Table 3.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for association between all cases of autism spectrum disorder combined and pesticide exposure during pregnancy and first year of life in logistic regression models, by pesticide substance
| Pesticide substance | Pregnancy | First year of life | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No of exposed cases/controls | Model 1* | Model 2† | No of exposed cases/controls | Model 1* | Model 2† | ||
| Glyphosate‡ | 2293/26 660 | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.27) | 1.12 (0.99 to 1.27) | 2256/26 390 | 1.15 (1.05 to 1.26) | 1.17 (1.04 to 1.32) | |
| Chlorpyrifos | 1799/20 914 | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.23) | 1.07 (0.96 to 1.19) | 1876/22 125 | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.20) | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.16) | |
| Diazinon | 764/9176 | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.21) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.20) | 787/9890 | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.14) | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.11) | |
| Acephate | 341/4047 | 1.09 (0.97 to 1.23) | 1.06 (0.93 to 1.19) | 381/4783 | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.13) | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.08) | |
| Malathion | 642/7277 | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.22) | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.16) | 784/8911 | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.21) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18) | |
| Permethrin | 930/10 773 | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.20) | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.14) | 1047/12 129 | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.16) | |
| Bifenthrin | 638/7300 | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.13) | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.07) | 886/9671 | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.19) | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.15) | |
| Methyl bromide | 657/8085 | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.13) | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.05) | 761/8986 | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.18) | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.15) | |
| Imidacloprid | 1123/14 490 | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.00) | 0.81 (0.74 to 0.89) | 1323/16 771 | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.02) | 0.86 (0.78 to 0.95) | |
| Avermectin | 1513/17 212 | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.22) | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.22) | 1719/20 100 | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.15) | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.12) | |
| Myclobutanil | 1254/15 222 | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.12) | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.09) | 1375/16 871 | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.09) | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.05) | |
Logistic regression; adjusted for year of birth, sex, maternal race or ethnicity, maternal age, maternal education, and NOx (CALINE4) as a marker of traffic related air pollution; pesticide exposure defined as ever versus never to specific substance in considered developmental period.
Logistic regression; adjusted as model 1; pesticide exposure defined as ever versus never to specific substance in considered developmental period with all considered pesticides in the model.
Glyphosate compounds include glyphosate isopropylamine salt, glyphosate potassium salt, glyphosate monoammonium salt, glyphosate diammonium salt, glyphosate trimesium, and glyphosate dimethylamine salt.