B. pertussis activates expression of iron acquisition systems in vivo. (A to C) A model representing B. pertussis alcaligin, enterobactin, and heme acquisition systems. OM/IM, outer/inner membrane. (D) B. pertussis iron and heme acquisition systems highly expressed in vivo compared to expression in vitro. Yellow denotes highly expressed B. pertussis alcaligin acquisition system genes, green denotes highly expressed enterobactin acquisition system genes, and white represents highly expressed heme acquisition system genes.