The effects of high impact exercise intervention on bone mineral density, physical fitness, and quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteopenia

Abstract

Osteoporosis and osteopenia prevailed in postmenopausal women and predisposed to osteoporotic fractures that increase mortality, morbidity, and the cost of social care. Here, we investigated the effect of 24 weeks of aerobic dancing on the bone miner density, physical fitness and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. Total 80 participants (control [CON]: 40; exercise [EX]: 40) were included in the final analysis. The EX group underwent a 24-week aerobic dance intervention. Bone mineral density (BMD), physical fitness, and SF-36 questionnaire were assessed at baseline and 24-weeks. The BMD change in the femoral neck at the 24-weeks were significantly different between the 2 groups (CON: −1.3 ± 2.7%, EX: 3.1 ± 4.6%, P = .001). Grip strength, sidestep and physical functional domain of HRQoL in the EX group were significantly improved compared to the CON. The results were suggested 24-week aerobic dance intervention could result in the lower the incidence of bone fracture through increasing BMD and decreasing fall risk for postmenopausal women.

1. Introduction

Osteoporosis, a serious global health problem second only to cardiovascular disease, is characterized by bone loss and continuous destruction of the bone microstructure and prevails in postmenopausal women.^[1,2] It leads to bone fragility and increases the risk of fractures.^[3] Osteoporotic fractures increase mortality, morbidity, chronic pain, and the cost of social care, and then decrease health-related quality of life (HRQoL).^[1,2,4,5] About 33% of women over the age of 50 have osteoporotic fractures, which are resulted from falls.^[6,7] Further, 35% to 45% of people aged 65 or older fall at least once a year, and episodes of fall increase in frequency and severity in the older adult. Therefore, preventing falling and consequent osteoporotic fracture is particularly important in postmenopausal women.^[3,6,7] In addition to pharmaceutical intervention for osteoporosis, nonpharmaceutical approach such as physical activity was recently employed with the goal of decreasing the bone loss as well as increasing muscle strength.

Aerobic dance is a high-energy exercise that improves cardiovascular endurance, consist of impact, movement, balance, and agility.^[8] It is a safe exercise with the relatively low incidence of injuries,^[9] and can improve physical fitness, and reduce the risk of falling in older adult (≥72 years) women.^[10] Moreover, dancing exercise with a mild impact lasting for 12 months was reported a positive effect on bone mineral density (BMD).^[11–13] Hence, aerobic dance seemed a reasonable intervention in postmenopausal women with osteopenia because of the benefits of physical fitness especially the agility and balance, as well as BMD. However, little light shed on the effect of the 24-week aerobic dance with high impact on postmenopausal women with osteopenia. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effect of a 24-week aerobic dance on the BMD, physical fitness and HRQoL of postmenopausal women with osteopenia (T-score: −1 to −2.5). We hypothesized that a 24-week aerobic dance intervention would improve BMD, physical fitness, and the HRQoL of postmenopausal women with osteopenia.

2. Methods

2.1. Participants

Between August 2011 and August 2013, participants were enrolled from the rural community from southern Taiwan. The inclusion criteria were physically independent postmenopausal women with a diagnosis of osteopenia confirmed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (lumbar spine (L2-4), T-score of −1.0 to −2.5) The minimum and maximum age of participants were at 45 and 85 years, respectively. The exclusion criteria were women undergoing hormone-replacement therapy, with cognitive impairment, diabetes mellitus, bone fracture history, any medical conditions or taking any medications predisposing to poor bone quality, or any medical conditions that contraindicated administering the fitness assessment.

Twenty-four-week aerobic dance course was provided to this targeted population. The participants were included in the exercise (EX) group when they completed the course of the aerobic dance. While others who only received medication were enrolled as a control (CON) group. All participants were given 600 mg of calcium (oral) and 800 international units of vitamin D3 (oral) per day. No dietary control was applied to all participants during the intervention. All subjects gave their informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study. The retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee and Institutional Review Board of the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (IRB 99-3951B), and was also registered in the ClinicalTrails.gov (ID: NCT02936336).

2.2. Intervention

2.2.1. The aerobic dance program

The aerobic dance intervention was done 3 times a week for 24 weeks with nonconsecutive days. Each 60-minute class began with 10 minutes of mild warming up activities consisting of calisthenics and stretching, which were followed by 35 minutes of aerobic dance exercise as the core of the class. The choreography of the dance exercise consisted of A step, V step, tap point, grapevine, march, leg curl, walking, and so on. and the class concluded with 10 to 15 minutes of cool-down activities. The intensity of dance was set at 50% to 70% of each participant's target heart rate monitored with POLAR FT40 monitors (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland). The steps were rhythmical with 118 to 130 beats per minute and accompanied by music. The program was held in 4 senior citizens’ community centers that were the closest to the participants’ residences at night. At least, the same 3 researchers and a few assistants supervised participants, depending upon who showed up to help.

2.3. Outcome assessments

All assessments in both groups were done at the baseline (pretraining) and 24-weeks (upon completing the 24-week aerobic dance program) in the Sports Medicine Center by the same experienced investigator who was blinded to the participate allocation.

2.3.1. Anthropometry

Height and weight were measured by automatic height measurement and weighing scale instrument (HW-3030, Super-view, Taoyuan, Taiwan). Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²) was calculated as follows: BMI = weight/height². The measurement was done twice and averaged to minimize bias.

2.3.2. BMD

Proximal femur (femoral neck) and lumbar spine (L2-L4) BMD were measured by using DXA (QDR 4500A; Hologic, Waltham, MA). Osteopenia was defined as a BMD T-score between −1.0 and −2.5, as proposed by the World Health Organization.

2.3.3. Physical fitness

Fitness assessments were done as previously described.^[14] They included muscular strength (grip strength), balance (closed-eye foot balance), cardiorespiratory endurance (step test), flexibility (sitting trunk flexion), muscle endurance (sit-ups), power (Sargent jump), and agility (reaction time and sidestep) and done at the Sports Medicine Center, xxxx Hospital using the HELMAS Physical Fitness Management System (O2run, Co, Ltd, Seoul, Korea).

2.3.4. HRQoL

The Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36) is commonly used to evaluate participants’ HRQoL in clinical practice. The questionnaire contains 8 health domains: physical function, role limitation due to physical problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitation due to emotional problems, and mental health. The 8 domains can be used to provide physical and mental component summary scores.

2.4. Sample size

We assumed a mean BMD difference of 1.5% between the CON and EX groups.^[15,16] We calculated that 40 patients were required per group to achieve a power of 0.9 with 5% significance level, and we estimated that 25% of the participants would be lost to follow-up. Therefore, the proposed sample size is 50 patients in each group.

2.5. Blinding

An independent assessor blinded to the grouping and patients’ demographic data performed the outcomes assessments.

2.6. Statistical analysis

SPSS 17 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL) was used for all analyses. All continuous data are presented as means ± standard deviation. Normal distributions were calculated using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Independent t tests were used to assess the differences between the EX and CON groups. Paired sample t tests were used to analyze changes from pretraining within the groups. Mann–Whitney U test was used to assess the physical fitness differences between the EX and CON groups. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyze physical fitness changes from pretraining within the groups. Significance was set at P < .05.

3. Results

From August 2011 to July 2013, 100 postmenopausal women who met our inclusion criteria were collected in the present study. Fifteen participants, 8 in the CON group and 7 in the EX group, were excluded because of loss of follow-up. Another 5 participants, 2 in the CON group and 3 in the EX group, were excluded because of discontinuation of intervention. Eighty participants, 40 in the CON group and 40 in the EX group, were included in the final analysis. There were no significant differences in the mean age, height, weight, or BMI between the CON and the EX groups (Table 1). The median attendance show-up was 58 sessions out of 72 sessions, giving an average program adherence rate about 81%. None of the participants in the EX group reported discomfort or injury that needed further treatment during the 24-week training. After the aerobic exercise intervention, it was shown that weight and BMI were decreased as compared to those for those in baseline participants in the EX group (Table 1).

Table 1.

Characteristics of participants.

There were no significant differences in BMD between the CON and the EX groups at baseline. Although there were no detectable differences between the CON and the EX groups after a 24-week aerobic dance, there was a different evolvement between the CON and the EX groups. When comparison was performed within the individual group in temporal fashion, the BMD in femoral neck was 0.626 ± 0.097 and 0.643 ± 0.09 g/cm² for baseline and 24-week assessment in the EX group, respectively (P < .01). In the CON group, the BMD in femoral neck was 0.646 ± 0.115 and 0.637 ± 0.112 g/cm² for baseline and 24-week assessment, respectively (P < .01). It was shown that a significant increase of BMD in femoral neck in the EX group, while a decrease in the CON group (Table 2). The changes of BMD in the femoral neck at the 24-weeks were −1.3 ± 2.7% and 3.1 ± 4.6% for the CON and the EX groups, respectively (P = .01) (Fig. 1). However, there were no significant differences in the changes of BMD in the spine between baseline and 24-week assessment in both the CON and the EX groups. (AP, CON: P = .712, EX: P = .912; lateral, CON: P = .316, EX: P = .628).

Table 2.

Comparison of bone mineral density between 2 groups and within group.

Figure 1.

BMD percentage change, from 24-weeks to baseline, of the femoral neck, spine AP, and lateral spine in the CON and EX. ^∗∗P < .01. BMD = bone mineral density, CON = control, EX = exercise.

In the physical fitness assessment, there were no differences between the CON and the EX groups in muscular strength, balance, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, muscle endurance, power, and agility in baseline assessment. After 24-week aerobic dance program, the grip strength was 32.2 (17.0–25.5) and 43.7 (21.0–27.0) kg for the CON and the EX group, respectively (P = .021). Meanwhile, the side step was 30.9 (12.0–21.0) repetitions and 42.6 (17.8–24.0) repetitions for the CON and the EX groups, respectively (P = .017). It was shown an increase in grip strength and side step in the EX group at the 24-weeks (Table 3). While comparison was performed within the individual group, grip strength, sidestep and reaction time were significantly improved at the 24-weeks than baseline in the EX group (grip strength, P = .016; sidestep, P < .001; reaction time, P = .001), but not in the CON group.

Table 3.

Comparison of physical fitness parameters between 2 groups and within group.

In SF-36 for assessing the subjective outcome, it was demonstrated that there was a significant increase in the score of physical function for the EX group as compared to the CON group at the 24-weeks (Table 4). While no such differences were shown in the other domains between the CON and the EX groups.

Table 4.

Comparison of SF-36 between 2 groups and within group.

4. Discussion

The major findings of this study were that 24-week aerobic dance improved femoral neck BMD, as well as grip strength, sidestep, and reaction time in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. The significant change in femoral neck BMD, but not in spine BMD, may result from more influence of high impact exercise to the trabecular bone than to cancellous bone. Aerobic exercise typically uses a high volume of low-intensity muscular contractions, then the muscles increase in size and their work capacity increases significantly. So that the presentations of grip strength and side step improved. Meanwhile, the regular exercise intervention facilitated neuromuscular control of the body, so reaction time was improved as well. However, no changes in step test, sit up and EC balance was observed. Longer duration of aerobic dance may be required to make significant differences among these performances. Improvement in physical function was also demonstrated in the SF-36 questionnaire assessment. During the intervention, no participants in the EX group reported discomfort or injury that needed further treatment. It was proposed that the aerobic dance protocol in this study seemed safe and feasible for postmenopausal women.

Osteoporosis prevailed in postmenopausal women and was usually associated with an osteoporotic fracture that increased mortality, morbidity, chronic pain, and the cost of social care and decreases HRQoL.^[1,2,4,5] Pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical approaches were developed to increase the BMD since higher BMD was protective in fractures of the femoral neck through higher tolerance in the impact from falls.^[17,18] In literature, it was suggested that 12 months of impact exercise intervention was effective for improving BMD.^[15,16] Paralleling the literature, the present study further demons treated 24 weeks of aerobic dance intervention was effective in improving femoral neck BMD.

On the other hand, osteoporotic fractures are often the results of falls.^[6,7] Therefore, preventing falls is vital for reducing the incidence of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women.^[3,6,7] The present study showed grip strength was increased in the EX group while not in the CON group. Grip strength was an indicator for the prediction of functional limitations^[19] and disabilities in the older adult. The low grip strength would lead to poor mobility^[20–22] and is correlated with the increased incidence of falls.^[23] The present study also demonstrated that agility, i.e. side step and reaction time, was improved in the EX group through 24-weeks aerobic dance. Indeed, agility-based training was suggested effective in reducing falls^[24–28]. Therefore, it is possible that a 24-week aerobic dance intervention could reduce the incidence of falls in postmenopausal women.

In SF-36, a 24-week aerobic dance program was effective in improving the physical function domain. Indeed, the physical function of the SF-36 scales was shown lower scores in the older adult who experienced falls compared to those who did not.^[29] Taken together, we found that a 24-week aerobic dance intervention resulted in a favorable outcome in osteoporotic fracture associated factors, including femoral neck BMD, muscle strength, agility, and physical function.

Several limitations of the present study must be acknowledged. First, the small number of patients might limit the application of the conclusion. However, this study involved a precise quantity of prescribed exercise intervention in a 24-week period. The program adherence in the present study was 81%. Differences were statistically detected in femoral neck BMD, muscle strength and agility. Second, this study was limited by short follow up. The long-term follow-up including the fall and osteoporotic fracture occurrence would provide information regarding the ultimate influence of aerobic dance in postmenopausal women.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, aerobic dance is safe, effective, and efficient in improving health in postmenopausal women because BMD of the femur neck, grip strength, sidestep and reaction time were significantly improved after aerobic dance intervention as well as the physical function domain in the SF-36 in the postmenopausal women.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Zin-Rong Lin, Wun-Jer Shen, Wen-Wei Robert Hsu.

Data curation: Pei-An Yu, Wei-Hsiu Hsu.

Formal analysis: Pei-An Yu, Wei-Bin Hsu.

Funding acquisition: Wen-Wei Robert Hsu.

Methodology: Pei-An Yu, Wei-Hsiu Hsu, Zin-Rong Lin, Wen-Wei Robert Hsu.

Project administration: Wei-Hsiu Hsu, Wen-Wei Robert Hsu.

Software: Wei-Bin Hsu, Liang-Tseng Kuo.

Supervision: Wei-Hsiu Hsu, Wen-Wei Robert Hsu.

Validation: Pei-An Yu, Wei-Hsiu Hsu, Wen-Wei Robert Hsu.

Writing – original draft: Pei-An Yu, Wei-Hsiu Hsu.

Writing – review and editing: Pei-An Yu, Wei-Hsiu Hsu, Wei-Bin Hsu, Liang-Tseng Kuo, Wun-Jer Shen, Wen-Wei Robert Hsu.