Table 2.
Features, risk factors and outcome of patients with second cancer and/or malignant transformation.
| Age at diagnosis of LGG (y) | Sex | Primary diagnosis and treatment details | Age at diagnosis of second cancer/malignant transformation (y) | Second cancer/malignant transformation and treatment details | Possible risk factor(s) for second cancer/malignant transformation | Latest disease status | Duration of follow up from initial diagnosis (y) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.77 | F | FA of spinal cord, STR × 2, adjuvant (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, etoposide × 2 years) | 21.9 | SCC of tongue Resection + radiation | N/A | NED | 27.01 |
| 0.34 | F | NF1, PA of hypothalamus/optic pathway. Diagnosed by imaging, chemotherapy (vincristine × 1 month, cyclophosphamide × 3 months, carboplatin × 15 months, focal RT=49.5 Gy, biopsy at PD) | 3.74 | Cerebellar GBM (diagnosis on autopsy) Palliation | NF1, cranial RT | Died of secondary cancer | 3.52 |
| 0.30 | F | PA of hypothalamus/optic pathway, initial STR then cyst resection, chemotherapy (carboplatin/vincristine × 15 months, vinblastine × 11 months, temozolomide × 11 months, selumetinib × 9 months, focal RT=54 Gy, vemurafenib × 3 months) | 14 | SCC of skin Resection × 2 | Vemurafenib | Alive with SD of PA | 15.56 |
| 0.29 | M | Cerebral desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma with GTR done | 1.37 | T cell ALL Chemotherapy, HSCT | N/A | Died of secondary cancer | 2.29 |
| 0.09 | M | Extraventricular neurocytoma of posterior fossa, 3 tumor-directed surgeries, 2 chemotherapy regimens (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, etoposide, carboplatin, topotecan), CSI (30 Gy/49.5 Gy); followed by 8 more chemotherapy regimens with agents including irinotecan, etoposide, temozolomide, oral cyclophosphamide, erlotinib, oral topotecan, and vinblastine) | 14.4 | Follicular carcinoma of thyroid Thyroidectomy | CSI | PD on therapy | 24.20 |
| 17.45 | HGG (Grade III) STR, chemotherapy (bevacizumab +/− irinotecan) | CSI | |||||
| 0.69 | F | FA of hypothalamus/optic pathway diagnosed by biopsy, chemotherapy (carboplatin/vincristine × 10 months, vincristine/actinomycin D × 11 months) | 7.3 | GBM STR | N/A | DOD | 6.91 |
| 0.23 | M | FA of hypothalamus/optic pathway diagnosed by biopsy, chemotherapy (carboplatin/vincristine × 9 months) | 13.5 | GBM STR, chemotherapy (temozolomide/bevacizumab) | N/A | DOD | 14.65 |
Abbreviations: ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; CSI, craniospinal irradiation; DOD, died of disease; FA, fibrillary astrocytoma; GBM, glioblastoma; GTR, gross-total resection; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; N/A, not applicable; NED, no evidence of disease; NF1, neurofibromatosis type 1; PA, pilocytic astrocytoma; PD, progressive disease; RT, radiation therapy; SD, stable disease; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; STR, subtotal resection