Abstract
This retrospective study was carried out to investigate factors affecting the prognosis of gliomas for better management of treatment. Clinical data from 186 glioma patients treated in our hospital from January 2013 to June 2016 were analyzed. There was slightly more male than female patients in the cohort. The main clinical symptoms included sudden limb twitching, headache and fatigue, vomiting, vision reduction and speaking disorders. The malignancy was high and the prognosis was poor in the patients, with an overall survival rate of 54.84 % by October 2017. Univariate analysis showed that the prognosis was mainly affected by age, tumor grade, preoperative Karnofsky performance status (KPS), surgical method, postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and postoperative use of temozolomide (TMZ). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for the prognosis were old age (≥ 60), advanced tumor, partial tumor resection, KPS of < 70, no chemotherapy after operation and < 4 courses of postoperative TMZ. The prognosis is negatively affected by age, tumor grade, KPS, and partial tumor resection. Surgical resection combined with chemotherapy and multi-course use of TMZ prolongs the survival time of patients.
Keywords: Glioma, Prognosis, Malignancy, Factor analysis
1. Introduction
Glioma derived from the glial cells is the most common primary malignant tumor in the human central nervous system, accounting for about 65% of primary intracranial tumors [1]. The incidence of glioma has been sharply increasing worldwide in recent years [2]. Gliomas have many different types and the prognosis of gliomas of different grades is affected by many factors. According to the World Health Organization classification scheme, gliomas are morphologically diagnosed as astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed oligoastrocytic tumors, and are further subdivided into I to IV malignant grades based on the extent of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and necrosis [3]. Surgery remains the main therapeutic method, although other therapies, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy, are also used to treat the patients [4, 5]. However, even if treated with surgery combined with postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the prognosis is still poor and the recurrence is high [6-8]. Individual heterogeneity in the survival rates is undoubtedly observed and several prognostic factors that have been found in the recent years, such as age, Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and tumor locality [9, 10]. Recently, several studies have categorized glioblastoma into multiple molecular classes based upon molecular markers for better prognosis, survival time, and response to treatment [11]. Our experience shows that the survival time of glioma patients is not only related to the grade of the tumor. For example, many patients with grade II glioma had a longer survival time, and a few of them recurred within a few months even after surgery. To better understand the factors affecting the prognosis of glioma, we performed this retrospective study on patients that underwent surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The results show that age, tumor grade, KPS, and surgery methods affect the prognosis of glioma. The outcomes would help develop better treatment and care plans for these patients.
2. Subjects and methods
2.1. Subjects
186 glioma patients treated between January 2013 and June 2016 in our hospital were included in this retrospective study. Patients were included if they were diagnosed with glioma [12] and were confirmed by postoperative pathological examination and had complete clinical data. Patients were excluded if they had other brain tumors and incomplete follow-ups. This study was approved by the ethical committee of Zhangjiajie People’s Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from every participant.
2.2. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy
Craniotomy was performed to remove the tumor on the patients under general anesthesia. After the surgery, patients were given radiotherapy with a total dose of 45 to 65 Gy and chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) for various cycles as previously reported [13].
2.3. Data collection
Clinical data were collected from patient’s medical records, including laboratory tests, radiological examinations, medication and surgical records. The data collected included gender, age, medical history, type, clinical stage and diameter of tumor, imaging findings, surgical procedures, radiotherapy and chemotherapy plans and outcomes, last follow-up time and survival time. All patients were followed up until October 2017. Survival rates were calculated and the factors affecting the prognosis were analyzed.
2.4. Statistical analysis here
Data were analyzed using SPSS v18.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Categorical data were expressed as percent. Single factor analysis was performed using χ2 test and multivariate analysis was performed using stepwise Cox regression. Values with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. The clinical manifestations
Among the 186 patients, 118 were males (63.44%) and 68 females (36.56%). They aged from 48 to 72 years and 77.42% were < 60 years old. The manifestations at admission included vomiting (n = 134), limb twitching (n = 104), headache and fatigue (n = 104), sudden limb twitching (n = 96), speaking disorders (n = 64), vision change (n = 40). Among them, 124 (66.67%) patients showed typical symptoms such as headache and fatigue and 62 (33. 33 %) patients had no typical symptoms.
3.2. Tumor assessments
We classified gliomas into low-grade (I and II) and high-grade based on 2007 World Health Organization Classification of the Central Nervous System [14]. Pathological analysis showed that 6 (3.23%) patients had grade I fibrous astrocytoma, 40 (21.51%) patients had grade II low malignant astrocytoma (21.51%), 80 (43. 01 % ) cases had grade III degenerative astrocytoma and 60 cases (32.26%) had grade IV malignant astrocytoma (32.26%). The diameter of tumors ranged from 3.1 to 8.6 cm, among them 70 cases were < 5 cm (37. 63 %) and others were ≥ 5. 0 cm. KPS was between 53 and 87, with 146 (78. 49%) cases being ≥ 70.
3.3. Surgical resection
Complete resection was performed in 134 (72.04%) cases and partial resection in 52 (27.96%) patients. Postoperative radiotherapy was performed in 86 (46.24%) cases and chemotherapy in 144 (77.42%) cases. Temozolomide (TMZ) was used for 2 to 7 courses after operation.
3.4. Univariate analysis
The patients were followed up until October 2017 and 102 patients survived and 84 died. The overall survival rate was 54.84%. Univariate analysis showed that age, tumor grade, preoperative KPS, surgical method, postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and postoperative TMZ treatment were the factors affecting prognosis (Table 1). Among them, the course of TMZ, chemotherapy and age survival rate were highly influential on survival rate (>20%), while radiotherapy, KPS and surgical method were also substantially influential (>15%). On other hand, tumor grade, gender and tumor size were less important on the survival rate (<10%).
Table 1.
Univariate analysis of prognostic factors in 186 glioma patients
| Clinical factor | Number of case | Survival (n/%) | Difference in survival | Χ2 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 6.28 | 0.875 | 1.232 | |||
| Male | 118 | 62 (52.54) | ||||
| Female | 68 | 40 (58.82) | ||||
| Age (year) | 21.53 | 5.271 | 0.021 | |||
| <60 | 42 | 30 (71.53) | ||||
| >= 60 | 144 | 72 (50.00) | ||||
| Tumor diameter (cm) | 0.88 | 0.315 | 0.575 | |||
| < 5 | 70 | 38 (54.29) | ||||
| >= 5 | 116 | 64 (55.17) | ||||
| Tumor grade | 8.63 | 5.941 | 0.015 | |||
| I-II | 46 | 25 (54.34) | ||||
| III-IV | 140 | 64 (45.71) | ||||
| KPS | 17.77 | 14.150 | < 0.001 | |||
| >= 70 | 146 | 88 (60.27) | ||||
| < 70 | 40 | 17 (42.50) | ||||
| Surgical method | 17.39 | 5.102 | 0.036 | |||
| Complete resection | 134 | 80 (59.70) | ||||
| Partial resection | 52 | 22 (42.31) | ||||
| Radiotherapy | 19.00 | 3.941 | 0.011 | |||
| Yes | 86 | 43 (50.0) | ||||
| No | 100 | 31 (31.0) | ||||
| Chemotherapy | 21.62 | 2.414 | 0.022 | |||
| Yes | 144 | 86 (59.72) | ||||
| No | 42 | 16 (38.10) | ||||
| Course of TMZ | 46.21 | 5.301 | 0.012 | |||
| < 4 | 42 | 16 (38.10) | ||||
| >= 4 | 102 | 86 (84.31) |
3.5. Multivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis indicated that elderly (age ≥ 60 years), high-grade, partial resection, low preoperative KPS (< 70), no postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and shorter course of postoperative TMZ (< 4 courses) were independent risk factors for prognosis of glioma patients (Table 2).
Table 2.
Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 186 glioma patients
| Independent variable | Regression coefficient | Standard error | Wald χ2 | p | RR(95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (>=60 years) | 1.467 | 0. 745 | 6.755 | 0.002 | 4.336 (1. 006, 18.675) |
| Advanced tumor | 1.746 | 0.535 | 5.701 | 0.028 | 5.731 (2. 008, 16.356) |
| PKS < 70 | 1.121 | 0.295 | 20.111 | 0.011 | 3.547 (1. 983, 9.182) |
| Partial resection | 1.833 | 0.421 | 9.223 | 0.012 | 5.731 (2. 008, 16.356) |
| No radiotherapy | 1.122 | 0.045 | 10.211 | 0.013 | 4.542 (2. 013, 14.128) |
| No chemotherapy | 1.436 | 0.021 | 23.291 | 0.014 | 5.512 (2. 883, 16.178) |
| TMZ < 4 courses | 1.124 | 0.323 | 10.213 | 0.001 | 3.642 (1. 016, 8.128) |
4. Discussion
Gliomas are often highly aggressive and the prognosis is poor and the survival time is short [15]. Some risk factors
have been found to contribute to the pathogenesis of gliomas, such as ionizing radiation, genetic syndromes, dietary and occupational exposures [16, 17]. Although surgical resection and postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy delay tumor progression, the overall cure rate is still low, the recurrence rate is high. This is consistent with our results. The reported median survival time of this disease is only 14 months, and the median survival time is only about 1 year [18-20]. In our cohort, the survival rate is 54.84% after followed-up for four years and nine months to one year and four months, which is higher than that in a previous report [21].
Previous studies have shown that many factors affect the prognosis of glioma patients but remain elusive in their effects [22, 23]. Pathological grading, age of onset, surgical methods, and use of postoperative adjuvant therapy are shown to be directly related to the prognosis of patients [24, 25]. High-grade (above III) tumors have greater invasive growth than low-grade (below III) gliomas, suggesting that tumor grade is an important prognostic factor [26]. Currently, surgery is considered to be the first choice for treatment. Complete removal of the tumor is crucial for successful treatment [27, 28]. Since some patients have large tumor, or small but deeply located tumor where it is complexed with the nerves, blood vessels with unclear tumor and normal tissue boundary, surgical recession is often very challenging even under microscopy, resulting in complications and high recurrence [28-30].
A number of studies have shown that the median survival time after postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy and TMZ (> 4 courses) is longer than that without radiotherapy and chemotherapy or with < 4 TMZ courses, suggesting that postoperative therapies are beneficial to remove residual tumor cells and improve efficacy [31, 31, 32, 33].
Recent studies also show that preoperative KPS is a good prognosis indicator for glioma patients. For example, the median survival time of patients with KPS of >70 is longer than that of patients with KPS of < 70 (21.5 months vs 11.5 months), indicating that a higher KPS predicts better prognosis [34, 35]. Our study showed that gender and tumor diameter are not related to the prognosis, which are consistent with the previous results [34, 35].
Multivariate regression analysis showed that elderly (age < 60 years) patients, advanced tumors, partial resection, low preoperative KPS (< 70), no radiotherapy, no chemotherapy, and short TMZ course (< 4) are independent risk factors for the prognosis of glioma patients. Furthermore, based on the impact of these parameters on courses of TMZ, chemotherapy and age survival rate, are highly influential on survival rate (>20%), while radiotherapy, KPS and surgical method are also substantially influential (>15%). On other hand, tumor grade, gender and tumor size are less important on the survival rate (<10%). However, it was found that for grade II glioma patients, tumor size is negatively associated with prognosis [36]. It is not clear why the tumor size does not impact the survival rate significantly in our study. It is likely the size of tumors may be not correlated to the tumor grade. Consequently, to better treat glioma patients, it is necessary to take in consideration the above risk factors, and implement reasonable and comprehensive treatment plans accordingly.
Since this is a single center study, the sample size is relatively small. Furthermore, as a retrospective study, data were solely based on medical records. Therefore, the conclusion needs further validation with more data.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by Health Department of Hunan Province, China (grant no. 201305)
Footnotes
Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
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