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The effect of tartary buckwheat extract on pro-inflammatory cytokines. (A) mRNA level of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 in adipose tissue, and (B) serum TNF-α. The mRNA level was normalized to GAPDH. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 8). Values with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. NOR: normal diet; HFD: 45% high-fat diet; TB-L: HFD + 0.5% TB; TB-H: HFD + 1.0% TB.
