Analysis of cyclin E co-expression genes reveals nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha is an oncogene in gastric cancer

Abstract

Objective

To explore genes potentially co-expressed with cyclin E in gastric cancer and discover possible targets for gastric cancer treatment.

Methods

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) stomach adenocarcinoma sequencing data were used to predict genes co-expressed with cyclin E. Co-expression genes predicted by cBioPortal online analysis with Pearson correlation coefficient ≥0.4 were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) enrichment annotation using the PANTHER online platform (Ver. 7). Interactions between proteins encoded by these genes were analyzed using the STRING online platform (Ver. 10.5) and Cytoscape software (Ver. 3.5.1). Genes displaying a high degree of connection were analyzed by transcription factor enrichment prediction using FunRich software (Ver. 3). The significant transcription factor and cyclin E expression levels and their impact on gastric cancer progression were analyzed by Western blotting and Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis.

Results

After filtering the co-expression gene prediction results, 78 predicted genes that included 73 protein coding genes and 5 non-coding genes with Pearson correlation coefficient ≥0.4 were selected. The expressions of the genes were considered to be correlated with cyclin E expression. Among the 78 genes co-expressed with cyclin E, 19 genes at the central of the regulatory network associated with cyclin E were discovered. Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha (NF-YA) was identified as a significant transcription factor associated with cyclin E co-expressing genes. Analysis of specimen donors’ clinical records revealed that high expression of NF-YA tended to be associated with increased cyclin E expression. The expression of both was associated with progression of gastric cancer. Western blotting results showed that compared with normal tissues, NF-YA and cyclin E were highly expressed in tumor tissues (P < 0.001). Survival curve analysis clearly demonstrated relatively poor overall survival of gastric cancer patients with high cyclin E or high NF-YA expression level, compared to patients with low cyclin E or NF-YA expression (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

NF-YA may promote gastric cancer progression by increasing the transcription of cyclin E and other cell cycle regulatory genes. NF-YA might be a potential therapeutically useful prognostic factor for gastric cancer.

Introduction

The incidence of gastric cancer is increasing in developing countries. This imposes a significant financial burden for patients and the healthcare system. Surgical treatment, chemotherapy, and targeted-therapy have been employed in gastric cancer treatment, but the treatment outcome and patients’ post-treatment survival remain disappointing, especially for patients with late stage carcinoma. Cancer cells are characterized by uncontrolled hyper-proliferation. Targeting the cell proliferation machinery or the signal transduction network promoting cell proliferation has been proposed as possible therapeutic options for cancer management. Regulation of the cell cycle is frequently altered in cancer by different genetic and epigenetic causes, and the de-regulated cell cycle progression is crucial in cell proliferation and cancer development, in which cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases are direct promoters.¹ Targeting the cell cycle has been accepted in-principle as a potential therapeutic option.2, 3, 4, 5 However, the molecular mechanisms of altered cell cycle machineries that promote gastric cancer progression remain unclear.

Gene amplification and overexpression of cyclin E have been recently linked to gastric cancer development and poor prognosis.6, 7 During the progression of the cell cycle, cyclin E binds to and activates cyclin-dependent kinase 2, which promotes G1/S entry by phosphorylating the appropriate substrates. Cyclin E overexpression has been reported in gastric cancer,8, 9, 10, 11 but the molecular mechanism of the up-regulation remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to discover possible mechanisms that may be involved in regulating cyclin E expression by identifying and investigating genes that are potentially co-expressed with cyclin E in gastric cancer. This was done by querying The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) stomach adenocarcinoma sequencing data with different bioinformatics approaches.

Materials and methods

Bioinformatics analysis pipeline

We used the cBioPortal online platform12, 13 to query the TCGA stomach adenocarcinoma (2017, provisional) sequencing dataset (http://www.cbioportal.org/study?id=stad_tcga#summary). A total of 415 tumor samples (from the TCGA database) with messenger RNA (mRNA) next-generation sequencing data were used. Co-expressed genes predicted by cBioPortal online analysis with Pearson correlation coefficient ≥0.4 were selected for gene ontology (GO) enrichment annotation using the PANTHER online platform (Ver. 7).14, 15 Protein interactions were predicted using the STRING online analysis platform (Ver. 10.5)¹⁶ with minimum required interaction score adjusted to 0.15 to obtain the maximal interactions. The acquired protein interaction network was subjected to topological structural analysis using Cytoscape software (Ver. 3.5.1)¹⁷ using the default settings. Genes with a high degree of connection were subjected to transcription factor enrichment prediction using FunRich software (Ver. 3)¹⁸ using the default settings.

Western blotting

This research was approved by the ethical board of Henan Tumor Hospital (No. 2018132). Twenty-two gastric cancer patients were enrolled. Informed consent was obtained from each patient. Their clinical-pathological records are summarized in Table 1. Gastric cancer biopsies and non-cancerous adjacent biopsies were obtained from these patients. The tissue samples were analyzed by Western blotting to detect cyclin E and nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha (NF-YA) protein expression using beta-actin protein as the loading control. Primary antibodies against cyclin E (ab71535), NF-YA (ab23471), beta-actin (ab16039), and correlating secondary antibody (ab205718) were purchased from Abcam Trading Company Ltd. (Cambridge, United Kingdom). Gastric cancer patients were grouped into cyclin E high/low and NF-YA high/low groups based on the gray scale analysis of Western blotting results. Cyclin E or NF-YA expression higher or lower than the average was considered high or low expression, respectively. The NF-YA and cyclin E expression levels in gastric cancer specimens from patients with different TNM stages are presented in Table 2.

Table 1.

Clinical and pathological information of 22 patients with gastric cancer.

Clinical-pathological characteristic	n (%)
Age, years
＜65	12 (54.5)
≥65	10 (45.5)
Gender
Male	13 (59.1)
Female	9 (40.9)
Tumor size, cm
＜5	11 (50.0)
≥5	11 (50.0)
Histopathological grading
Highly differentiated	5 (22.7)
Moderately differentiated	10 (45.5)
Poorly differentiated	7 (31.8)
TNM stage
I	3 (13.6)
II	14 (63.6)
III	3 (13.6)
IV	2 (9.1)
Lymph node metastasis
No	7 (31.8)
Yes	15 (68.2)

TNM: Tumor Node Metastasis.

Table 2.

NF-YA and cyclin E expression in gastric cancer specimens from patients with different TNM stages (n = 22).

Classification	NF-YA		Cyclin E
	Low	High	Low	High
TNM stage
I	2	1	2	1
IIA	3	2	2	3
IIB	4	5	3	6
III	1	2	0	3
IV	0	2	1	1
Lymph node metastasis
No	5	2	6	1
Yes	3	12	3	12

NF-YA: nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha; TNM: Tumor Node Metastasis.

Statistical analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using Graphpad Prism (Ver. 7). Patients’ survival was compared by Kaplan–Meier curve analysis (log-rank test) using SPSS software ver. 19.0 (IBM, New York, NY, USA). Student’s t-test was adopted for statistical analysis of Western blotting results. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Analysis of cyclin E co-expression genes in gastric cancer

To identify genes co-existing with cyclin E and to identify potential oncogenes in gastric cancer, we used cBioPortal online platform to predict cyclin E co-expression genes among all 415 samples within the stomach adenocarcinoma (TCGA provisional) sample set. After filtering the co-expression gene prediction results, 78 predicted genes, including 73 protein coding genes and 5 non-coding genes with Pearson correlation coefficient ≥0.4 were selected. Their expressions were considered to be correlated with cyclin E expression. The top 15 protein coding genes with their gene symbols, chromosome locations, Pearson correlation, and Spearman correlation coefficients are summarized and listed in Table 3. To better understand the involvement of these predicted genes in cellular composition and function, we annotated them in the GO database using the PANTHER online classification system (Fig. 1). The annotation results suggested that these genes that were presumably co-expressed with cyclin E participated mostly in mitosis and regulation of the cell cycle, consistent with the role of cyclin E in proliferation. We next surveyed the interaction (including predicted association) network among the 73 protein coding genes using the STRING analysis platform and further analyzed the topological structure of the predicted interaction network using Cytoscape software (Ver. 3.5.1). Nineteen genes at the central of the predicted interaction network were identified (Fig. 2 and Table 4). The majority have been previously suggested to promote the progression of gastric cancer or have been associated with poor prognosis. Considering the potential co-expression of these 19 genes with cyclin E and their involvement in gastric cancer progression, we performed a transcription factor enrichment prediction using FunRich software (Fig. 3). The enrichment prediction revealed transcription factor NF-YA as the only one significant result (P < 0.05). It was the most highly related to the 19 queried genes.

Table 3.

Top 15 genes with highest Pearson correlation coefficient in 78 genes predicted to co-express with cyclin E.

Gene symbol	Cytoband	Pearson Co.	Spearman Co.
C19orf12	19q12	0.82	0.24
URI1	19q12	0.8	0.5
POP4	19q12	0.69	0.44
UQCRFS1	19q12	0.68	0.48
PLEKHF1	19q12	0.6	0.12
DSCR8	21q22.13	0.53	0.31
NUF2	1q23.3	0.52	0.61
C21orf58	21q22.3	0.52	0.33
AMIGO3	3p21.31	0.52	0.17
OR8A1	11q24.2	0.52	0.27
C6orf10	6p21.32	0.51	0.06
PSRC1	1p13.3	0.51	0.5
COL2A1	12q13.11	0.5	0.23
NEK2	1q32.3	0.49	0.64
VSTM2B	19q12	0.48	0.18

Pearson Co.: Pearson correlation coefficient; Spearman Co.: Spearman correlation coefficient.

Fig. 1.

Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of 78 predicted cyclin E co-expressing genes. GO terms of cellular components (red), molecular functions (green), and biological processes (blue) are plotted in different colors.

Fig. 2.

Predicted protein–protein interaction network within the 78 predicted cyclin E co-expressing genes.

Table 4.

Top 19 genes with highest connectivity in predicted interaction network.

Gene Symbol	Connectivity (Degree)	Pearson Co.	Spearman Co.
NDC80	19	0.44	0.55
KIF20A	19	0.42	0.61
NEK2	19	0.49	0.64
NUF2	18	0.52	0.61
KIF2C	18	0.45	0.61
TPX2	18	0.46	0.6
BIRC5	17	0.43	0.59
KIF4A	17	0.41	0.62
SPAG5	17	0.47	0.66
CDC25C	16	0.42	0.57
KIFC1	15	0.42	0.56
TRAIP	15	0.43	0.6
TROAP	15	0.4	0.59
GTSE1	15	0.45	0.56
TACC3	15	0.45	0.48
PSRC1	13	0.51	0.5
STMN1	12	0.4	0.43
CENPL	9	0.44	0.6
TUBA3E	6	0.41	0.01

Pearson Co.: Pearson correlation coefficient; Spearman Co.: Spearman correlation coefficient.

Fig. 3.

Transcription factor enrichment analysis of 19 predicted cyclin E co-expressing genes. Percentage of genes enriched for each transcription factor is plotted on the left axis and -log₁₀P on the right axis. The dotted horizontal line represents the P = 0.05 threshold.

High expression of cyclin E and NF-YA is associated with gastric cancer progression and poor prognosis

Based on the previous results, we hypothesized that cyclin E and NF-YA may be related to the promotion of the progression of gastric cancer. As a proof-of-concept, we examined cyclin E and NF-YA protein expression levels in 22 pairs of gastric cancer specimens and non-cancerous counterparts. Significant up-regulation and co-expression (P < 0.001) of cyclin E and NF-YA in gastric cancer were revealed by Western blotting (Fig. 4). The results of Fig. 4A and B showed that cyclin E and NF-YA were highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues compared with adjacent tissues. Fig. 4C showed that high expression of NF-YA tended to be associated with increased cyclin E expression. Analysis of specimen donors' clinical records also revealed that the high expression of NF-YA tended to be associated with increased cyclin E expression, both of which were associated with the progression of gastric cancer (Table 2). We further compared the survival curves of patients with different cyclin E and NF-YA expression levels based on the Western blotting analysis results by Kaplan–Meier curve analysis (Fig. 5). Gastric cancer patients with high cyclin E or high NF-YA expression level clearly showed relatively low overall survival compared to patients with low cyclin E or NF-YA expression (P < 0.05).

Fig. 4.

Western blotting analysis of cyclin E and NF-YA protein expression levels in 22 pairs of gastric cancer specimens (CA) and their non-cancerous counterparts (NC). (A) Representative results of cyclin E and NF-YA protein expression levels in CA and NC samples from one patient. (B) Statistical analysis of cyclin E and NF-YA expression in 22 pairs of CA and NC samples. The gray scale analysis of each band was performed using ImageJ software, and gray scale of each band was normalized to the mean value of that in NC group. P value was calculated automatically. ^aCompared with NC, P < 0.001. (C) Correlation analysis of cyclin E and NF-YA protein expression based on Western blotting results.

Fig. 5.

Kaplan–Meier survival estimates. (A) Kaplan–Meier curve analysis of overall survival of patients with different cyclin E expression levels, P = 0.0417. (B) Kaplan–Meier curve analysis of overall survival of patients with different NF-YA expression levels, P = 0.0325.

Discussion

This study sought to identify genes potentially co-expressed with the cyclin E oncogene in gastric cancer and to clarify the probable regulatory mechanisms. By querying the public TCGA stomach adenocarcinoma sequencing data, 78 genes were implicated possibly being co-expressed with cyclin E. Pearson correlation coefficient evaluation of the correlation between the co-expression of these genes and cyclin E used a coefficient threshold set at 0.4.19, 20 The 78 genes included 5 non-coding genes (LOC642852, PHF2P1, BAIAP2-AS1, CSNK1A1P1, and MIMT1). These non-coding genes and their transcripts (i.e. non-coding RNAs) are important for regulating gene transcription or translation, and their changes in expression level often have a strong influence on phenotype. However, due to their relatively low coefficients (<0.4) and weak correlations with cyclin E, the focus shifted from the non-coding genes to the protein-coding genes with the highest correlation. The top 15 of these genes comprise those implicated in the development of gastric cancer. Jun et al²¹ reported the association of UQCRFS1 amplification with gastric cancer progression and unfavorable prognosis. Yu et al²² subsequently demonstrated that zinc finger protein 331 may suppress gastric carcinogenesis by down-regulating UQCRFS1 as well as other genes involved in cell cycle promotion. Kaneko et al²³ reported that NUF2 (also known as CDCA1) is frequently upregulated in gastric cancer, and targeting this gene by small interfering RNA may induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells in vitro. Similar results have been reported for PSRC1 and NEK2.24, 25, 26 GO annotation is a powerful method to help understand cellular participation and function of a set of genes with potential allocations.27, 28 GO annotation of the 73 protein coding genes potentially co-expressed with cyclin E showed that these genes were mostly enriched in the promotion of the cell cycle and in mitosis. These results strongly suggest that genes co-expressed with cyclin E may have a similar function in promoting cell proliferation and gastric cancer progression.

We further hypothesized that these genes playing similar roles and with potential correlation might be involved or regulated by the same signal regulatory network, and their transcription might be regulated by some shared transcriptional factors. To reveal the interaction network of proteins coded by the 73 discovered cyclin E co-expressing protein coding genes, we employed the STRING online analysis platform to examine the interactions that were experimentally verified or predicted by an algorithm. We further analyzed the topological structure of the summarized interaction network using Cytoscape software.29, 30, 31, 32 We discovered 19 genes at the central of the interaction network of the 73 genes based on the topological structure. Genes with a degree of connection exceeding 15, except for SPAG5, have been previously linked to the development of gastric cancer.33, 34, 35, 36, 37 The result demonstrates the robustness of our bioinformatics analysis methods and reveals a gastric cancer-promoting interaction network associated with cyclin E.

A transcription factor enrichment prediction performed using the FunRich software identified a novel transcription factor, NF-YA, that might be the most significant transcription factor associated with genes in this interaction network that we have discovered. The association of NF-YA with cancer progression has been preliminarily reported in other cancer models.38, 39, 40, 41 The role of NF-YA seems to mainly involve facilitating the transcription of genes in the cell cycle and cell proliferation. Previously, a role of NF-YA in gastric cancer has not been defined.42, 43, 44 NF-YA is a subunit of the NF-Y heterotrimer, which has been suggested to aid tumor development by binding to promoter or enhancer regions of related genes. Its impact on gastric cancer development has not been described. Based on the bioinformatics analysis results, we examined the status of NF-YA and cyclin E expression in paired samples of gastric cancer biopsies and non-cancerous counterparts acquired from 22 gastric cancer patients. Our results strongly suggest that NF-YA is an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients. These results suggest that NF-YA might be involved in increasing the expression of cyclin E and in promoting gastric cancer development by increasing the expression of cell proliferation related genes.

The collective findings support the potential relationship between cyclin E overexpression and the transcription factor NF-YA, both of which have strong prognostic value. NF-YA may promote the progression of gastric cancer by increasing the transcription of cyclin E and other cell cycle promoting genes. Targeting NF-YA may be a feasible therapeutic strategy in treating gastric cancer and further studies are warranted.

Edited by Pei-Fang Wei