Detailed schematic of the C4 photosynthesis pathway of NAD-ME and NADP-ME subtypes. The major C4 biochemical pathway, the additional PEPCK pathway and the possible alternative pathway are indicated with bold, narrow, and dashed lines, respectively. The abundances of 4-carbon acids (metabolite level) and transporters (transcript level) are indicated with font style (with bold representing more abundant) and font/circle size (with larger representing more abundant), respectively. Ala, alanine; Asp, aspartate; Mal, malate; Pyr, pyruvate; OAA, oxaloacetate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; CA, carbonic anhydrase; PEPC, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; PPDK, pyruvate/orthophosphate dikinase; AspAT, aspartate aminotransferase; AlaAT, alanine aminotransferase; NADP-MDH, NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase; NADP-ME, NADP-dependent malic enzyme; NAD-MDH, NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase; NAD-ME, NAD-dependent malic enzyme; PCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. 1, Plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP); 2, dicarboxylate transporter 1 (DiT1, OMT1); 3, phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate translocator (PPT); 4, sodium bile acid symporter 2 (BASS2) and sodium:hydrogen antiporter (NHD); 5, malate phosphate antiport 1 (DIC1) and phosphate proton symport (PIC); 6, mitochondrial carrier (DTC); 7, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC); 8, plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) of chloroplast; 9, proton:pyruvate cotransporter (MEP); 10, dicarboxylate transport 2 (DiT2, DCT2).