Abstract
Association of soft tissue infection in the extremity with glucose and lipid metabolism as well as inflammatory factors was investigated. One hundred and twenty-six patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) complicated with soft tissue infection in the lower extremity admitted and treated in Dongying People's Hospital from March 2016 to February 2017 were selected and divided into mild (n=46), moderate (n=43) and severe group (n=37) according to the severity of the soft tissue infection in the lower extremity. The glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammatory factors and influencing factors were compared among different groups of patients before treatment, and the changes in glucose and lipid metabolism as well as inflammatory factors were observed after treatment. Before treatment, the levels of free fatty acid (FFA), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in mild group were remarkably lower than those in moderate and severe groups, while the serum adiponectin (APN) level was obviously higher (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that FFA, FPG, FINS, APN, VCAM-1, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 were risk factors influencing soft tissue infection in the extremity (P<0.05). After treatment, among the 126 patients, the levels of FFA, FPG, FINS, VCAM-1, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 were decreased markedly, while the APN level was increased evidently (P<0.05). Compared with patients innon-toe/extremity amputation group, patients in toe/extremity amputation group had elevated levels of FFA, FPG, FINS, VCAM-1, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 as well as declined APN level (P<0.05). Glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammatory factors are closely related to soft tissue infection in the extremity.
Keywords: soft tissue infection in the extremity, diabetes mellitus, glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammatory factors
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a common type of disorder of glucose metabolism, is a chronic non-communicable disease ranking next to cardiovascular disease that poses great threat to human health (1). With the development of China's economy and improvement of people's living standard, as one of the public health problems around the globe at present, DM cases are increasing year by year, and it is expected that there will be up to 500 million DM patients globally by 2030 (2). DM has many complications, of which diabetic foot (DF) is a fairly serious one. Destruction and infection of the soft tissues at the end of foot of DF patients caused by invasion of pathogenic microorganisms, if not treated actively and effectively, can increase the difficulty in treatment and even lead to toe/extremity amputation and death of the patients in severe cases (3). In-depth study on the pathogenesis of soft tissue infection in the extremity of DM patients and searching for effective treatment methods are of great significance in prevention and treatment of DF. Since there are few reports on the associations of soft tissue infection in the extremity with glucose and lipid metabolism as well as inflammatory factors, this research aims to explore these associations and provide a basis for DF prevention by elaborating and analyzing the changes in glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammatory factors in DM patients complicated with soft tissue infection in the lower extremity.
Patients and methods
General data
A total of 126 DM patients complicated with soft tissue infection in the lower extremity admitted and treated in Dongying People's Hospital from March 2016 to February 2017 were selected. Inclusion criteria were: i) Patients meeting diagnostic criteria of DM (4), ii) patients who were definitely diagnosed with bacterial infection through bacterial culture of specimens obtained from soft tissues in the lower extremity, and iii) patients who signed the informed consent. Exclusion criteria were: i) Patients with liver and kidney failure and ii) patients with malignant tumors. The general data of the patients are shown in Table I.
Table I.
General data of the patients.
| Characteristics | No. of patients (n=126) |
|---|---|
| Male [n (%)] | 61 (48.41) |
| Female [n (%)] | 64 (51.59) |
| Age (years) | 30–78 |
| Average age (years) | 53.38±8.43 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.84±3.28 |
| Degree of infection | |
| Mild | 46 (36.51) |
| Moderate | 43 (34.13) |
| Severe | 37 (29.37) |
BMI, body mass index
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying, China). Patients who participated in this research had complete clinical data. The signed informed consents were obtained from the patients or the guardians.
Data collection, diagnosis and treatment
The background information (including demographic characteristics as well as family, economic and living data) and disease information of the 126 patients were collected. The infected areas of the patients were cleaned with 0.9% sodium chloride solution, and then specimens were scrapped from the base of the wound using a sterile cotton swab. After bacterial culture, the strains were identified by virtue of a VITEK32 Automatic Microbiology Analyzer (bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France), so as to determine the infection and its degree and conduct targeted treatment with antimicrobial agents or other methods. The patients were followed up for 1 year to observe the variations in related indexes to the patients' glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammatory factors.
Detection of related indexes
A total of 5 ml fasting venous blood (fasted for 8 h) was drawn in the morning from each patient before and after treatment, respectively, followed by centrifugation at 2,600 × g for 15 min at 20°C. Next, the supernatant was taken and preserved in a refrigerator at −80°C for standby use.
The patients' fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was measured via glucose oxidase method, and the level of fasting insulin (FINS) was detected using radioimmunoassay. Oxidase method was adopted to determine triglyceride (TG), and colorimetry was applied to measure free fatty acid (FFA). Relevant kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China), and the operations were conducted in strict accordance with the kit instructions.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the concentrations of adiponectin (APN), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the serum, to which related kits were provided by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. The operations were conducted strictly according to the instructions. The optical density (OD) was read at the wavelength of 450 nm by means of a microplate reader (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and the concentrations of corresponding sample APN, VCAM-1, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 were calculated.
Evaluation of indexes
Infection degree (5)
i) Mild infection: The infection was only limited to the skin and subcutaneous tissues, with local fever, redness and swelling, pain, suppuration and diameter of redness and swelling at the ulcer margin <2 cm, and the patients had no complications. ii) Moderate infection: The infection spread to fascia or deep tissues, with abscess and gangrene affecting the joints, skeletons, muscles and tendons. iii) Severe infection: The patients had unstable metabolism, complicated with systemic toxemia.
The FPG level of the patients was measured via glucose oxidase method, the FINS level was detected through radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence assay, and the FFA level was determined using colorimetry. ELISA was applied to measure the levels of APN, VCAM-1, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6. Relevant kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.
Statistical analysis
Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 19.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was utilized to process the data. Measurement data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD), and t-test was conducted. Logistic regression analysis was performed on influencing factors between groups. ANOVA was used for comparison between multiple groups and the post hoc test was LSD test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Comparison of glucose and lipid metabolism before treatment among three groups of patients
Before treatment, the levels of FFA, FPG and FINS in mild group were remarkably lower than those in moderate and severe groups, while the APN level was obviously higher (P<0.05) (Table II).
Table II.
Comparison of indexes for glucose and lipid metabolism among three groups.
| Groups | n | FFA (mmol/l) | FPG (mmol/l) | FINS (µIU/ml) | APN (mg/l) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild | 46 | 0.68±0.12 | 7.87±0.56 | 11.52±2.15 | 15.53±2.32 |
| Moderate | 43 | 0.85±0.23a,b | 9.83±0.63a,b | 16.25±2.36a,b | 8.27±1.56a,b |
| Severe | 37 | 0.97±0.26a | 10.26±0.47a | 20.74±2.38a | 6.32±1.24a |
P<0.05 vs. mild group
P<0.05 vs. severe group. FFA, free fatty acid; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; APN, adiponectin
Comparison of indexes for serum inflammatory factors before treatment among three groups of patients
Compared with those in moderate and severe groups, before treatment, the levels of VCAM-1, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 in mild group were reduced notably (P<0.05) (Table III).
Table III.
Comparison of indexes for serum inflammatory factors among three groups.
| Groups | n | VCAM-1 (ng/ml) | TNF-α (pg/ml) | CRP (mg/l) | IL-6 (pg/ml) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild | 46 | 0.68±0.12 | 7.87±0.56 | 11.52±2.15 | 15.53±2.32 |
| Moderate | 43 | 0.85±0.23a,b | 9.83±0.63a,b | 16.25±2.36a,b | 8.27±1.56a,b |
| Severe | 37 | 0.97±0.26a | 10.26±0.47a | 20.74±2.38a | 6.32±1.24a |
P<0.05 vs. mild group
P<0.05 vs. severe group. VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6
Analysis of influencing factors for soft tissue infection in the extremity of patients
With the occurrence of soft tissue infection in the extremity as a dependent variable, and FFA, FPG, FINS, VCAM-1, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 as independent variables, the results of logistic regression analysis indicated that FFA, FPG, FINS, APN, VCAM-1, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 were independent risk factors for soft tissue infection in the lower extremity of patients (P<0.05) (Table IV).
Table IV.
Logistic regression analysis of factors influencing soft tissue infection in the lower extremity.
| Factor | β value | SE | Wald | OR | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FFA | 0.731 | 0.532 | 5.783 | 1.323 | 1.075–2.952 | 0.005 |
| FPG | 0.637 | 0.517 | 5.372 | 1.213 | 1.007–2.759 | 0.023 |
| FINS | 0.867 | 0.673 | 5.421 | 1.815 | 1.106–3.854 | 0.017 |
| VCAM-1 | 0.635 | 0.804 | 6.425 | 1.936 | 1.096–2.542 | 0.008 |
| CRP | 0.326 | 0.649 | 5.753 | 1.323 | 1.075–2.212 | 0.006 |
| TNF-α | 0.633 | 0.717 | 4.524 | 1.815 | 1.103–2.347 | 0.018 |
| IL-6 | 0.815 | 0.486 | 5.292 | 1.546 | 1.025–2.973 | 0.043 |
SE, standard error; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
Comparison of glucose and lipid metabolism before and after treatment among 126 patients
After treatment, the levels of FFA, FPG and FINS in the patients were decreased significantly, while the APN level was elevated remarkably (P<0.05) (Table V).
Table V.
Comparison of glucose and lipid metabolism before and after treatment among 126 patients.
| Time | FFA (mmol/l) | FPG (mmol/l) | FINS (µIU/ml) | APN (mg/l) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before treatment | 0.86±0.24 | 9.07±0.53 | 20.52±2.34 | 6.94±1.38 |
| After treatment | 0.61±0.16 | 6.83±0.48 | 14.24±2.26 | 14.58±2.26 |
| t value | 9.729 | 35.164 | 21.669 | 32.386 |
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
FFA, free fatty acid; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; APN, adiponectin
Comparison of inflammatory factors before and after treatment among 126 patients
The levels of VCAM-1, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 in the patients were obviously reduced after treatment (P<0.05) (Table VI).
Table VI.
Comparison of indexes for inflammatory factors before and after treatment among 126 patients.
| Time | VCAM-1 (ng/ml) | TNF-α (pg/ml) | CRP (mg/l) | IL-6 (pg/ml) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before treatment | 882.57±33.52 | 23.46±3.56 | 4.06±0.64 | 10.56±2.34 |
| After treatment | 668.68±27.36 | 11.65±2.63 | 1.78±0.23 | 3.28±1.26 |
| t value | 55.489 | 29.951 | 37.633 | 30.748 |
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6
Comparison of glucose and lipid metabolism after 1-year follow-up between toe/extremity amputation and non-toe/extremity amputation group
Compared with toe/extremity amputation group, non-toe/extremity amputation group had markedly decreased FFA, FPG and FINS levels, as well as increased APN level (P<0.05) (Table VII).
Table VII.
Comparison of glucose and lipid metabolism between two groups.
| Groups | n | FFA (mmol/l) | FPG (mmol/l) | FINS (µIU/ml) | APN (mg/l) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toe/extremity amputation | 38 | 0.97±0.22 | 11.47±0.86 | 26.76±3.34 | 5.46±0.34 |
| Non-toe/extremity amputation | 88 | 0.63±0.16 | 7.23±0.65 | 12.28±2.25 | 14.78±1.67 |
| t value | 8.596 | 27.220 | 24.437 | 50.008 | |
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
FFA, free fatty acid; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; APN, adiponectin
Comparison of inflammatory factors after 1-year follow-up between toe/extremity amputation group and non-toe/extremity amputation group
The levels of VCAM-1, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 in non-toe/extremity amputation group were significantly lower than those in toe/extremity amputation group (P<0.05) (Table VIII).
Table VIII.
Comparison of inflammatory factors between two groups.
| Groups | n | VCAM-1 (ng/ml) | TNF-α (pg/ml) | CRP (mg/l) | IL-6 (pg/ml) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toe/extremity amputation | 38 | 1212.58±65.52 | 30.47±2.56 | 9.56±1.32 | 26.63±3.35 |
| Non-toe/extremity amputation | 88 | 768.58±36.54 | 10.65±1.63 | 2.36±1.08 | 4.54±1.32 |
| t value | 39.223 | 44.028 | 32.063 | 39.351 | |
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6
Discussion
DM mostly occurs in middle-aged and elderly people, and it has a relatively high incidence rate in the patients with soft tissue infection in the extremity because of their poor autoimmunity plus local inadequate blood supply resulting from long-term glucose control (6). Due to low anti-infection ability and long-term impacts of hyperglycemia, metabolism dysfunction and certain degrees of damage to immune system occur in the DM patients, leading to declined chemotaxis, adhesion and phagocytosis of monocytes and neutrophils in the body and decreased resistance to invasion of various pathogens. In addition, the elevated contents of carbohydrates and proteins in the exudates of injured soft tissues are beneficial to the survival and reproduction of bacteria, which extremely easily trigger soft tissue infection in the extremity, especially the feet (7,8). Large number of studies have demonstrated that the pathogens of infection are dominated by Gram-negative bacteria possessing strong drug resistance (9). Defects of the soft tissue in the extremity of DF patients heal more slowly than those in other parts because they are located far away from the heart and have less collateral circulation and blood supply than other parts. Once the infection occurs, it is more difficult to be cured. If active and effective treatments are not applied, it will even cause toe/extremity amputation, so it is very important to prevent and treat soft tissue infection in the extremity of DF patients (10).
The treatment of soft tissue infection in the extremity of DF patients may involve multiple disciplines, and forming a complete therapy system by integrating glucose control with neural nourishment, blood supply improvement, infection control and surgical intervention is crucial to positively prevent and treat the infection. APN is a type of adipocytokine possessing insulin-sensitizing effects, as well as the functions of lowering glucose, ameliorating insulin resistance and resisting inflammation, so it plays a vital role in the immunity and inflammatory responses in the body (11). FFA, as a kind of non-esterified fatty acid and an intermediate product of lipid metabolism, is synthesized by the lipid structure of the cell membrane and prostaglandin, which belongs to the important energy substances of human body (12). APN has a negative regulatory effect on inflammation, which suppresses the mature macrophages, as well as the growth of their precursor, and prevents the chronic persistence of inflammation (13). FINS can promote the synthesis of fats by the adipocytes and improve the activity of lipoprotein lipase, thereby accelerating the generation of FFA, further affecting pancreatic β-cells, triggering insulin resistance, elevating FPG level in the patients, causing disorder of glucose metabolism, increasing output of glucose from the liver and inducing raised content of carbohydrates and proteins in the exudates of soft tissues in the extremity, which can provide an excellent living environment for a variety of pathogens and exacerbate the degree of infection (14). The results of this research manifested that the higher the FFA, FPG and FINS levels were, the more severe the infection in the patients would be. As the APN level was reduced, the anti-inflammatory capacity of the patients declined, while the infection was aggravated. After in-time treatment, the levels of FFA, FPG and FINS were decreased, the APN level was increased, and the infection as well as toe/extremity amputation rate of the patients was effectively controlled, which were conducive to prognosis.
As an immunoglobulin, VCAM-1 can participate in the processes of immunoregulation and inflammatory response and act as a marker of endothelial injury (15). TNF-α is the first inflammatory mediator produced in the body, and it exerts crucial functions of causing inflammatory responses, anti-infection and host defense (16). IL-6, a type of lymphocyte factor of acute phase reaction, is able to induce adhesion and aggregation of inflammatory cells, so as to promote inflammation (17). CRP is an acute-phase reaction protein, which is regarded as a marker reflecting the degree of inflammatory response in clinic due to its simple and rapid detection methods (18). It was indicated in this research that the levels of VCAM-1, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 were on the rise as the degree of infection was increased. However, the levels of those inflammatory factors declined after active treatment, and the patients had good prognosis. The reason is that VCAM-1 at a high concentration can result in difficulty in healing damaged soft tissues in the extremity and mediate the inflammatory responses by increasing the synthesis, release and other mechanisms of tissue factor in the endothelial cells. Moreover, along with the exacerbation of infection, the inflammatory responses lost control in both intensity and time limitation, thus increasing the expression of TNF-α, CRP and IL-6 and decreasing the sensitivity of the body to insulin (19). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells at a high glucose level are capable of generating a large amount of inflammatory factors, forming combined effects, inducing insulin resistance and leading to lowered tissue repair capacity. It is the mechanism for the difficulty in healing wounds, and it is an important reason for progression and deterioration of the disease as well as rising amputation rate (20). Therefore, glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammatory factors are also the independent risk factors for soft tissue infection in the lower extremity.
In conclusion, glucose and lipid metabolism, together with inflammatory factors, is the risk factor influencing soft tissue infection in the extremity. High levels of FPG, glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammatory factors exert vital effects on the occurrence and aggravation of soft tissue infection in the extremity. More attention should be paid to anti-inflammatory therapy during treatment, so as to decrease the toe/extremity amputation rate.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
HS drafted the manuscript. HS and XZ recorded and analyzed the general data of patients and contributed to the conception and design of the work. WS detected related indexes. BF was responsible for ELISA. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying, China). Patients who participated in this research had complete clinical data. The signed informed consents were obtained from the patients or the guardians.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.