Si units, can be regarded as something like an eight-membered ring with very long Si-Zn-Si and long Si-O-Si edges. Its conformation resembles a twisted boat. Si–Zn distances between 2.352(2) and 2.380(2) Å are clearly longer than found for (Me3Si)3SiZnSi(SiMe3)3 which might be caused by the eclipsed arrangement of the Si(SiMe3)2 units attached to zinc.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Top: molecular structure of 17 (thermal ellipsoid plot drawn at the 30% probability level). All hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. Bottom: ring conformation without methyl groups (bond lengths in Å, angles in deg). Zn(1)–Si(1) 2.358(2), Zn(1)–Si(5) 2.373(2), Zn(2)–Si(13) 2.376(2), Zn(2)–Si(10) 2.380(2), Si(1)–Si(2) 2.345(3), Si(1)–Si(3) 2.346(3), Si(2)–O(2) 1.630(6), Si(2)–C(2) 1.861(8), Si(6)–O(1) 1.644(5), Si(9)–O(1) 1.641(5), Si(16)–O(2) 1.626(6), Si(1)–Zn(1)–Si(5) 175.90(8), Si(13)–Zn(2)–Si(10) 174.33(8), Si(2)–Si(1)–Si(3) 106.87(10), Si(2)–Si(1)–Si(4) 113.65(10), Si(3)–Si(1)–Si(4) 110.70(11), Si(9)–O(1)–Si(6) 155.2(4), Si(16)–O(2)–Si(2) 156.9(4).

Single crystal structure analysis was performed also on complexes 18 (Figure 5) and 19 (Figure 6). As expected, molecular structures are similar to those of the related zircona- and hafnacyclopentasilanes.1 Due to the larger ring size, the Si–M–Si angles of 103.17(3)° and 101.89(2)° for 18 and 19, respectively, are widened compared to the 97.70(6)° and 96.42(4)° of the related metallacyclopentasilanes. Si–Zr bond distances of 2.8197(9) and 2.8237(10) Å are slightly shorter than those of the zirconacyclopentasilane (2.826(2)/2.850(2) Å),1 and the same is true for the Si–Hf bond distances of 2.7943(8) and 2.7990(8) Å (hafnacyclopentasilane: 2.791(1)/2.826(2) Å). Comparison of the ring conformations of 18 and 19 to those of the related zircona- and hafnacyclopentasilanes1 reveals that, despite of the fact that Si2 and Si3 are naturally further apart, the conformation is nearly identical.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Molecular structure of 18 (thermal ellipsoid plot drawn at the 30% probability level). All hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity (bond lengths in Å, angles in deg). Zr(1)–Si(1) 2.8197(9), Zr(1)–Si(4) 2.8237(10), Si(1)–Si(2) 2.3736(12), Si(1)–Si(5) 2.3817(13), Si(2)–O(1) 1.651(2), Si(2)–C(11) 1.869(3), Si(3)–O(1) 1.653(2), Si(3)–Si(4) 2.3723(12), Si(1)–Zr(1)–Si(4) 103.17(3), Si(2)–Si(1)–Zr(1) 105.49(4), Si(3)–Si(4)–Zr(1) 104.14(4), Si(2)–O(1)–Si(3) 139.26(14).

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Molecular structure of 19 (thermal ellipsoid plot drawn at the 30% probability level). All hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity (bond lengths in Å, angles in deg). Hf(1)–Si(4) 2.7943(8), Hf(1)–Si(1) 2.7990(8), O(1)–Si(2) 1.6510(18), O(1)–Si(3) 1.6534(18), Si(1)–Si(2) 2.3713(10), Si(1)–Si(5) 2.3726(11), Si(2)–C(12) 1.869(3), Si(4)–Hf(1)–Si(1) 101.89(2), Si(2)–O(1)–Si(3) 138.59(12), Si(2)–Si(1)–Hf(1) 105.49(3), Si(3)–Si(4)–Hf(1) 106.57(3).

The Si–O–Si angle of hexamethyldisiloxane has a calculated value of 156.7° with a very small bending potential.35,36 The angles in the starting material 1 (149.5°), in the big rings of 6 (153.7°), and of 17 (155.2°) are close to this number. For the six-membered rings of 14, 18, and 19, the angles are diminished to 138.6–143.8° and once further to a value of 132.4° for the five-membered ring in 4. As the hyperconjugative effect depends on angular bending, a diminished hyperconjugation in the six- and five-membered rings can be assumed.35,36

Conclusion

The current work continues our studies of the transformation of siloxane 1 to higher oligosiloxanes and illustrates the use of these compounds as ligands for metal complexes. Utilizing 1, we could demonstrate that cyclic and bicyclic oligosilanes with one or more siloxane units can be prepared. Most of these compounds still contain peripheral trimethylsilyl units and thus can be converted to synthetic building blocks by simple reaction with potassium tert-butoxide.

Reactions of the siloxane containing dipotassium oligosilanylene diide 2 with magnesium and zinc halides proceeded smoothly, but for both metals, no interaction with the siloxane oxygen was detected. Somewhat unexpectedly, reactions of 2 with zirconocene and hafnocene dichlorides occurred to the respective 1-metalla-4-oxacyclohexasilanes. We initially assumed that the latter compounds would undergo reductive elimination to form an oxacyclopentasilane. A likely reason for the stability of the 1-metalla-4-oxacyclohexasilanes is ring strain in the potential reaction product caused by a strong tendency of Si-O-Si units to acquire larger than tetrahedral angles. The synthesized metallaoxacyclosilanes as well as the oxacyclo- and bicyclosilanes exhibit structural features that are different from isostructural homocyclo- and bicyclosilanes, which is mostly caused by Si–O–Si angles significantly larger than the corresponding Si–SiMe2–Si angles.

Experimental Section

General Remarks

All reactions involving air-sensitive compounds were carried out under an atmosphere of dry nitrogen using either Schlenk techniques or a glovebox. Solvents were dried using a column based solvent purification system.63 1,3-Bis[tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl]-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (1) and 1,3-bis[potassiobis(trimethylsilyl)silyl]-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (2) were prepared according to previously published procedures.33 All other chemicals were obtained from different suppliers and used without further purification.

1H (300 MHz), 13C (75.4 MHz), and 29Si (59.3 MHz) NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian INOVA 300 spectrometer and are referenced to tetramethylsilane (TMS) for 1H, 13C, and 29Si. If not noted otherwise, the used solvent was C6D6 and samples were measured at rt. In the case of reaction samples, a D2O capillary was used to provide an external lock frequency signal. To compensate for the low isotopic abundance of 29Si, the INEPT pulse sequence64,65 was used for the amplification of the signal for some of the spectra.

Elemental analyses were carried out using a Heraeus VARIO ELEMENTAR instrument. For a number of compounds, obtained elemental analysis showed too low carbon values, which is a typical problem for these compounds likely caused by silicon carbide formation during the combustion process. Multinuclear NMR spectra (1H, 13C, 29Si) of these compounds are presented in the Supporting Information (SI) as proof of purity.

X-ray Structure Determination

For X-ray structure analyses, the crystals were mounted onto the tip of glass fibers, and data collection was performed with a BRUKER-AXS SMART APEX CCD diffractometer using graphite-monochromated Mo Kα radiation (0.71073 Å). The data were reduced to F2o and corrected for absorption effects with SAINT66 and SADABS,67,68 respectively. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares method (SHELXL97).69 If not noted otherwise, all non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters and all hydrogen atoms were located in calculated positions to correspond to standard bond lengths and angles. Crystallographic data (excluding structure factors) for the structures of compounds 4, 6, 14, 17, 18, and 19 reported in this paper have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center as supplementary publication nos. CCDC- 1818448 (4), 1853659 (6), 1853663 (14), 1853662 (17), 1853660 (18), and 1853661 (19). The data can be obtained free of charge at: http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/products/csd/request/. Figures of solid state molecular structures were generated using Ortep-3 as implemented in WINGX70 and rendered using POV-Ray 3.6.71

2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3,3,4,4-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-1-oxacyclopentasilane (4)

From a solution of oligosilanylene diide 2 (1.59 mmol) in THF (5 mL), the solvent was removed in vacuum and replaced by toluene (5 mL). To this solution, 1,2-dibromoethane (1.65 mmol) in pentane (10 mL) was added dropwise, whereupon the decolorization and precipitation of a salt occurred. The solvent was removed in vacuum and the residue extracted with pentane three times. Crystallization from a concentrated solution at −37 °C gave 4 (0.703 g, 92%) as colorless crystals. Mp.: 144–146 °C. NMR (δ in ppm): 1H: 0.46 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.35 (s, 36H, SiMe3). 13C: 6.3 (SiMe2), 3.9 (SiMe3). 29Si: 20.9 (Me2SiO), −9.6 (SiMe3), −132.2 (Siq). Anal. Calcd for C16H48OSi8 (481.24): C 39.93, H 10.05. Found C 37.09, H 10.20.

In the case of using a slight excess of 1,2-dibromoethane, the formation of 1,3-bis[bromobis(trimethylsilyl)silyl]tetramethyldisiloxane (5) is observed as a side product, which can be converted into 4 by addition of potassium graphite (C8K). Selective formation of 5 can be achieved when adding 2 to a solution containing three-fold excess of 1,2-dibromoethane. 5: NMR (δ in ppm, toluene-D2O): 29Si: 6.9 (SiO), −13.0 (SiMe3), −28.8 (SiBr).

3,7-Dioxa-1,1,5,5-tetrakis(trimethysilyl)octamethylcyclooctasilane (6)

A mixture of 1 (10.0 g, 15.9 mmol) and tBuOK (3.66 g, 32.5 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was stirred for 12 h at rt. After complete conversion to 2 (checked by 1H and 29Si spectroscopic analysis of a reaction sample), THF was removed in vacuum and replaced by toluene (8 mL). This solution was added dropwise to a solution of 1,3-dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane in toluene (10 mL). After 3 h, the solvent was removed in vacuum from the orange solution. The residue was extracted with three portions of pentane and the extract filtered over Celite. After concentrating the volume of the solution, compound 6 was obtained as colorless crystals (4.59 g, 47%) by crystallization at −37 °C. Crystals suitable for crystallographic analysis were obtained by a further crystallization step from toluene. Mp.: 181–182 °C. NMR (δ in ppm): 1H: 0.46 (s, 24H, SiMe2), 0.30 (s, 36H, SiMe3). 13C: 8.5 (SiMe2), 3.2 (SiMe3). 29Si: 11.6 (SiO), −11.2 (SiMe3), −135.2 (Siq). Anal. Calcd for C20H60O2Si10 (613.55): C 39.15, H 9.86. Found C 37.59, H 9.82.

Dipotassium 3,7-Dioxa-1,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)octamethylcyclooctasilanyl-1,5-diide·(THF)x (7)

A mixture of dioxacyclooctasilane 6 (250 mg, 0.41 mmol) and tBuOK (94 mg, 0.84 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for 12 h. Removal of solvent gives the product in quantitative yield as a brownish solid. NMR (THF/D2O-capillary, δ in ppm): 29Si: 23.3, −9.6, −190.7. NMR (C6D6-THF (a very small amount of THF was added as the product is nearly insoluble in C6D6)): 1H: 3.53 (THF), 1.55 (THF), 0.47 (s, 24H, SiMe2), 0.24 (s, 18H, SiMe3). 13C: 67.9 (THF), 25.9 (THF), 11.8 (SiMe2), 6.8 (SiMe3). 29Si: 24.7 (SiO), −9.9 (SiMe3), −188.0 (SiK).

3,7-Dioxa-1,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)octamethylbicyclo[3.3.0]octasilane (8)

A mixture of dioxacyclooctasilane 6 (360 mg, 0.59 mmol) and tBuOK (135 mg, 1.20 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for 12 h. After almost complete removal of THF, toluene (5 mL) was added and then a solution of 1,2-dibromoethane (119 mg, 0.63 mmol) in pentane (5 mL) was added dropwise, whereupon a white precipitate was observed. After 15 min, the solvents were removed in vacuum and the remaining residue was extracted with three portions of pentane (4–5 mL each). Evaporation of the solvent gave product 8 and some oligomeric byproducts (0.257 g) as a colorless oil. NMR (C6D6, δ in ppm): 1H: 0.46 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.42 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.31 (s, 18H, SiMe3). 13C: 6.5 (SiMe2), 5.6 (SiMe2), 2.8 (SiMe3). 29Si: 22.2 (SiO), −10.0 (SiMe3), −132.9 (Siq). Anal. Calcd for C14H42O2Si8 (467.17): C 35.99, H 9.06. Found C 35.06, H 8.99.

3,7,10-Trioxa-1,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)octamethylbicyclo[3.3.3]undecasilane (9)

A solution of dipotassium 3,7-dioxacyclooctasilanyl-1,5-diide 7 (obtained from 6 (470 mg, 0.77 mmol) and tBuOK (176 mg, 1.57 mmol)) in THF (3 mL) and pentane (3 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 1,3-dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane (156 mg, 0.77 mmol) in pentane (8 mL). Immediately, the formation of a white precipitate was observed. After complete conversion (detected by NMR spectroscopy), the solvent was removed in vacuum, followed by extraction of the residue with pentane, filtration over Celite, and evaporation the compound was obtained as a colorless oil. Dissolving the oil in acetone and slow evaporation eventually gave 9 (376 mg) as colorless crystalline blocks, still contaminated with a small amount of oligomeric byproduct. Mp.: 205–208 °C. NMR (δ in ppm): 1H: 0.48 (s, 36H, SiMe2), 0.17 (s, 18H, SiMe3). 13C: 7.6 (SiMe2), 2.2 (SiMe3). 29Si: 10.9 (SiO), −15.3 (SiMe3), −136.2 (Siq).

3,7,10-Trioxaoctamethylbicyclo[3.3.3]undecasilyl-1,5-dipotassium·(DME)x (10)

A solution of bicyclosilane 9 (227 mg, 0.38 mmol) and tBuOK (87 mg, 0.78 mmol) in DME (3 mL) was stirred for 12 h. After removal of the solvent in vacuum, product 10 was isolated in quantitative yield as a yellowish semisolid. NMR (DME/D2O-capillary, δ in ppm): 1H: 0.10 (s, 36H, SiMe2)29Si: 15.5 (SiMe2), −186.7 (SiK).

1,3-Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)silanyl]tetramethyldisiloxane (11)

A solution of 2 (3.19 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added dropwise to a H2SO4 (0.5 M)/ice/Et2O mixture. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et2O (3 × 5 mL) and the combined organic phases were dried with Na2SO4. After evaporation of the solvent, dihydrosilane 11 (1.36 g, 88%) was obtained as a colorless oil. NMR (C6D6, δ in ppm): 1H: 2.57 (s, 2H, 1JH-Si = 154 Hz, SiH), 0.45 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.28 (s, 36H, SiMe3). 13C: 7.0 (SiMe2), 2.1 (SiMe3). 29Si: 11.9 (SiO), −12.6 (SiMe3), −116.5 (SiH). Anal. Calcd for C16H50OSi8 (483.26): C 39.77, H 10.43. Found C 38.43, H 10.59.

1,3-Bis[chlorbis(trimethylsilyl)silyl]tetramethyldisiloxane (12)

A solution of disiloxane 11 (1.36 g, 2.81 mmol) in CCl4 (12 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 week. All volatiles were removed in vacuum, and dichlorodisiloxane 12 (1.53 g, 98%) was obtained as a colorless oily liquid. NMR (C6D6, δ in ppm): 1H: 0.45 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.25 (s, 36H, SiMe3). 13C: 4.3 (SiMe2), 0.6 (SiMe3). 29Si: 5.9 (SiMe2), −14.9 (SiMe3), −19.7 (SiCl). Anal. Calcd for C16H48OSi8Cl2 (552.14): C 34.81, H 8.76. Found C 33.75, H 8.73.

2,5-Dioxa-1,1,4,4-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)tetramethylcyclohexasilane (14)

After stirring a mixture of dichlorodisiloxane 12 (1.33 g, 2.41 mmol) and diethylamine (1.76 g, 24.1 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) for 1 week, complete conversion to the diaminodisiloxane was detected by NMR spectroscopy. All volatiles were removed in vacuum, the residue was extracted with pentane (3 × 6 mL), and filtered over Celite. Evaporation of the solvent gave raw diaminodisiloxane 13 (1.06 g, 70%) as a yellowish oil. (29Si: 8.4 (SiMe2), −12.3 (SiMe3), −18.5 (SiN)). Then over a solution of 13 (86 mg, 0.16 mmol) in Et2O (1 mL) carefully a layer of MeOH (3 mL) was placed. By slow evaporation of the solvent mixture, dioxacyclohexasilane 14 (39 mg, 49%) was obtained as colorless crystals. Mp.: 158–160 °C. NMR (C6D6, δ in ppm): 1H: 0.36 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.28 (s, 36H, SiMe3). 13C: 5.6 (SiMe2), −0.4 (SiMe3). 29Si: 1.6 (OSiMe2), −7.0 (OSiq), −16.9 (SiMe3). Anal. Calcd for C16H48O2Si8 (497.24): C 38.65, H 9.73. Found C 37.99, H 9.69.

3,7-Dioxa-1,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)-9-ytterbaoctamethylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonasilane (15)

To a suspension of YbI2·(THF)2 (140 mg, 0.25 mmol) in DME (1 mL), a solution of dipotassium cyclooctasilandiide 7 (obtained from 6 (150 mg, 0.24 mmol) and tBuOK (56 mg, 0.50 mmol)) in DME (1 mL) was added dropwise, causing immediate orange-brown colorization and formation of a precipitate. After stirring for 15 min, the solvent volume was reduced by 50% and the residue was extracted with pentane (3 × 5 mL) and filtered over Celite. After 24 h, complex 15 (55 mg, 32%) was isolated as crystalline orange plates (55 mg). Mp.: 160–162 °C. NMR (DME/D2O, δ in ppm): 1H: 0.30 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.16 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.03 (s, 18H, SiMe3). 13C: 10.8 (SiMe2), 10.3 (SiMe2), 5.6 (SiMe3). 29Si: 20.6 (SiO), −8.8 (SiMe3), −155.7 (SiYb).

4-Oxa-2,2,6,6-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)tetramethylmagnesacyclohexasilane·(DME) (16)

A solution of 2 (freshly prepared from disiloxane 1 (157 mg, 0.250 mmol), KOtBu (57 mg, 0.50 mmol) in DME (4 mL)) was evaporated to dryness. The orange residue was dissolved in Et2O (4 mL) and added dropwise to a stirred solution of MgBr2(Et2O) (65 mg, 0.25 mmol) in Et2O (4 mL). The white suspension was stirred for another 30 min. Quantitative formation of 16 was detected after 90 min by NMR spectroscopy of an aliquot sample. NMR (D2O-cap/Et2O, δ in ppm): 1H: 3.32 (ether), 1.05 (ether), 0.22 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.13 (s, 36H, SiMe3). 13C: 65.2 (ether), 14.6 (ether), 8.6 (SiMe2), 4.7 (SiMe3). 29Si: 15.2 (SiMe2), −7.3 (SiMe3), −166.9 (SiMg). For the purpose of further reaction, the obtained solution of 16 can be used as such. For analytical characterization, all volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure, the colorless residue was extracted with pentane (2 × 5 mL), and the combined extracts evaporated under vacuum, yielding 16 as a colorless, microcrystalline solid (61 mg, 41%). The title compound can be crystallized from concentrated solutions in pentane at −35 °C NMR (C6D6, δ in ppm): 1H: 2.97 (s, 6H, DME), 2.58 (bs, 4H, DME), 0.66 (s, 6H, SiMe2), 0.66 (s, 6H, SiMe2), 0.43 (s, 18H, SiMe3), 0.43 (s, 18H, SiMe3). 13C: 69.6 (DME), 59.4 (DME), 9.9 (SiMe2), 5.8 (SiMe3). 29Si: 15.2 (SiMe2), −7.8 (SiMe3), −166.7 (SiMg).

4,10-Dioxa-2,2,6,6,8,8,12,12-octakis(trimethylsilyl)octamethyl-1,7-dizincacyclododecasilane (17)

To a solution of compound 2 (obtained from 1 (200 mg, 0.32 mmol) and tBuOK (74 mg, 0.66 mmol)) in THF (3 mL), a solution of ZnCl2 in THF (2 mL) was added dropwise. The previously dark orange solution turned pale yellow, and after 12 h, the solvent was removed in vacuum and the residue extracted with pentane (3 × 4 mL). After filtration over Celite, the product was crystallized at −37 °C to give 17 (132 mg, 76%) as colorless needles. Mp.: 222–223 °C. NMR (C6D6, δ in ppm): 1H: 0.62 (s, 24H, SiMe2), 0.41 (s, 72H, SiMe3). 13C: 9.7 (SiMe2), 4.6 (SiMe3). 29Si: 14.0 (SiO), −8.7 (SiMe3), −125.6 (SiZn). NMR (THF, D2O-capillary, δ in ppm): 1H: 0.32 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.21 (s, 36H, SiMe3). 29Si: 16.3 (SiO), −5.8 (SiMe3), −142.0 (SiZn). Anal. Calcd for C32H96O2Si16Zn2 (1093.24): C 35.16, H 8.85. Found C 34.88, H 8.42.

1,1-Dicyclopentadienyl-4-oxa-2,2,6,6-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)tetramethylzirconacyclohexasilane (18)

To a suspension of zirconocene dichloride (47 mg, 0.16 mmol) in toluene (2 mL), a solution of 2 (0.16 mmol) in toluene (1 mL) was added dropwise, causing the solution to turn first orange and then deep red. Formation of a precipitate was observed, and after 1 h, complete conversion was detected by NMR spectroscopy. Removal of solvent, extraction of the residue with pentane (3 × 2 mL), filtration over Celite, and slow evaporation of pentane gave 18 (104 mg, 93%) as deep red crystalline blocks. Mp.: 131–132 °C. NMR (δ in ppm): 1H: 6.28 (s, 10H, Cp), 0.45 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.39 (s, 36H, SiMe3). 13C: 107.9 (Cp), 9.7 (SiMe2), 6.1 (SiMe3). 29Si: 18.2 (SiMe2), −5.6 (SiMe3), −71.5 (SiZr).

1,1-Dicyclopentadienyl-4-oxa-2,2,6,6-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)tetramethylhafnacyclohexasilane (19)

In an analogous way as described above for the synthesis of 18, the hafnium compound 19 was obtained using 2 (0.16 mmol) and hafnocene dichloride (60 mg, 0.16 mmol). Crystallization of 19 (0.106 g, 84%) as deep red crystalline blocks was achieved from the pentane extract at −37 °C. Mp.: 180–182 °C. NMR (δ in ppm): 1H: 6.22 (s, 10H, Cp), 0.49 (s, 12H, SiMe2), 0.39 (s, 36H, SiMe3). 13C: 108.1 (Cp), 10.0 (SiMe2), 6.6 (SiMe3). 29Si: 13.3 (SiMe2), −4.9 (SiMe3), −45.7 (SiHf).

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Johann Hlina for repeating some experiments to obtain additional NMR spectra.

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00013.

  • Tabulated crystallographic data for 4, 6, 14, 17, 18, and 19. Mechanistic proposal for the formation of 14 by hydrolysis of 13. 1H, 13C{1H}, and 29Si{1H} INEPT spectra of compounds 4–19 (PDF)

Accession Codes

CCDC 1818448 and 1853659–1853663 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif, or by emailing data_request@ccdc.cam.ac.uk, or by contacting The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: +44 1223 336033.

Support for this study was provided by the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaf tlichen Forschung (FWF) via projects P-25124 (J.B.) and P-26417 (C.M.)

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Supplementary Material

om9b00013_si_001.pdf (682.1KB, pdf)

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