Abstract
Plica polonica is an uncommon condition characterized by irreversible matting of hair on the scalp. It is usually associated with psychiatric disturbance, neglect of hair, scalp infestation, and use of ionic surfactants for shampooing. Rarely, plica polonica has been associated with drugs. We report this condition in a patient of metastatic carcinoma breast on docetaxel chemotherapy.
Key words: Chemotherapy, docetaxel, plica polonica
INTRODUCTION
Plica polonica is an uncommon condition, in which there is acquired matting, irreversible twisting, and entanglement of hair. It is also called bird's nest hair, plica neuropathica, or felted hair. It was first described by Le Page in a young girl with hysteria.[1] This condition has been reported in religious persons (Sadhus) in India who raise a plica for wish fulfillment.[2] Herein, we report the case of a female with metastatic carcinoma breast who developed plica polonica after docetaxel chemotherapy. This condition has not been previously reported with docetaxel.
CASE REPORT
A 63-year-old female, known case of metastatic carcinoma breast, presented with spontaneous matting of hair on the scalp for 2 days. She had received docetaxel chemotherapy 2 weeks before presenting to us. There was no associated pain or itching on the scalp. She had normal hair washing and combing habits. She denied a change of shampoo and had not undergone any chemical treatment of hair. Furthermore, she had not cut her hair for many years. There was no psychiatric comorbidity.
On examination, a matted mass of hair was seen in the occipital area along with noncicatricial hair loss in the middle of the scalp extending up to the vertex and in bilateral parietal areas [Figure 1]. There was no erythema, scaling, crusting, or nits. Hair pull test showed easy hair dislodgement. Dermoscopy showed entangled hair shafts. Microscopy showed anagen hair with cuticular damage [Figure 2]. All routine investigations were normal. The patient was counseled about the irreversible nature of the matted hair and cutting of the felted hair was suggested.
Figure 1.
Matted mass of hair in occipital area
Figure 2.
Anagen hair with cuticular damage
DISCUSSION
Exact pathomechanisms for plica polonica are unknown. Hair neglect, frequent combing, shampooing, and parasitic infestation have been implicated.[3,4] It is comparable to felting in textile industries which refers to compaction of fibers subjected to friction and compression in a liquid medium.[5] Overvigorous manipulation of long, curly hair and viscous fluid welding also contribute to felting.[6] Electrostatic attraction between hair triggered by ionic surfactants and facilitated by rubbing increases felting. Other pathomechanisms include excessive weathering and fraying in hair which have not been cut for a long time.[4] Drug-induced hair matting has been reported due to azathioprine, methotrexate, paclitaxel, and carboplatin, and in a patient of papillary cystadenoma ovary on doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and cisplatin.[7,8,9]
Chemotherapeutic drugs impair or disrupt the anagen cycle causing hair follicle dystrophy.[10] Immunosuppressive drugs affect hair matrix cells resulting in narrowed or defective hair shaft. Drug-induced cuticular damage may also predispose to hair matting. Thus, anagen effluvium following chemotherapy and drug-induced cuticular changes might have predisposed to hair matting in our patient. The role of lipids and melanin in hair as binding sites for drugs is not clear. Electrostatic bonding between drugs and proteins in hair or drug-induced changes in hair keratin may have some role in the pathogenesis of this condition. This case highlights a rare side effect of a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug. To the best of our knowledge, plica polonica has not been reported previously due to docetaxel.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES
- 1.Le Page JF. On neuropathic plica. Br Med J. 1884;1:160. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.1204.160. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Bhatia A, Kanish B, Chaudhary P. Plica neuropathica (polonica).A matter of Faith. Int J Sci Stud. 2014;2:91–2. [Google Scholar]
- 3.De D, Narang T, Kanwar AJ. Frequent combing as a cause of plica neuropathica. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:1283–4. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02179.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Wilson CL, Ferguson DJ, Dawber RP. Matting of scalp hair during shampooing – A new look. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1990;15:139–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1990.tb02052.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Bogaty H, Dunlap FE. Matting of hair. Arch Dermatol. 1970;101:348–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Dawber R. Matting of scalp hair due to shampooing: A hypothesis as to the cause. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1984;9:209–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1984.tb00786.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Anisha S, Sukhjot K, Sunil GK, Sandeep P. Bird's nest view from a dermatologist's eye. Int J Trichology. 2016;6:69–70. doi: 10.4103/0974-7753.179393. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Gupta S, Kumar R, Vijay A, Jain SK. Plica polonica in a patient on chemotherapy: A case report with review of literature. Int J Trichology. 2017;9:124–6. doi: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_96_16. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Ramanan C, Ghorpade A. Plica neuropathica after using herbal soap. Int J Dermatol. 1993;32:200–1. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb02794.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Kanwar AJ, Narang T. Anagen effluvium. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2013;79:604–12. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.116728. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]