Abstract
Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (m-TLIF) using transpedicular screws has various advantages over classical open (c-) TLIF. Up to date, comparative analyses of the TLIF procedures were following patients for <5 years. The objective of the present study was to compare the clinical effectiveness and complications of m- and c-TLIF in patients with single-level disc herniation with ≥5 years follow-up. Between June 2008 to July 2010, 91 patients with single-level lumbar degeneration were recruited and were randomly divided into two groups: m-TLIF and c-TLIF. The analyzed outcome measurements included: Surgery duration, intraoperative blood loss, X-ray exposure time, T2 relaxation time in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, Japanese orthopedic association (JOA) scores, fusion rate and complications during follow-up. No significant differences between m- and c-TLIF were observed with respect to surgery duration (P=0.077), volume of blood loss (P=0.115), complications and the need for an additional surgery (P=0.632). Significant differences between the groups were observed for X-ray exposure time (P<0.001) and MRI T2 relaxation times at 3 months post-surgery (P<0.001). At day 7 post surgery, recorded VAS and JOA scores were significantly improved in the m-TLIF compared with the c-TLIF group and non-significant differences between the groups were observed at >1 month follow-up. m-TLIF was a safe and effective tool in treating single-level lumbar disc herniation. However, careful attention to the surgical technique and precise anatomical knowledge were required. Further studies and refinement of the surgical techniques are necessary prior to treating multiple or more extensive lesions using the m-TLIF method.
Keywords: disc herniation, minimally invasive, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion
Introduction
Lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) is a standard, widely accepted surgery in the treatment of degenerative disk disease and discogenic back pain; it is used when conservative treatments have failed for ≥6 months (1,2). In 1940, the first successful posterior (P) LIF was performed (3) and ≥85% of the 331 patients who underwent this procedure had satisfactory outcomes (4). However, this technique has disadvantages, including nerve root compression, interbody nonunion, and muscle and tissue lesions (4,5).
The transforaminal (T) LIF procedure was first described by Harms and Jeszenszky (5) as an alternative to PLIF. TLIF provides access to the disc through a lateral approach following full or partial removal of the facet and preserving the contralateral joint (6). Outcomes achieved with TLIF are similar to those obtained by PLIF (7,8).
Neurologic and vascular damage to the lumbar muscles have been reported when using the classic open (c-) TLIF approach (9,10). To minimize muscle damage that occurs during c-TLIF, a minimally invasive (m-) TLIF procedure was first described by Foley et al (11), which avoids muscular damage to achieve fixed fusion (12). The advantages of transpedicular screws used in m-TLIF have been described extensively (11,13). A meta-analysis of adverse event data suggested equivalent rates of surgical complications in patients undergoing m-TLIF compared with classic open surgery (14). To date, no comparison of m- and c-TLIF procedures with >5 years follow-up has been described in the literature (15). The objective of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness and complications of m- and c-TLIF in patients with single-level lumbar disc herniation disease and ≥5 years of follow-up.
Materials and methods
Patient characteristics
From June 2008 to July 2010, 101 patients (Table I) with single-level lumbar degeneration were recruited at Tangdu Hospital (Xi'an, China) and were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the m-TLIF group were treated using the Quadrant retractor and Sextant percutaneous pedicle screw systems (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and patients in c-TLIF were treated using the classical open procedure (Medtronic Sofamor Danek). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior enrollment. The clinical study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee at Tangdu Hospital (Xi'an, China).
Table I.
Patient baseline demographics.
| Variable | m-TLIF | c-TLIF | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients (n) | 52 | 49 | |
| Lost in follow-up (n) | 6 | 4 | |
| Completed follow-up (n) | 46 | 45 | |
| Age (years) | 57.3±10.5 | 58.5±10.8 | 0.604 |
| Sex (male/female) | 26/20 | 27/18 | 0.740 |
| Body mass index | 22.1±5.1 | 23.2±3.4 | 0.350 |
| Location of disease | |||
| L2/3 | 4 | 4 | 0.971 |
| L3/4 | 7 | 5 | 0.558 |
| L4/5 | 24 | 27 | 0.452 |
| L5/S1 | 11 | 9 | 0.648 |
| Follow-up duration (month) | 62.0±1.66 | 62.3±1.54 | 0.508 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. TLIF, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; m, minimally invasive; c, classical open.
Patients with the following characteristics were included: i) Age, 21–60 years; ii) diagnosis, single-level lumbar disc herniation; iii) X-ray imaging, computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results consistently explain clinical symptoms; and iv) unresponsive to conservative treatment for ≥6 months prior to surgery. Exclusion criteria were as follows: i) >1 level lumbar degenerative disease; ii) previous lumbar surgery; iii) contraindications to surgery or with other diseases, including tumors or infections; and 5) metal allergies.
Randomization was immediately prior to surgery through a sealed envelope assigning patients to m- or c-TLIF groups. Surgeons were informed of the allocation following the induction of anesthesia. All surgical procedures were performed by a senior surgeon with assistants. Staff that provided direct postoperative care was blinded to group assignments and treatments.
Surgical procedure
Patients were positioned on a radiolucent frame under general anesthesia. A 3 cm longitudinal incision 3 cm lateral to the anatomic back midline was performed to insert the m-TLIF system. A complete facetectomy was performed and the lateral border of the dura was directly visualized. Following identifying the traversing and exiting nerve roots, an aggressive full discectomy was performed (16). Interbody distractors were used to prepare the disc space. Autologous bone graft removed from the facet was implanted in the anterior space. A single cage (PEEK OIC; Stryker Inc., Kalamazoo, MI, USA) was inserted into the disc space. The side with subjectively worse radiculopathy received the interbody graft and cage. Following the removal of the m-TLIF system, the surgeon directly palpated the pedicle entry point. A cannulated needle was advanced through the pedicle into the vertebral body under fluoroscopic guidance, followed by the insertion of a blunt-tipped guide-wire (Stryker Corporation, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) into the vertebral body. The cannulated needle was removed and the screw (Stryker Corporation) was placed following the guide-wire path. A representative case is presented in Fig. 1.
Figure 1.
Representative patient (female, 50 years) with degenerative disk disease of L4/5 undergoing m-TLIF. Preoperative (A) anteroposterior and (B) lateral radiographs and (C) the MRI scan highlighting the herniated disc of L4/5. The herniated disc can be observed in the lateral left in (D) MRI and (E) computed tomography scans. At 7 days post m-TLIF with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation, (F) anteroposterior and (G) lateral radiographs exhibited restoration of the disc space height. (H) Anteroposterior and (I) lateral radiographs recorded at the 12 months follow-up. m-TLIF, minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
Surgery in the c-TLIF group started with a 12 cm incision on the anatomic back midline. A mono-portal TLIF with a unilateral subtotal facetectomy and discectomy was performed from the symptomatic side. Pedicle screws were placed and facets were decorticated prior to traversing the processes and implanting the autologous bone graft that was obtained from the laminectomy and facetectomy. A representative case is presented in Fig. 2.
Figure 2.
Representative patient (female, 58 years) with degenerative disk disease of L4/5 undergoing c-TLIF. Preoperative (A) anteroposterior and (B) lateral radiographs and (C) the MRI scan highlighting the herniated disc of L4/5. The herniated disc was on the lateral right on (D) MRI and (E) computed tomography scans. At 7 days post c-TLIF with pedicle screw fixation, (F) anteroposterior and (G) lateral radiographs exhibited the restoration of the disc space height. (H) Anteroposterior and (I) lateral radiographs recorded 12 months post surgery. c-TLIF, classical open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
Outcome measures and evaluation
The preoperative radiographic evaluation included anteroposterior, lateral and flexion-extension radiographs, CT and MRI scans. The prospectively collected data included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), location of disease, operative time, intraoperative blood loss and X-ray exposure time. Outcome measurements included radiographic results, T2 relaxation time on MRI scans and postoperative complications during follow-up. Back and leg pain was assessed by the visual analog scores (VAS) (17,18) collected from the patients at 6 follow-up points (once every 6 months). Preoperative and postoperative Japanese orthopedic association (JOA) scores (19,20) were compared between the groups. Completed union rates (17,19) were determined by an experienced radiologist using static and dynamic X-rays at 6 follow-up times post surgery (once every 6 months).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Student's t-test and χ2 tests were performed to analyze the data. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Study participants
A total of 101 patients with single-level lumbar disc herniation were enrolled in the current study. Following a random, sealed envelope assignment, 52 patients were treated using m-TLIF and 49 patients underwent c-TLIF. A total of 10 patients were lost during follow-up, 6 from the m-TLIF and 4 from the c-TLIF group.
Baseline characteristic, including age, gender and BMI, and the levellocation of the lumbar disc herniation were not significantly different between the groups (P>0.05; Table I). Clinical and radiographic outcomes were collected and analyzed for ≥5 years. The outcomes were recorded and evaluated preoperatively and at 7 days and 1, 3, 12, 36 and 60 months post surgery.
Measured outcomes
The mean surgery time was 105.7±16.2 min in the m-TLIF and 112.7±20.7 min in the c-TLIF group; there was no significant difference (P=0.077; Table II). Total intra-operative blood loss was 110.4±27.8 ml in the m-TLIF group and 119.7±28.5 ml in the c-TLIF group, with no significant difference between the groups (P=0.115). A significant difference was observed between the mean X-ray exposure times of 116.2±26.5 and 81.7±25.1 sec in the m- and c-TLIF groups, respectively (P<0.001). A significant difference was observed in the MRI T2 relaxation times of the operated level muscles and other soft tissues between the m- and c-TLIF groups at 3 months post surgery (45.6±19.2 and 85.5±26.4 sec, respectively; both P<0.001).
Table II.
Outcome measurements.
| Measure | m-TLIF | c-TLIF | F | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surgery duration (min) | 105.7±16.2 | 112.7±20.7 | 3.196 | 0.077 |
| Intraoperative blood loss (ml) | 110.4±27.8 | 119.7±28.5 | 2.530 | 0.115 |
| X-ray exposure timea (sec) | 116.2±26.5 | 81.7±25.1 | 40.842 | <0.001 |
| MRI T2 relaxation timea (sec) | 45.6±19.2 | 85.5±26.4 | 68.533 | <0.001 |
| VAS scoreb | 0.348±0.077 | 0.333±0.079 | 0.017 | 0.895 |
| JOA scoreb | 14.024±0.280 | 13.980±0.283 | 0.012 | 0.912 |
| Reoperation | 2/46 | 3/45 | 0.102 | 0.632 |
| Complete fusionb | 45/46 | 44/45 | 0.015 | 0.991 |
Outcome measured at 3 months post surgery.
Outcome measured at 60 months post surgery. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. TLIF, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; m, minimally invasive; c, classical open; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; VAS, visual analogue scale; JOA, Japanese orthopedic association.
Secondary surgery
One case in the m-TLIF and two cases in the c-TLIF group were complicated by transient ipsilateral nerve root palsy during surgery. Patients were recovered completely at 3 months post surgery. In the m-TLIF group, 2/46 (4.3%) patients required reoperation due to adjacent level degeneration at 4 and 5 years post surgery. In the c-TLIF group, 3/45 (6.7%) patients required reoperation at 3, 4 or 5 years post surgery. The incidence of reoperation was not significantly different between the groups (P=0.632; Table II).
VAS
Preoperative VAS scores were not significantly different between the treatment groups. Postoperative VAS scores markedly decreased compared with the preoperative scores in m- and c-TLIF (data not shown). VAS scores at 7 days post surgery were significantly lower in the m- compared with the c-TLIF group (P<0.001; Table III). During later follow-ups, VAS scores were not significantly different between the groups (P>0.05).
Table III.
Correlation of VAS scores in patients treated with m- or c-TLIF over time.
| Variables | VAS score | F | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative | 0.739 | 0.392 | |
| m-TLIF | 7.050±0.152 (6.748–7.352) | ||
| c-TLIF | 6.864±0.153 (6.559–7.169) | ||
| Follow-up at 7 days post surgery | 125.650 | <0.001 | |
| m-TLIF | 3.352±0.135 (3.083–3.621) | ||
| c-TLIF | 5.511±0.137 (5.239–5.783) | ||
| Follow-up at 1 month post surgery | 3.510 | 0.064 | |
| m-TLIF | 3.117±0.118 (2.883–3.351) | ||
| c-TLIF | 3.431±0.119 (3.195–3.668) | ||
| Follow-up at 3 months post surgery | 3.857 | 0.053 | |
| m-TLIF | 2.043±0.087 (1.870–2.217) | ||
| c-TLIF | 1.800±0.088 (1.625–1.975) | ||
| Follow-up at 12 months post surgery | 2.046 | 0.156 | |
| m-TLIF | 1.783±0.118 (1.549–2.017) | ||
| c-TLIF | 2.022±0.119 (1.786–2.259) | ||
| Follow-up at 36 months post surgery | 0.251 | 0.618 | |
| m-TLIF | 0.587±0.106 (0.375–0.798) | ||
| c-TLIF | 0.511±0.108 (0.297–0.725) | ||
| Follow-up at 60 months post surgery | 0.017 | 0.895 | |
| m-TLIF | 0.348±0.077 (0.194–0.501) | ||
| c-TLIF | 0.333±0.078 (0.178–0.489) |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation with a 95% confidence interval (paired t-test). TLIF, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; m, minimally invasive; c, classical open; VAS, visual analogue scale.
JOA
Preoperative JOA scores were not significantly different between m- and c-TLIF groups. Postoperative JOA scores were markedly increased compared to the preoperative scores for m- and c-TLIF (data not shown). Compared with the c-TLIF group, there were no significant differences in JOA scores over time for the m-TLIF group (P>0.05), except at 7 days post surgery (P=0.028; Table IV).
Table IV.
Correlation of JOA scores in patients treated with m- or c-TLIF over time.
| Variables | JOA score | F | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative | 0.273 | 0.603 | |
| m-TLIF | 11.941±0.202 (11.539–12.343) | ||
| c-TLIF | 11.791±0.204 (11.385–12.197) | ||
| Follow-up at 7 days post surgery | 4.997 | 0.028 | |
| m-TLIF | 13.952±0.264 (13.428–14.477) | ||
| c-TLIF | 13.113±0.267 (12.583–13.643) | ||
| Follow-up at 1 month post surgery | |||
| m-TLIF | 14.154±0.275 (13.609–14.700) | 0.175 | 0.677 |
| c-TLIF | 13.991±0.278 (13.439–14.543) | ||
| Follow-up at 3 months post surgery | 0.789 | 0.377 | |
| m-TLIF | 14.135±0.212 (13.713–14.556) | ||
| c-TLIF | 13.867±0.215 (13.440–14.293) | ||
| Follow-up at 12 months post surgery | 0.016 | 0.901 | |
| m-TLIF | 14.096±0.275 (13.550–14.642) | ||
| c-TLIF | 14.047±0.278 (13.495–14.599) | ||
| Follow-up at 36 months post surgery | 0.027 | 0.870 | |
| m-TLIF | 13.870±0.251 (13.371–14.368) | ||
| c-TLIF | 13.811±0.254 (13.307–14.315) | ||
| Follow-up at 60 months post surgery | 0.012 | 0.912 | |
| m-TLIF | 14.024±0.280 (13.468–14.580) | ||
| c-TLIF | 13.980±0.283 (13.417–14.543) |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation with a 95% confidence interval (paired t-test). TLIF, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; m, minimally invasive; c, classical open; JOA, Japanese orthopedic association.
Discussion
The m-TLIF procedure was first introduced by Foley et al (11) to minimize injury to the paraspinal muscles caused by the classical procedure. Since then, m-TLIF using the minimal access spinal technologies (MAST) quadrant retractor was subject of increased research interest (12,21–23). Certain surgeons advocate m-TLIF to preserve the muscular and vascular lumbar structures (21–24). Consistent with previous investigations, a study reinforced the concept of minimizing lumbar muscle damage by using a minimal invasive approach, which resulted in faster and improved short-term recovery from injury (21) compared with c-TLIF. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that there is no clinically relevant difference between mini-open TLIF and c-TLIF over a 3–4 year follow-up period (22). Research by Wang et al (23,24) revealed that m-TLIF efficacy and safety is similar to c-TLIF, when treating primary single-level lumbar degeneration (23) and for treating patients in revision, who were previously treated using open surgery (24). The latter study further demonstrated that m-TLIF offered several potential advantages, including smaller incisions, less tissue injury and quicker recovery. Most studies have consistently reported the advantages of this approach (25) and the rate of fusion was not significantly different among the different approaches (25,26). In conclusion, compared with c-TLIF, potential benefits of m-TLIF include smaller skin incisions, decreased soft tissue injury, decreased blood loss, shorter hospitalization time and earlier returns to work (21–26). The potential disadvantages of this approach include increased surgery times and radiation exposure; the procedure is more technically demanding and more experience is required (27). Accumulated radiation exposure, particularly to the hands of the surgeons should be monitored carefully. Furthermore, the cost of m-TLIF is increased compared with c-TLIF (28). Controversy remains regarding the selection of m-TLIF vs. c-TLIF. Vogelsang (29), suggested that the selection of procedure should be based on the approach that offers superior individual outcome.
To determine the effectiveness and safety of m-TLIF over an extended period, a randomized controlled study was conducted, which compared m- and c-TLIF in patients with single-level lumbar disc disease. It was demonstrated that there was no significant difference between these groups with respect to surgery duration, intraoperative blood loss and intraoperative complications, including transient ipsilateral nerve root palsy. These findings were not consistent with the previously reported results (23,27). One explanation may be the varying experience levels of the surgeons performing the procedures. In this controlled study, a total of three patients suffered transient nerve root palsy. The variant anatomical structure of the nerve root increased the difficulty of the surgery and accidental injury to the nerve root caused the palsy. Compared with classical surgery, TLIF using the MAST quadrant retractor may decrease the length of hospitalization and result in decreased injury to the soft tissue, which manifested in a significantly decreased MRI T2 relaxation times in the operated level muscles and other soft tissues at 3 months post surgery. The X-ray exposure time in the c-TLIF group was significantly decreased compared with the m-TLIF group; describing an obvious disadvantage of latter procedure. There were no significant differences in JOA and VAS scores between the groups in follow-ups between 1 month and 5 years post surgery. However, at the 7-day post surgery follow-up, the VAS score of the m-TLIF group were decreased significantly compared with the c-TLIF group. m-TLIF was more effective in relieving pain compared with c-TLIF at early stages post surgery. As the minimally invasive retractor split the soft tissues and muscles instead of cutting them, it was possible to minimize the postoperative low back pain by reducing muscle damage. To gain a clear view during c-TILF surgery, muscles have to be cut and damaged, leading to an increased possibility of postoperative backache. Two patients in the m-TLIF and three in the c-TLIF group required reoperation due to adjacent level degeneration; the reoperation rate was not significantly different between the groups. The patients treated with the same procedure as the first time. The current study demonstrated that m-TLIF was safe to be considered an alternative to the c-TLIF procedure.
Despite the benefits, there are certain drawbacks to overcome prior to achieving effective results. First, manual experience is required and surgeons must be familiar with the novel techniques and have to be able to operate in narrow spaces. For inexperienced surgeons working in a narrow surgical field may lead to confusion regarding anatomical structures. Limitations regarding effective decompression are to further be considered. Following the completion of surgery, symptoms of nerve compression (one case of transient ipsilateral L5 nerve root palsy) may appear immediately (30), resulting from a small hematoma generated in the narrow surgical space. It is therefore important to control even minimal bleeding.
To achieve a sufficient decompression of the spinal nerves, an MRI scan must be studied carefully to determine the extent and scope of the herniation of the nucleus pulposus prior to surgery. In cases of far lateral disc disease, discectomy and decompression can be performed to access the midline and extraforaminal space through only one skin incision (25). Understanding the surrounding structures is important when moving and positioning the minimally invasive retractor in the extraforaminal space. To avoid damaging the nerve root during decompression, it is important to leave the inner cortical part of the caudal lamina and remove the remaining portion. The herniated nucleus pulposus is removed in the same manner as in classical surgery.
To safely place an interbody implant, an adequate laminectomy and facetectomy may be performed. A single cage was impacted into the intervertebral space following the complete removal of the nucleus pulposus through the minimally invasive retractor. Autograft bones from the laminectomy and facetectomy were placed in the interspace to augment the fusion. Isaacs et al (31) concluded that m-TLIF was safe and resulted in decreased intraoperative blood loss, postoperative pain, total narcotic use and risk of transfusion. Pedicle screws can easily be inserted percutaneously via the minimally invasive retractor systems.
In conclusion, the minimally invasive retractor system is a safe and effective tool in the treatment of single-level disc herniation. However, careful attention to the surgical technique and precise anatomical knowledge are mandatory skills for surgeons. Further studies and the refinement of surgical techniques will be required in the future to allow the treatment of multiple or more extensive lesions using m-TLIF.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during the present study are included in this published article.
Authors' contributions
JQ designed the study. HZ, HG and CZ analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. SQ, YY and WX collected the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee at Tangdu Hospital (Xi'an, China). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior enrollment.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analyzed during the present study are included in this published article.