Clinicopathological Characteristics of Meningiomas: Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital in the Kashmir Valley

Abstract

Background:

Meningiomas comprise 15%–20% of all primary intracranial tumors. They are generally benign tumors, and most patients are cured after surgery and remain free of recurrence. However, some tumors behave in an aggressive manner, and patients develop local recurrence or metastasis. Overall prognosis is good.

Patients and Methods:

This is an 11-year retrospective study conducted in the Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery at Sheri-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Kashmir, India. Besides the demographic profile, the parameters analyzed were location of tumor on imaging, histopathological subtype, and grade of tumor according to the 2007 WHO classification and recurrence at follow-up.

Results:

A total of 254 patients were included in our study, of which 205 (80.7%) were brain meningiomas and 49 (19.3%) were spinal, with an overall female: male ratio of 2:1. Female: male ratio was more in spinal meningiomas, 15.3:1. Most of our patients were in the 4–6^th decade of life with a mean age of 48 years (range: 5–73 years). Meningothelial meningioma was the most common histological type. Of ten patients who showed recurrence, seven cases showed only recurrence, but no progression to higher grade and three cases showed recurrence with progression by one WHO-grade. We also noticed that recurrence was higher in Simpson Grades II and III.

Conclusion:

Meningiomas are common in females and most of the meningiomas do well after surgery. The recurrence rate was 3.93% in our study and Simpson grade of tumor excision and histopathological grade contribute significantly to the recurrence of the tumor.

Introduction

Meningiomas comprise 15%–20% of all primary intracranial tumors.[1,2] They are twice as common in the female as in the male population, but a reverse male-to-female preponderance of 3:1 has been reported in the malignant form. The incidence increases with age with peak incidence between the ages of 40 and 60 years. A slight drop after the 8^th decade has been noted.[3] They are generally benign tumors, and most patients are cured after surgery and remain free of recurrence. However, some tumors behave in a more aggressive fashion, and patients develop local recurrence or metastasis. Histopathologically, meningiomas currently are separated into three grades, i.e., benign (ordinary) meningioma, atypical meningioma, and anaplastic (malignant) meningioma, that intend to reflect the clinical behavior of the tumors.[4] In completely excised tumors, the 5-year recurrence rate for patients with benign meningiomas is 21%, and the rates for patients with atypical and anaplastic meningiomas range between 38% and 78%, respectively.[5,6]

Patients and Methods

This is a retrospective study conducted in the Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery at Sheri-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Kashmir, India. The study period was from May 2003 to April 2014, a period of 11 years. All the patients diagnosed as meningiomas in our department were included in the study. The parameters analyzed included age, gender, location of tumor on imaging, histopathological subtype, and grade of tumor according to the 2007 WHO classification.[4] All the cases were reviewed histologically by a single neuropathologist. In doubtful and high-grade lesions, special stains such as reticulin, phosphotungistic acid hematoxylin, and immunohistochemistry were used. Patients were followed up on outpatient basis in the Department of Neurosurgery. As per the departmental protocol, serial contrast computed tomography (CT) scans were performed at 1, 2, 5, and 10 years of surgery. Other than this, patients who presented with raised intracranial pressure symptoms or new onset neurodeficits were also subjected to contrast CT. There were three in-hospital mortalities and 1-year follow-up was available in 237, 2-year in 211, 5-year in 186, and 10-year in 83 patients.

Results

A total of 254 patients were included in the study. Overall, we had 170 females and 84 males; the ratio was 2:1, of which 205 (80.7%) were brain meningiomas and 49 (19.3%) were spinal. Location was supratentorial in 192 (75.6%) patients, infratentorial in 13 (5.1%), and spinal in 49 (19.3%) patients. Meningothelial meningioma was most common histological type (41.33%, 105/254), followed by transitional (18.50%, 47/254) and psamommatous (11.81%) [Table 1]. The WHO Grade I was seen in 229 (90.2%) patients, 14 (5.5%) had Grade II, and 11 (4.3%) had Grade III tumors [Table 2].

Table 1.

Histopathological break up vis-à-vis location of the tumor

Histopathological subtype	Location		Total
	Cranial	Spinal
1.Anaplastic	6 (2.9)	0	6 (2.36)
2. Angioblastic	1 (0.48)	0	1 (0.39)
3. Angiomatous	11 (5.3)	1 (2.04)	12 (4.72)
4. Atypical	15 (7.3)	0	15 (5.90)
5. Clear cell	1 (0.48)	0	1 (0.39)
6. Chordoid	1 (0.48)	0	1 (0.39)
7. Fibroblastic	22 (10.7)	2 (4.1)	24 (9.44)
8.Lymphoplasmacytic	2 (0.9)	0	2 (0.78)
9.Meningothelial	86 (41.9)	19 (38.8)	105 (41.3)
10.Metaplastic	1 (0.48)	0	1 (0.39)
11.Papillary	3 (1.4)	0	3 (1.18)
12.Psammomatous	14 (6.8)	16 (32.6)	30 (11.81)
13.Rhabdoid	2 (0.9)	0	2 (0.78)
14.Secretory	1 (0.48)	0	1 (0.39)
15.Syncytial	2 (0.9)	1 (2.04)	3 (1.18)
16.Transitional	43 (20.9)	4 (8.2)	47 (18.50)
Total	205	49	254

Table 2.

WHO grade of tumor vis-à-vis location

WHO grade	n (%)
	Brain	Spine	Total
I	180 (87.8)	49 (100)	229 (90.2)
II	14 (6.8)	0	14 (5.5)
III	11 (5.4)	0	11 (4.3)
Total	205	49	254 (100)

n: Number

Brain meningiomas

Of 205 patients, 129 (60%) were female and 85 (40%) were male. Most of our patients were in the 4–6^th decade of life with age range of 5–73 years. Only 5 (0.02%) patients were in the pediatric age group. On the correlation of gender ratio with age, we found that females predominated males in the 4^th, 5^th, and 6^th decade and this predominance is less pronounced in elderly and pediatric patients. Convexity meningioma was the most common subtype of meningioma, followed by parasagittal [Table 3 and Figure 1].

Table 3.

Location of tumors on imaging

Location	Gender		Total
	Female	Male
Parasagittal	16	6	22
Intraventricular	1	0	1
Falcotentorial	1	0	1
Sellar/suprasellar	8	6	14
Convexity	64	50	114
Spinal	46	3	49
Falcine	10	8	18
Posterior fossa	8	1	9
ACF base	9	6	15
Sphenoid	2	1	3
CP angle	5	2	7
Primary intraosseous meningioma	0	1	1
Total	170	84	254

Figure 1.

Magnetic resonance imaging brain shows convexity (a), parasagittal (b), anterior cranial base (c), and intraventricular meningiomas (d)

Meningothelial meningioma was the most common histological type (41.9%), followed by transitional (20.9%), fibroblastic (10.7%), psamommatous (6.8%), and angiomatous (5.3%) [Table 3].

The WHO Grade I was seen in 180 (87.8%) patients, 14 (6.8%) had Grade II, and 11 (5.4%) had Grade III tumors [Table 2]. Similarly, we found that higher grade WHO Grade II and III meningiomas are more common in males as opposed to Grade I lesions which are more common in females, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0084) [Table 4].

Table 4.

Relation of gender with WHO grade of tumor

	Gender		Total
	Female	Male
Grading
WHO-I	116	64	180
WHO-II	3	11	14
WHO-III	6	5	11
Total	125	80	205

P=0.0084 (highly significant)

There were ten patients who had recurrences with age ranging from 24 to 65 years, five patients were male and five were female. The mean time taken for recurrence to develop was 4.7 years ranging from 1 to 9 years; six recurrences took place within 5 years of surgery and 4 within >5–10 years. We did not encounter recurrence after 10 years [Figure 2]. On recurrence, four patients had WHO Grade I, 5 had Grade II, and 1 had Grade III lesions. On studying the previous grade, we found that seven cases had Grade I, 2 had Grade II, and 1 had Grade III lesions. Grade II and Grade III lesions did not change their grade on recurrence in our study, but out of seven Grade I tumors, three cases morphed to higher grade (Grade II) [Table 5]. On analyzing cases of recurrence, we noticed a statistically significant relation with Simpson grade of excision and the WHO histopathological grade [Tables 6 and 7].

Figure 2.

Kaplan–Meier survival analysis shows the pattern of recurrence with time

Table 5.

Progression of tumor grade with recurrence

WHO grade	Grade at first surgery	Grade after recurrence
I	7	4
II	2	5
III	1	1

Table 6.

Relation of recurrence with Simpsons grade of tumor excision

Simpsons grade	No recurrence	Recurrence	Total
I	109	1	110[43.3]
II	133	7	140[55.2]
III	2	2	4[1.5]

P=0.04 (significant)

Table 7.

Relation of WHO grade and recurrence

	Recurrence		Total
	No recurrence	Recurrence
Grading
WHO-I	225	4	229
WHO-II	9	5	14
WHO-III	10	1	11
Total	244	10	254

P=0.0001(significant)

Spinal meningiomas

Of 49 patients, 46 (94%) patients were female and only 3 (6%) were male. Most of our patients presented in the 4–6^th decade. We did not notice any pediatric patient with spinal meningiomas in our study. All the lesions were intradural and extramedullary. Dorsal spine (69.57%) was the most common site, followed by cervical (15.22%), cervicodorsal (10.87%), dorsolumbar (2.17%), and lumbar (2.17%). Meningothelial meningiomas (38.8%) were the most common histological type, followed by psammomatous (32.6%) and transitional (8.2%) [Table 1]. All the cases were WHO Grade I lesions [Table 2] and we did not note any recurrence in spine.

Discussion

Meningiomas are common tumors of the central nervous system that originate from the meningeal coverings of the spinal cord and the brain. Although the cell of origin has yet to be proven, meningiomas are probably derived from arachnoid cap cells. These cells form the outer layer of the arachnoid mater, and arachnoid villi show a striking cytological similarity to meningioma tumor cells.[7] Meningiomas comprise 15%–20% of all primary intracranial tumors.[1,2]

These tumors are the most commonly reported in elderly patients with a peak incidence in the 7^th decade of life.[7] Nonetheless, they also occur in children.[4] Meningiomas of the first two decades of life are distinctly less common, with a corresponding incidence of 1%–4%.[8] In our study, the peak was seen in the 4–6^th decade of life. Only five of our patients presented in the pediatric age group of 18 years or less. There is a clear bias toward women with a female: male ratio of about 2:1. Spinal meningiomas have an even greater predilection for females.[5] In our study, the female: male ratio for spinal meningiomas was 15.3:1. The vast majority of meningiomas arise intracranial, intraspinal, or orbital locations. Intraventricular and epidural examples are uncommon. Within the cranial cavity, most meningiomas occur over the cerebral convexities and in the parasagittal area in association with the falx and venous sinus.[4] Although they can potentially occur at any site in the meninges, about 90% are supratentorial and 10% are infratentorial. Uncommonly sited tumors include intraosseous meningiomas and extraneuraxial meningiomas. Meningiomas have also been reported in the lungs, mediastinum, and adrenal gland.[8] We did not notice any extraneuraxial meningioma in our series. Spinal meningiomas occur less frequently than intracranial ones and account for approximately 7.5%–12.7% of all meningiomas.[9,10] We observed 80.7% and19.3% cranial and spinal meningiomas, respectively. Most of our meningiomas were located over cerebral convexities followed by parasagittal meningiomas. Supratentorial meningiomas were seen in 75.6% and infratentorial in 5.1%. We observed one case of primary intraosseous meningiomas.[11]

The most frequent location of spinal meningiomas is the thoracic region (67%–84%) followed by the cervical spine (14%–27%) and only rarely in the lumbar spine (2%–14%).[12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19] In spine, all our cases were intradural extramedullary. Most spinal meningiomas occurred in the thoracic region in our study.

Meningiomas are usually solitary but can be multiple. Rarely, meningiomas may grow as a flat, carpet-like mass, a pattern termed “en plaque meningioma.” We noticed one such case.[18] In our study, we noticed only three cases of multiple meningiomas. All the 49 spinal meningiomas were WHO Grade I. Among brain meningiomas, 87.8% of cases were Grade I lesions, 6.8% Grade II, and 5.4% Grade III lesions [Table 2] which are consistent with world literature.[4,8,19,20,21,22] [Figure 3] Meningothelial, psammomatous, transitional, and fibroblastic meningiomas were the most common histological subtypes.

Figure 3.

(a) Microphotograph showing a whorling pattern in a fibroblastic meningioma (H and E, ×200). (b) Microphotograph showing clear cells in a clear cell meningioma (H and E, ×200). (c) Pleomorphic tumor cells with mitotic figures in an anaplastic meningioma (H and E, ×400). (d) Microphotograph showing papillary arrangement of cells in a papillary meningioma (H and E, ×200)

Histopathology of the tumors in the pediatric population varies from those in the adult population. Overall, most series have shown a high incidence of atypical and anaplastic meningiomas in children as compared to the adult population.[22] We in our series had only five children, two had rhabdoid and one each had anaplastic, meningothelial, and psammomatous meningioma. Overall in our series, 7.3% had an atypical and 2.9% had anaplastic histopathology. Meningiomas are predominantly seen in females.[23] Mahmood et al. and Alvarez have reported male predominance for atypical and malignant meningiomas.[24] Jääskeläinen et al. have reported an equal distribution for males and females.[5] In our study, male: female ratio of 13:2 was seen in atypical meningiomas whereas equal gender distribution was seen in anaplastic meningiomas.

Meningiomas recur and some histological variants of meningioma are more likely to recur.[25] While benign meningiomas have recurrence rates of about 7%–25%, atypical meningiomas recur in 29%–52% of cases, and anaplastic meningiomas at rates of 50%–94%.[26,27] Malignant histopathological features are associated with shorter survival times,[4] one series reporting a median survival of <2 years.[26] In our 11-year study, only 10 (3.94%) cases were recurrent tumors. Several studies have reported higher recurrence rates for males than for females.[28,29,30,31] Nakasu et al. and several other authors found no association between tumor development in young patients (<40 years) and a high likelihood of recurrence.[31] However, there also is evidence in the literature wherein a significant difference between age and recurrence has not been found.[32,33] In our study, we found a definite influence of gender and age on recurrence. Pediatric (<18 years) and elderly population (>60 years) constituted 50% of our recurrent tumors, thus signifying the increased incidence of recurrence at extremes of age. We, however, did not notice any role of gender on the recurrence pattern. We had an equal number of males and females in the recurrence group. When meningiomas recur, progression to a higher histological grade is relatively uncommon.[34,35] When this does occur, the change is almost always by only one grade, even with multiple recurrences.[35] In our study, of ten cases who showed recurrence, seven cases showed only recurrence but no progression to higher grade and three cases showed recurrence with progression by one grade. There is complete agreement in the literature that radical surgery is one of the positive factors influencing the prognosis of benign and malignant meningiomas.[36,37] The Simpson grading system has been the best-accepted predictor of recurrence since publication of Simpson's landmark article in 1957.[38]

In our study, of ten cases which recurred, the histopathological examination of these recurrent tumors showed that four were WHO Grade I, 5 were Grade II, and 1 was Grade III lesion [Table 5]. When we studied their Simpson grade of excision, we found that 1 case had Grade I, seven cases had Grade II, and two cases had Grade III excision [Table 6]. Hence, in our study, we concluded that histological grade is not only the predictor of recurrence but Simpson grade of excision also has a considerable influence on recurrence pattern.

Conclusion

Meningiomas are benign tumors which are more common in females. The supratentorial location is more common than infratentorial, pediatric meningiomas are aggressive, and recurrence of meningiomas depends on the histological grade and Simpson grade of excision.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.