Attitude towards oral hygiene among different socio-economic groups in Jaipur city, Rajasthan

Abstract

Background

Socio-economic status is a total measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual or family economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education and occupation.

Objective

The study was conducted to determine the differences in attitudes of people from different socioeconomic statuses towards their oral hygiene.

Method

A cross sectional study was conducted among subjects of various socioeconomic groups. Socioeconomic status and oral hygiene data was collected using Aggarwal scale having 22 items questionnaire addressing various aspects of knowledge and attitude of subjects towards oral health, and simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI- S), respectively. Statistical analysis was done using chi- square test and frequency distribution (P< 0.05 taken as significant).

Results

Among 500 subjects, 260 (52%) were found to have good oral hygiene, and most of them (43.46%) were from lower middle class group. A highly significant association was found between the oral hygiene and socioeconomic status (p=0.000).

Conclusion

It could be concluded that the socioeconomic status is not the only factor that determines a person’s attitude towards oral hygiene, but other factors such as lack of awareness, lack of availability of dentist nearby, fear and anxiety also play an important role.

Introduction

Oral health is an essential component of general health and well-being. A healthy mouth enables an individual to lead a healthy and disease-free life [1]. The mouth is considered to be a mirror of the body and the gateway to good health [2]. Oral diseases present a major public health problem worldwide [3]. About 90% of people worldwide, mostly adults, have experienced dental caries, and are most prevalent among Asian and Latin American countries [4]. This can be attributed to several factors, mental attitude of a person, mainly lack of oral health awareness, and consumption of refined forms of carbohydrates [5].

Inequalities in socioeconomic status represent one of the main reasons of health disparities [6]. Among the various determinants, social determinants are the most complex and challenging of all. It is concerned with various aspects of human life and the environment a person resides in [7]. There is a great difference in the prevalence or incidence of oral health of individuals with different socioeconomic status [8]. Throughout Europe, it has been found evident that people of low socioeconomic group suffer with a heavier burden of oral health problems than their better-off counterparts [9]. The term inequality has a moral and ethical dimension which refers to differences which are unnecessary and avoidable but, in addition, are also considered unfair and unjustified [9]. The population groups that suffer the worst oral health are mostly those who are below poverty line and which are illiterate or have basic education only. People with higher socioeconomic status afford better housing, better quality of life and good access to oral health care along with a high level of education which in turn increases the opportunity to engage in oral health-promoting behaviors. Differences in income and employment of parents generate inequalities among oral health status of children also [6].

According to Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion “health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they learn, work, play and love”, which highlights the importance of healthy settings as an infrastructure for health production and maintenance, including schools, worksites, cities, local communities, and hospitals [10].

Studies conducted in this field confirm the link between socioeconomic status and oral health in an individual, and various factors which directly or indirectly affect the oral health [10–13].

Studying the literature and seeing the diversity present in the population of Jaipur city, the present study was undertaken with the aim to determine the differences in attitudes of people from different socioeconomic statuses towards their oral hygiene.

Method

The present cross sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out among residents of Jaipur city during April, 2016 to July, 2016 to determine the differences in attitudes of people from different socioeconomic statuses towards their oral hygiene.

The study was conducted among the people with different socioeconomic status residing in Jaipur city. Permission was obtained from the institute’s ethical committee and informed verbal consent was obtained from the study participants.

Five hundred study subjects were randomly selected using convenient sampling method, based on the inclusion and the exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria:

• Over 21 years of age.

• Permanent residents of Jaipur city.

Exclusion criteria:

• Medically compromised subjects.

• Incompletely filled questionnaire.

• Not willing to participate in the study or those who were not cooperative.

The questionnaires were distributed to the subjects and later on collected after they were duly filled. The questionnaires comprised demographic details, oral hygiene methods and 22 questions which determined the socio economic status of the subject (Aggarwal scale 2013). The demographic details included name, age, sex, address, geographical location and school. Oral hygiene methods included the brushing habits and the socio- economic status was measured based on the points given to each option of questions mentioned in the questionnaire (more the score, higher the socio- economic status). The oral hygiene status was recorded using OHI-S index [12].

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was done using chi- square test and frequency distribution was applied to find out the association among different socio economic groups and their oral hygiene status. P< 0.05 was taken as significant. SPSS 20.0.0 version software was used for statistical analysis.

Results

The present cross sectional study was carried out among 500 people with different socio economic status in Jaipur city. Among them, 342 (68.4%) were males and 158 (31.6%) were females. Among them 355 (71%) subjects were residing in the urban area, while 145 (29%) were those residing in the rural area. Maximum of the study subjects (39.2%) were of the age group of 21–30 years and among socioeconomic status, maximum of the subjects (45.4%) were in lower middle class.

Table I shows the association of the oral hygiene status among various socio economic variables. In relation to income, it was observed that 145 (29%) study subjects were in the group of per capita income of 10,000–19,999 Indian Rupee (INR) and among them 90 (62.06%) subjects had good oral hygiene and only 6 (4.13%) had poor oral hygiene. In relation to education, it was found that 149 (29.8%) subjects were professionally qualified and none of them had poor oral hygiene while 38 (25.50%) had fair oral hygiene. In relation to occupation, it was found that 245 (49%) subjects were working in private sectors or had their independent business employing 2–20 persons, and among them only 10 (4.08%) were found to have poor oral hygiene while 145 were found to have good oral hygiene. All the above result were found to be statistically highly significant (p = 0.000).

Table I.

Association between oral health status and socio economic variables (chi- square).

Oral hygiene index-simplified		Oral hygiene index-simplified			Total	x2	p value
		Good	Fair	Poor
Income (INR)	Less than 1,000	1	3	7	11	149.44	*0.00
	1,000–2,499	1	20	11	32
	2,500–4,999	13	27	12	52
	5,000–9,999	35	50	16	101
	10,000–19,999	90	49	6	145
	20,000–49,999	91	33	1	125
	More than 50,000	29	4	1	34
Education	Illiterate	0	1	4	5	141.11	*0.00
	Just literate but no schooling	2	4	5	11
	Less than primary but attended school for at least one year	1	3	2	6
	Primary pass but less the 10th class	7	22	13	42
	10th class pass but less than graduation	12	30	15	57
	Graduation	64	46	10	120
	Postgraduation (non- technical including Ph.D)	63	42	5	110
	Professional qualification with technical degrees or diplomas (Doctors, Eng., CA, MBA etc)	111	38	0	149
Occupation	None of the family member is employed	0	0	1	1	105.07	*0.00
	Self- employed with income less than 5000INR	6	9	7	22
	Self- employed (e.g. shops, Rehdies, or petty business with income more than 5000INR)	4	17	7	28
	Service at shop, home, transport, own cultivation of land	20	37	24	81
	Service in private sector or independent business employing 2–20 persons	145	90	10	245
	Service in central/state/public undertaking or owner of a company employing >20 persons/self- employed professionals	85	33	5	123

^*significant p≤ 0.05

Table II depicts the oral hygiene status of study groups with different socio economic status. It was found that among 500 study subjects, 227 subjects belonged to lower middle class among which 113 (49.8%) had good oral hygiene while 21 (9.3%) had poor oral hygiene. Only 1 (0.2%) subject belonged to upper high class who had poor oral hygiene. Among 155 study subjects who belonged to poor socio-economic status, 112 (72.3%) had good hygiene and only 3 (1.9%) were found to have poor oral hygiene status. A highly significant association was found between the oral hygiene and socio economic status (p = 0.000).

Table II.

Distribution of oral hygiene status among different socio economic variables (chi- square).

Status	Oral hygiene index-simplified			Total	x2	p value
	Good	Fair	Poor
Very poor or below poverty line	21	4	1	26	116.72	*0.00
Poor	112	40	3	155
Lower middle	113	93	21	227
Upper middle	12	40	19	71
High	2	9	9	20
Upper high	0	0	1	1
Total	260	186	54	500

^*significant p≤ 0.05

Discussion

The present study was conducted among the rural and urban population of Jaipur city of Rajasthan to evaluate the attitude of people with different socio economic status towards their oral hygiene.

Majority of the subjects (71%) were from the urban area of Jaipur city. Regarding oral hygiene habits, 360 (72%) subjects brushes their teeth once a day. This observation is found similar to that observed in western industrialized countries (58.3%) [14,15] but observed high when compared with some industrialized countries of East Europe [14–16]. This observation is contrary to the study conducted by Harikiran et al. [17] (38.5%), and a study by Sahil handa et al. shows that almost every study subject brush their teeth [18] It was observed that only 28% of subjects brushed their teeth twice every day. Just by mass health education, brushing twice in a day cannot be implemented in the community [19]. The majority of the subjects (87.8%) used tooth brush with tooth paste as oral hygiene aid. Similar results were reported by Sahil Handa et al. in Gurugram where 81% used both tooth brush and tooth paste [18], and Punitha Sivaprakasam (62.9%), in Kanchipuram district [20]. This result is not in accordance with that of the study conducted by Mahesh Kumar et al. in Chennai, where the use of charcoal as a medium to brush their teeth prevails over the tooth brushes [21]. The reason could be probably a lack of awareness or affordability for tooth brush and tooth paste in this population.

As per the results obtained in this study, oral hygiene of the subjects is not only related to their socioeconomic status but also to other factors such as lack of awareness, availability of any nearby dentist, anxiety and inconvenience in transport. Maximum number of subjects (260) had good oral hygiene and not all of them belonged to lower socioeconomic status. Even subjects with higher socioeconomic status (45%) were found to have poor oral hygiene. This finding is not in accordance with several studies conducted in various parts of the countries [22]. These findings show the neglect attitude of the people towards their own oral hygiene.

The study conducted in Brazil by Paula et al also found that school children who belonged to families whose income was lower than one minimum wage were 1.89 times more likely to have dental problems, as the home environment is an important social determinant of children’s oral health [23].

Conclusion

In the present study a positive relation was observed among people with different socio economic status and their oral hygiene. Suitable oral health promotion, advancement policies and activities should be directed to the social, economic, and environmental causes of dental disease at the primary, secondary, and tertiary health care levels using strategies at macro and micro levels. In view of the recurrent theoretical discussions about health promotion and social determinants of health, the results of this study provide important data about the contribution of social determinants (such as their different conceptual levels) to periodontal experience, and for the planning of oral health promotion actions in public health.