Crosstalk between TF/FVIIa and EGFR signaling in colorectal cancer cells

ABSTRACT

TF/FVIIa (Tissue Factor/Active Coagulation factor VII) and EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) signaling both promote malignant progression of colorectal cancer. However, the crosstalk of these two signaling pathways in human colorectal cancer cells remains unclear. Here we detected the changes of mRNA profile in human colorectal cancer cell SW620 exposed to FVIIa. Microarray showed that mRNA levels of EGFR ligands were significantly upregulated. Western blot analysis confirmed the upregulation of EGFR ligands and the phosphorylation of EGFR at tyrosine-845 in colorectal cancer cells exposed to FVIIa. However, knockdown of TF by RNAi could block the upregulation of EGFR ligands induced by FVIIa stimulation. On the other hand, the expression of components of TF/FVIIa signaling was significantly upregulated in LoVo cells stimulated by EGF. However, the crosstalk between the two signaling pathways could not be detected in HT-29 colon cancer cells bearing wild-type KRAS. Taken together, our study suggest that the crosstalk between TF/FVIIa and EGFR signaling pathways in colon cancer cells depends on KRAS mutation.

Introduction

Targeted therapy is one of the most effective treatments for end-stage colorectal cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been one of the most important targets for targeted therapies, and monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab are the most commonly used drugs for colorectal cancer.¹ Survival of advanced colorectal cancer patients has been significantly improved, but drug resistance restricts the efficacy of anti-EGFR therapy.^2,3 The proto-oncogene KRAS screening was conventionally employed to determine whether the patient should receive anti-EGFR therapy.^4,5 It was speculated that mutations of downstream signaling of KRAS, such as BRAF-V600E, PI3K-CA and AKT, might be responsible for secondary resistance.^6,7 The dissatisfactory effect of anti-EGFR therapy due to drug resistance suggests that other important pathways beyond EGFR signaling participate in the progression of cancer.

Tissue factor (TF) is highly expressed in many malignant solid tumors.^8–10 Our previous study showed that high expression of TF in colorectal cancer was correlated with tumor invasion and metastasis, and TF and its ligand coagulation factor VII (FVIIa) could increase the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling.^8,11 The binding of TF and FVIIa could trigger intracellular signaling to promote cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration.^12–14 In particular, TF/FVIIa could phosphorylate EGFR and upregulate the expression of EGFR ligands in human HaCaT cells, while EGFR inhibitor could abrogate TF/FVIIa induced upregulation of EGFR ligands, indicating the interaction between EGFR and TF/FVIIa signaling.¹⁴ Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate the crosstalk between TF/FVIIa signaling and EGFR signaling in colorectal cancer.

Materials and methods

Cell culture

All colon cancer cell lines (SW620, LoVo, SW480, HCT116 and HT29) were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultured in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium (DMEM) with high glucose (Gibco) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco) in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C.

Microarray assay

SW620 was cultured as two groups (control and FVIIa, 3 samples for each group), 100 nM FVIIa (Novo nordist, Denmark) was added to group FVIIa and the same volume of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was added to group control when cells reached 60% confluence. Total RNA was extracted 24 h later. RNA samples were sent to Genminix Informatics (Shanghai, China) for microarray hybridization and statistical analysis. Genes of the fold change ≥ 2.0 between the two groups were screened, and 13 malignancy-related genes were selected to verify the results of microarray.

Real-time polymerase chain reaction

Primers were designed by Primer Express and their sequences were listed in Table 1. High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, USA) was used for reverse transcription reaction to get cDNA from total RNA. 1.5 μL of cDNA was mixed with 7.5 μL of SYBR green master mix (Applied Biosystems, USA), 3 μL of nuclease-free water and 3 μL of primers. PCR was run on 7500 fast real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, USA) with 50°C for 2 min, 95°C for 10 min, 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 s, 60°C for 1 min. The relative expression levels were calculated with the Livak method (2[^-ΔΔCT]).

Table 1.

Sequences of all primers used in this study.

Gene		Sequence
GAPDH	Forward	CCCCATGGTGTCTGAGCG
	Reverse	CGACAGTCAGCCGCATCTT
EMP1	Forward	CCAGTGAAGATGCCCTCAAGA
	Reverse	GAAGACCAGGAGGGCAATGA
DUSP-5	Forward	CCACTGTGAGGCTGGGATCT
	Reverse	CCTTCAGGCGGAACTGCTT
GDF15	Forward	GAGTTGCGGAAACGCTACGA
	Reverse	ACGAGGTCGGTGTTCGAATC
IL23A	Forward	CCCAAGGACTCAGGGACAAC
	Reverse	TCCGATCCTAGCAGCTTCTCA
SLC7A	Forward	AATCCCTGAACTTGCGATCAA
	Reverse	GCTCCAGCTGACACTCATGCT
CCL20	Forward	GCCAATGAAGGCTGTGACATC
	Reverse	CCCAAGTCTGTTTTGGATTTGC
IL-8	Forward	CCTTTCCACCCCAAATTTATCA
	Reverse	TTTCTGTGTTGGCGCAGTGT
CAPN6	Forward	GAGGACTTTTGCCGCAACTT
	Reverse	TTCGGCCAAAAATAGGGTTGT
SMOC2	Forward	CGGGTTCCGTAAATGAAAAGTT
	Reverse	GAACGGAAAAGATTTGCAAGGA
KIF20A	Forward	TCGGCGACTAGGTGTGAGTAAG
	Reverse	GGCAGCCTAGGTCCGAAGAC
CA9	Forward	CCTCAAGAACCCCAGAATAATGC
	Reverse	CTCCATAGCGCCAATGACTCT
PLOD2	Forward	TGTCTGCAGTAGATGTCCATCCA
	Reverse	AATATGTCCAGAAACCGAGGTAGAA
CDCA7	Forward	GAAAGCTTCCCTGGCTCGTT
	Reverse	CCTTCGCGGTCTCCTTGAT
AREG	Forward	AGGAGAAGCTGAGGAACGAA
	Reverse	CACTGGAAAGAGGACCGACT
EREG	Forward	TATGTGGCTTTGACCGTGAT
	Reverse	TTTCGATTTCTGTACCATCTGC
BTC	Forward	AGAAGAAATGGAAACTCTGGGT
	Reverse	GAGCAAGGCACTTTGCAG
EGF	Forward	ACCAAGACCTCAAGAATGGG
	Reverse	TCCATGAAGTTGGTTGCATT
HB-EGF	Forward	GGAGAGGAGGTTATGATGTGG
	Reverse	CGATTCCTTGAGCACAAGTCT
EGF	Forward	ACCAAGACCTCAAGAATGGG
	Reverse	TCCATGAAGTTGGTTGCATT
EPGN	Forward	TTACTGCATCAACGGTGCTT
	Reverse	AGTGCTCACACCTTTCTCCA
TF	Forward	CAAACCCGTCAATCAAGTCTAC
	Reverse	CTTCACATCCTTCACAATCTCG
FVII	Forward	ACCGTGGGCCACTTTGG
	Reverse	CTCTGAGCGCATGAGCTTTTG
MMP-7	Forward	GTCTCTGGACGGCAGCTATG
	Reverse	GAGCCTGTTCCCACTGTAGC
CASP	Forward	GAACTAACAGGCAAGCAGCA
	Reverse	CCTCCAGAACCAATGTCCAC
ATG5	Forward	GCACACCACTGAAATGGCATTA
	Reverse	GGAAGAGCTGAACTTGATGCAA
F2RL1	Forward	CTGCATCGACCCCTTTGTCT
	Reverse	CGGCAAAGGAGAGCGTTCT

Small interfering RNA (siRNA)

TF-siRNA and the corresponding negative control duplexes were designed and synthesized by Invitrogen. The sequences of TF-siRNA was as follows: sense strand: 5ʹ-GAACGGACUUUAGU CAGAAGGAACA-3; antisense strand: 5ʹ-UGUUCCUUCUGACUAAAGUCCG UUC-3ʹ. Sequence of the negative control was kept secret (Cat. 12935–300). siRNAs were transfected into cells according to the instruction.

Western blot analysis

Proteins were extracted from cells and subjected to Western blot analysis using routine protocols. Western Blot was employed to detect the relative expressions of Tyr845-phosphorylated EGFR. The experiment was repeated 3 times.

Statistical analysis

Data analyses were conducted by SPSS ver. 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The data were presented as the mean± standard deviation (SD). Student’s t test and One-way ANOVA with Dunnet’s t test were used for pairwise comparisons and multiple comparisons. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

Analysis of the changes of expression profile in colon cancer cells upon the activation of TF/FVIIa signaling

There were 49 differentially expressed genes with a test/control fold change of ≥ 2. Among them, 34 were up-regulated, including AREG, the ligand of EGFR, and 15 were downregulated). 13 cancer-related genes (up-regulated: EMP1, DUSP5, GDF15, IL-23A, SLC7A11, CCL-20 and IL-8; down-regulated: CAPN6, SMOC2, CDCA7, CA9, KIF20A and PLOD2) were selected to verify the result of microarray. Real-time PCR analysis of the up-regulated genes were consistent with those of the microarray, their relative mRNA expression levels were 0.97 ± 0.19 vs. 8.31 ± 0.21 (EMP1), 1.10 ± 0.26 vs. 12.33 ± 1.02 (DUSP5), 0.93 ± 0.21 vs. 4.15 ± 0.79 (GDF15), 1.10 ± 0.18 vs. 5.89 ± 0.50 (IL-23A), 0.93 ± 0.28 vs. 3.09 ± 0.50 (SLC7A11), 1.13 ± 0.31 vs. 5.93 ± 1.02 (CCL-20), 1.13 ± 0.28 vs. 3.48 ± 0.43 (IL-8) (all P＜0.05). Among the chosen down-regulated genes, expression levels of CAPN6, SMOC2 and CDCA7 were consistent with those of microarray, their relative mRNA expression levels were 1.00 ± 0.22 vs. 0.60 ± 0.11, 1.00 ± 0.21 vs. 0.61 ± 0.13, 1.00 ± 0.08 vs. 0.65 ± 0.11, respectively (all P＜0.05). Linear-regression analysis was used to further confirm the consistency of differentially expressed genes between microarray and qRT-PCR (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Overview of differentially expressed genes in colon cells exposed to FVIIa. (A) Cluster dendrogram and volcano plot showed the general view of differentially expressed genes. (B) 13 malignancy-related genes were selected for qRT-PCR, and the results of 10 genes were consistent with the microarray. (C) Linear-regression analysis of the consistence of the results of microarray and qRT-PCR. *P＜0.05, **P＜0.01.

Network analysis of the results of microarray

Coexpression network analysis showed that laminin-integrin system was the most significant system correlated to TF/FVIIa signaling activation. Pathway network analysis showed that cancer related pathways were significantly changed when TF/FVIIa signaling was activated (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Network analysis of differentially expressed genes. (A) Network of differentially expressed genes. Red spot indicated upregulated gene, blue spot indicated downregulated gene, the line between the spots indicated their correlation. (B) Network of differentially expressed genes related pathways. Red spot indicated upregulated pathway, blue spot indicated downregulated pathway, yellow spot indicated both upregulated and downregulated pathway, the line between the spots indicated their correlation.

Upregulation of the expression of EGFR ligands in colon cancer cells

Microarray showed that AREG, EREG, HB-EGF and TGF-α were all upregulated following the activation of TF/FVIIa signaling. We then detected the ligands of EGFR in LoVo, SW620, SW480 and HCT116 colon cancer cell lines, including AREG, EREG, HB-EGF, TGF-α, BTC, EGF and EPGN. EGFR ligands were highly expressed in each of the cell lines. Among all seven ligands, AREG was the only one that was up-regulated in all four cell lines, indicating that AREG might play a principal role in promoting colorectal cancer cell malignant progression following FVIIa stimulation.

Knockdown of TF inhibited the upregulation of AREG expression in colon cancer cells stimulated by FVIIa

Next we used TF siRNA to knockdown TF in LoVo cells (Figure 3A) and found that TF knockdown had no significant effect on endogenous AREG expression at mRNA and protein levels, but abolished FVIIa-induced upregulation of AREG expression at mRNA and protein levels (Figure 3B).

Figure 3.

TF knockdown by siRNA blocked FVIIa induced AREG upregulation in LoVo cells. (A) TF expression was significantly downregulated in group TFi at mRNA and protein levels. (B) AREG expression was significantly upregulated in group FVIIa but downregulated in group TFi+ FVIIa. *P＜0.05, **P＜0.01.

FVIIa stimulated the phosphorylation of EGFR in colon cancer cells

We detect the level of phosphorylation of EGFR on Tyr845 site, one of the most important phosphorylation sites for triggering EGFR pathway. We found significantly higher levels of Tyr845 phosphorylation at 3 and 10 min after FVIIa stimulation (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

FVIIa promotes the phosphorylation of EGFR. Western blot analysis of EGFR phosphorylation at Y-845 site. *P＜0.05.

EGF activated TF/FVIIa pathway in colon cancer cells harboring mutant-KRAS

To find whether EGF activated TF/FVIIa pathway in colon cells, we treated LoVo cells with EGF and found that the expression of downstream genes of TF/FVIIa pathway such as MMP7, ATG5 and PAR2 were significantly upregulated (Figure 5A). In addition, EGF induced the upregulation of FVII mRNA levels in a dose- and time- dependent manner (Figure 5B).

Figure 5.

EGF activated TF/FVIIa pathway in LoVo cells. (A) Expression of downstream genes of TF/FVIIa pathway MMP7, ATG5 and PAR2 was significantly upregulated. (B) FVIIa expression was significantly increased by EGF in a dose and time dependent manner. **P＜0.01.

In contrast to LoVo cells, in colon cancer cell line HT-29 which bears wild-KRAS, FVIIa stimulation led to the downregulation of AREG and EREG expression (Figure 6A, B). In addition, EGF had no significant effect on the expression of TF and FVII (Figure 6B).

Figure 6.

Comparison of the interaction of TF/FVIIa and EGFR pathways between LoVo (mutant KRAS) and HT-29 (wild-type KRAS) cells. (A) mRNA expression of EGFR ligands. (B) Protein expression of EGFR ligands. (C) EGF significantly increased mRNA expression of FVII in LoVo cells, but FVII mRNA was not detected in both control and EGF stimulated HT-29 cells. *P＜0.05.

Discussion

In this study we showed that tumor-related genes were differentially expressed in colon cancer cells when TF/FVIIa pathway was activated. In particular, the expression of different ligands of EGFR was upregulated respectively in different colon cancer cells SW620, LoVo, SW480 and HCT116. Among them, AREG was upregulated in all four colon cancer cell lines, which indicated that AREG is commonly engaged in the regulation of EGFR pathway by TF/FVIIa signaling. FVII can be only expressed in liver cell under physical condition, however, it is ectopically highly expressed in pathologic conditions such as cancer.¹⁵ For example, EGFRvIII, an aberrantly activated variant of EGFR, could promote the expression of FVII in human glioma cells.¹⁶

We have previously reported that FVII was highly expressed in colorectal tumor tissues, and a high dose of FVII surrounding tumor cells might result in a tendency to migrate.¹⁷ In this study, we found that the activation of EGFR pathway could upregulate TF expression in colon cancer cells. Therefore, understanding the crosstalk between EGFR pathway and TF/FVIIa pathway will help design better cancer therapy strategies targeting TF.^18–22 In addition, KRAS mutation results in constitutive active Ras independent of the activation of EGFR, causing the failure of anti-EGFR therapy.^23,24 In this study we found that the activation of EGFR pathway in LoVo cells with mutant KRAS could activate TF/FVIIa signaling, on the one hand, the activation of TF/FVIIa signaling could upregulate the expression of EGFR ligands to activate EGFR pathway, thus forming a positive feedback loop to promote malignant phenotypes of cancer cells.

Interestingly, we observed no crosstalk between TF/FVIIa and EGFR signaling pathways in colon cancer cells such as HT-29 cells harboring wide-type KRAS. We speculate that single targeted therapy is effective to kill these cancer cells. However, in colon cancer cells with mutant KRAS such as LoVo cells, the synergistic effect between EGFR and TF/FVIIa signaling may play a more important role than single EGFR pathway, thus therapeutic effects could be significantly improved using dual-targeting treatment aimed at both EGFR and TF in patients with mutant KRAS. Taken together, our study suggest that the crosstalk between TF/FVIIa and EGFR signaling pathways in colon cancer cells depends on KRAS mutation and present a novel strategy for the treatment of colon cancer with KRAS mutation.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [81272710];

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81272710) and National Natural Science Youth Foundation of China (No. 30801092).

Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest

No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.