Abstract
Background
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic form of self-limited vasculitis in children less than five years old, and the main complication is coronary artery injury. However, the etiology of KD remains unclear. The IL-1B polymorphisms rs16944 GG and rs1143627 AA and their diplotype GA/GA have been associated with significantly increased risk of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance in a Taiwanese population, but the relationship between rs16944 A/G and rs1143627 G/A and coronary artery lesions (CALs) in patients with KD has not been investigated. The present study is aimed at investigating whether the rs16944 A/G and rs1143627 G/A polymorphisms in IL-1B were associated with KD susceptibility and CALs in a southern Chinese population.
Methods and Results
We recruited 719 patients with KD and 1401 healthy children. Multiplex PCR was used to assess the genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including two SNPs of IL-1B, rs16944 A/G and rs1143627 G/A. According to the results, no significant association was observed between the IL-1B (rs16944 and rs1143627) polymorphisms and KD risk in the patients compared with the healthy controls in our southern Chinese population. However, in further stratified analysis, we found that children younger than 12 months with the rs16944 GG and rs1143627 AA genotypes of IL-1B had a higher risk of CALs than those with the AA/AG genotypes of rs16944 and GG/AG genotypes of rs1143627 (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.32-3.95, P = 0.0032, adjusted OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.34-4.04, P = 0.0027).
Conclusions
Our results indicated that there was no association between the rs16944 A/G and rs1143627 G/A gene polymorphisms and KD susceptibility. However, the rs16944 GG and rs1143627 AA genotypes of IL-1B may significantly impact the risk of CAL formation in children younger than 12 months, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of KD. These findings need further validation in multicenter studies with larger sample sizes.
1. Introduction
Kawasaki disease (KD) is characterized by systemic vasculitis and always occurs in children younger than 5 years. KD is also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome [1]. Coronary artery lesions (CALs) are a major complication. In the acute stage, administration of a single high dose of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is an effective treatment that reduces the incidence of CALs. However, approximately 3-5% of treated children still develop coronary artery abnormalities and coronary aneurysms (CAAs) [2]. Therefore, KD has become the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children and is also an important cause of coronary artery injury in adults [3–5]. Thus far, over 60 countries throughout the world have reported cases of KD; the number of cases is highest in Japan, where the annual incidence rate of KD is approximately 300/100,000 among children less than 4 years old and 10/1,000 have a history of KD by 10 years of age [6–9]. Taiwan of China has the third highest incidence of KD in the world after Japan and Korea, with an incidence of 82.8/100,000 [10, 11]. The etiology of KD is not yet fully understood and may be related to infection, immune response, and genetic susceptibility.
Many studies have shown that immune activation and secretion of various cytokines play a key role in the pathogenesis of KD by mediating the imbalance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. A variety of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been reported to increase significantly during acute KD, such as IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 [12–14]. These proinflammatory cytokines induce endothelial cell apoptosis, which is the cause of vascular endothelial injury in KD and has been implicated in the development of the disease [15–17]. Studies have indicated that genetic abnormalities affect the expression of cytokines, and changes in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes may influence the function of the corresponding cytokines [18]. The IL-1 family includes IL-1α, IL-1B, and IL-1Ra, which play fundamental roles in the inflammatory processes of KD. Two SNPs of IL-1B with functional implications have been reported, IL-1B rs16944 G and IL-1B rs1143627 A, and their effects on gene expression have been examined. IL-1B rs16944 G has been shown to have a relationship with increased transcriptional activity, rs1143627 A has been found to be related to reduce promoter activity, and the haplotype GA (rs16944 and rs1143627) has been associated with greater transcriptional activity than the other haplotypes. Weng et al. [19] demonstrated that the IL-1B rs16944 GG and IL-1B rs1143627 AA genotypes or the GA/GA diplotype may be associated with initial IVIG treatment failure in Taiwanese children with KD, but no association with susceptibility to KD was observed. SNPs of IL-1B (rs1143634, rs16944, and rs1143627) or IL-1A-889 have been reported to have no significant association with KD susceptibility in Korean [20], Iranian [21], or Taiwanese populations [22].
Although polymorphisms in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1B have been investigated in Korean, Iranian, and Taiwanese populations with KD, none has been examined in southern Chinese children with KD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of genetic polymorphisms in cytokine IL-1B rs16944 A/G and rs1143627 G/A with susceptibility to KD with or without CALs in southern Chinese children.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
A case control study was conducted on 719 patients with KD at Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center in China, mainly between February 2013 and November 2017. The diagnosis of KD was based mainly on the Japanese diagnostic criteria [23]. Simultaneously, 1,401 age- and gender-matched subjects without cardiovascular risk factors and fever were selected as a control group. This study was approved by the Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center Ethics Committee (ethics number: 2014073009) under Trial Registration Number Chi CTR-EOC-1701326. All parents of the patients and control candidates were given detailed information about the study aim and signed informed consent.
2.2. DNA Extraction and Genotype
All collected experimental whole blood samples were thawed on ice, and DNA was extracted from 200 μl of whole blood per sample using a Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The concentration and quality of genomic DNA were measured using a nucleic acid quantifier, and the sample was stored at -80°C until later use. We performed multiplex PCR to genotype the SNPs, including rs16944 A/G and rs1143627 G/A. The primer sequences were as follows: rs16944: forward 5′-TAAATGGGTACAATGAAGGGCCA-3′, reverse 5′-CAATTTTCTCCTCAGAGGCTCCT-3′; rs1143627: forward 5′-TCGAAGAGGTTTGGTATCTGCC-3′, reverse 5′-GCTTCCACCAATACTCTTTTCCC-3′. Briefly, high-quality genomic DNA samples were genotyped by PCR using multiple gene-specific primer pairs to enrich the specific SNPs and indexing primers to enable massive parallel sequencing on the Ion Proton System (Life Technologies). For the specific procedures, please refer to our previous article [24]. Moreover, to ensure the accuracy of the genotyping results, we randomly selected approximately 5% of the control and case samples for repeated analysis, and the results were 100% concordant with the initial analysis.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
The chi-square test was performed to evaluate the distributions of demographic variables and genotype frequencies in KD patients and controls. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was calculated for samples by using the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test. The association between the rs16944 A>G and rs1143627 G>A polymorphisms of IL-1B and KD susceptibility was evaluated by calculating the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI), and an unconditional univariate logistic regression analysis was performed. Adjusted ORs were calculated by multivariate analysis with adjustment for age and gender. All statistical analyses were conducted using SAS software (Version 9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA), and P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics of Patients with KD
The clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The clinical and demographic variables are from the recruited study population of 719 cases and 1,401 KD-free controls. There were no significant differences between the KD patients and controls in terms of age (P = 0.147) and gender (P = 0.546). The mean ages were 28.96 ± 25.34 months for patients (range 1-166) and 28.05 ± 28.05 months for controls (range 1-144). Of the KD patients, 32.13% and 67.87% were female and male, respectively, and the controls were 33.55% female and 66.45% male. According to the American diagnostic guidelines, CALs were defined as coronary vessels with an internal diameter ≥ 2.0-3.0 mm in a child younger than 5 years of age or >4.0 mm in those 5 years of age and older [25]. According to the coronary artery condition, the KD patients were divided into those with CALs (43.39%) and without CALs (NCALs) (56.61%).
Table 1.
Frequency distribution of selected variables for cases and controls.
| Variables | Cases (n = 719) | Controls (n = 1401) | P a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | ||
| Age range, month | 1.00-166.0 | 1.00-144 | 0.147 | ||
| Mean ± SD | 28.96 ± 25.34 | 28.05 ± 25.31 | |||
| ≤12 | 251 | 34.91 | 534 | 38.12 | |
| 12-60 | 414 | 57.58 | 742 | 53.96 | |
| >60 | 54 | 7.51 | 125 | 8.92 | |
| Gender | 0.546 | ||||
| Female | 231 | 32.13 | 470 | 33.55 | |
| Male | 488 | 67.87 | 931 | 66.45 | |
| Coronary artery outcomes | |||||
| CALs | 312 | 43.39 | |||
| NCALs | 407 | 56.61 | |||
CALs: coronary artery lesions; NCALs: no coronary artery lesions. aTwo-sided χ2 test for distributions between cases and controls.
3.2. Associations of IL-1B Gene Polymorphisms with KD Risk and CALs of KD
The genotype distributions of the selected SNPs of IL-1B, rs16944 A/G and rs1143627 G/A, and their associations with KD risk are displayed in Table 2. The genotype frequencies of the samples met HWE. Unfortunately, we did not observe any significant associations between the two SNPs and the risk of KD. Using the rs16944 AA genotype as the reference, the AG variant genotype (AG vs. AA) had an adjusted OR of 1.2 (95% CI = 0.95-1.51, P = 0.120); the GG genotype (GG vs. AA) had an adjusted OR of 1.17 (95% CI = 0.90-1.51, P = 0.233). Using the rs1143627 GG genotype as the reference, the AG variant genotype (AG vs. GG) had an adjusted OR of 1.21 (95% CI = 0.97-1.53, P = 0.091), and the AA genotype (AA vs. GG) had an adjusted OR of 1.19 (95% CI = 0.92-1.54, P = 0.192). Under the additive, dominant, and recessive models, there were no significant associations between the rs16944 A/G and rs1143627 G/A polymorphisms and KD susceptibility after adjusting for age and gender (rs16944 additive model: adjusted OR = 1.08, P = 0.260; dominant model AG+GG vs. AA: adjusted OR = 1.19, P = 0.118; recessive model GG vs. AA+AG: adjusted OR = 1.03, P = 0.758; and rs1143627 additive model: adjusted OR = 1.09, P = 0.210; dominant model AG+AA vs. GG: adjusted OR = 1.21, P = 0.087; and recessive model AA vs. GG+AG: adjusted OR = 1.04, P = 0.718).
Table 2.
Genotype distributions of IL-1B gene polymorphisms and Kawasaki disease susceptibility.
| Genotype | Cases (N = 719) | Controls (N = 1,401) | P a | Crude OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | P b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs16944 (HWE = 0.34) | |||||||
| AA | 154 (21.42) | 342 (24.41) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| AG | 367 (51.04) | 682 (48.68) | 1.20 (0.95-1.50) | 0.127 | 1.20 (0.95-1.51) | 0.120 | |
| GG | 198 (27.54) | 377 (27.91) | 0.24 (0.90-1.51) | 0.240 | 1.17 (0.90-1.51) | 0.233 | |
| Additive | 0.294 | 1.08 (0.95-1.22) | 0.266 | 1.08 (0.95-1.22) | 0.260 | ||
| Dominant | 565 (78.58) | 1,059 (75.59) | 0.122 | 1.19 (0.95-1.47) | 0.124 | 1.19 (0.96-1.48) | 0.118 |
| Recessive | 521 (72.46) | 1,024 (73.09) | 0.758 | 1.03 (0.84-1.26) | 0.757 | 1.03 (0.84-1.26) | 0.758 |
| rs1143627 (HWE = 0.47) | |||||||
| GG | 156 (21.70) | 350 (24.98) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| AG | 371 (51.60) | 687 (49.04) | 1.21 (0.97-1.52) | 0.098 | 1.21 (0.97-1.53) | 0.091 | |
| AA | 192 (26.70) | 364 (25.98) | 1.18 (0.92-1.53) | 0.199 | 1.19 (0.92-1.54) | 0.192 | |
| Additive | 0.235 | 1.08 (0.95-1.23) | 0.217 | 1.09 (0.96-1.23) | 0.210 | ||
| Dominant | 563 (78.30) | 1,051 (75.02) | 0.091 | 1.20 (0.97-1.49) | 0.093 | 1.21 (0.79-1.50) | 0.087 |
| Recessive | 527 (73.30) | 1,037 (74.02) | 0.720 | 1.04 (0.85-1.27) | 0.720 | 1.04 (0.85-1.27) | 0.718 |
a χ 2 test for genotype distributions between Kawasaki disease patients and controls. bAdjusted for age and gender.
We then assessed whether there were associations between the IL-1B gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to CALs in KD. Overall, 312 CALs and 407 NCALs were successfully genotyped, as listed in Table 3. We did not observe any significant associations between the two SNPs (rs16944 A/G, rs1143627 G/A) and the development of KD susceptibility (rs16944 AG vs. AA: adjusted OR = 1.01, P = 0.941; GG vs. AA: adjusted OR = 1.27, P = 0.277; additive model: adjusted OR = 1.13, P = 0.247; rs16944 dominant model AG+GG vs. AA: adjusted OR = 1.10, P = 0.616; recessive model GG vs. AA+AG: adjusted OR = 1.25, P = 0.179; rs1143627 AG vs. GG: adjusted OR = 1.01, P = 0.945; AA vs. GG: adjusted OR = 1.26, P = 0.291; additive model: adjusted OR = 1.13, P = 0.266; rs1143627 dominant model AG+AA vs. GG: adjusted OR = 1.09, P = 0.633; recessive model AA vs. GG+AG: adjusted OR = 1.25, P = 0.194) after adjusting for age and gender.
Table 3.
Genotype distributions of IL-1B gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease.
| Genotype | CALs (N = 312) | NCALs (N = 407) | P a | Crude OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | P b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs16944 | |||||||
| AA | 64 (20.51) | 90 (22.11) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| AG | 154 (49.36) | 213 (52.33) | 1.02 (0.69-1.49) | 0.932 | 1.01 (0.69-1.49) | 0.941 | |
| GG | 94 (30.13) | 104 (25.55) | 1.27 (0.83-1.94) | 0.269 | 1.27 (0.83-1.94) | 0.277 | |
| Additive | 0.396 | 1.40 (0.92-1.40) | 0.239 | 1.13 (0.92-1.40) | 0.247 | ||
| Dominant | 248 (79.49) | 317 (77.89) | 0.604 | 1.10 (0.77-1.59) | 0.604 | 1.10 (0.76-1.58) | 0.616 |
| Recessive | 218 (69.87) | 303 (74.45) | 0.174 | 1.26 (0.90-1.75) | 0.174 | 1.25 (0.90-1.74) | 0.179 |
| rs1143627 | |||||||
| GG | 65 (20.83) | 91 (22.36) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| AG | 156 (50.00) | 215 (52.83) | 1.02 (0.70-1.48) | 0.935 | 1.01 (0.69-1.48) | 0.945 | |
| AA | 91 (29.17) | 101 (24.82) | 1.26 (0.82-1.93) | 0.286 | 1.26 (0.82-1.93) | 0.291 | |
| Additive | 0.426 | 1.13 (0.91-1.40) | 0.261 | 1.13 (0.91-1.40) | 0.266 | ||
| Dominant | 247 (79.17) | 316 (77.64) | 0.622 | 1.09 (0.76-1.57) | 0.623 | 1.09 (0.76-1.57) | 0.633 |
| Recessive | 221 (70.83) | 306 (75.18) | 0.192 | 2.16 (0.77-6.06) | 0.146 | 1.25 (0.89-1.74) | 0.194 |
CALs: coronary artery lesions; NCALs: no coronary artery lesions. aχ2 test for genotype distributions between Kawasaki disease patients and controls. bAdjusted for age and gender.
3.3. Stratification Analysis of IL-1B Gene Polymorphisms with CAL Susceptibility
We further explored the association between IL-1B gene polymorphisms and CALs in children with KD in stratified analyses considering age and gender (Tables 4 and 5). We found that younger children (≤12 months old) with rs16944 GG genotypes and rs1143627 AA genotypes were at significantly higher risk of CALs than those with AA/AG genotypes and GG/AG genotypes (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.32-3.95, P = 0.0032, adjusted OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.34-4.04, P = 0.0027).
Table 4.
Stratification analysis for the association between rs16944 A>G polymorphism and susceptibility to CALs in Kawasaki disease.
| Variables | AA/AG | GG | Crude OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | P a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CALs/NCALs | ||||||
| rs16944 | ||||||
| Age, month | ||||||
| ≤12 | 74/98 | 50/29 | 2.28 (1.32-3.95) | 0.0032 | 2.33 (1.34-4.04) | 0.0027 |
| 12-60 | 123/188 | 37/66 | 0.85 (0.54-1.36) | 0.513 | 0.86 (0.54-1.37) | 0.533 |
| >60 | 21/17 | 7/9 | 0.63 (0.19-2.04) | 0.441 | 0.62 (0.19-2.02) | 0.425 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Females | 65/108 | 28/30 | 1.55 (0.85-2.83) | 0.152 | 1.47 (0.80-2.69) | 0.211 |
| Males | 153/195 | 66/74 | 1.14 (0.77-1.69) | 0.523 | 1.15 (0.77-1.70) | 0.500 |
aAdjusted for age and gender.
Table 5.
Stratification analysis for the association between rs1143627 A>G polymorphism and susceptibility to CALs in Kawasaki disease.
| Variables | GG/AG | AA | Crude OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | P a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CALs/NCALs | ||||||
| rs1143627 | ||||||
| Age, month | ||||||
| ≤12 | 74/98 | 50/29 | 2.28 (1.32-3.95) | 0.0032 | 2.33 (1.34-4.04) | 0.0027 |
| 12-60 | 126/191 | 34/63 | 0.82 (0.51-1.31) | 0.320 | 0.83 (0.51-1.33) | 0.435 |
| >60 | 21/17 | 7/9 | 0.63 (0.19-2.04) | 0.441 | 0.62 (0.19-2.02) | 0.425 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Females | 66/108 | 27/30 | 1.47 (0.81-2.69) | 0.209 | 1.47 (0.80-2.69) | 0.211 |
| Males | 155/198 | 64/71 | 1.15 (0.77-1.71) | 0.140 | 1.16 (0.78-1.73) | 0.460 |
aAdjusted for age and gender.
4. Discussion
In the present study, our results revealed no association between the two selected SNPs in IL-1B and KD susceptibility in southern Chinese children, as observed previously in Iranian and Taiwanese populations. We failed to find any significant association between the IL-1B (rs16944 and rs1143627) gene polymorphisms and the risk of CALs compared with NCALs in KD. However, in the stratified analysis, if the age of onset was 12 months or younger, we observed that carriers of the IL-1B rs16944 GG genotypes and IL-1B rs1143627 AA genotypes had a higher risk of CALs in KD than those carrying the IL-1B rs16944 AA/AG genotypes and IL-1B rs1143627 GG/AG genotypes.
KD has been extensively studied in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, treatment, prognosis, and intervention factors, but the pathogenesis of KD has not been clearly elaborated [26–28]. Abnormal activation of the immune system is thought to be a central characteristic of KD. Cytokines and inflammatory mediators interact with each other to magnify the immune effect, eventually leading to the persistence of vascular endothelial cell damage and aggravation. Inflammatory cytokines play an important role in KD. Many reports have illustrated that serum levels of cytokines, including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-27, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-2, and IL-1B, are increased significantly in the acute phase of KD [29, 30]. Characterizing serum cytokine profiles may help predict disease prognosis and target treatment strategies in KD patients. Genetic data have revealed the key role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of KD. For example, in a study with 55 cases and 140 controls, Assari et al. [31] found a positive association of the CC genotype of IL-4 (-590, 33) and a negative association of the CT genotype at -590 with the risk of KD in an Iranian population. Data from studies in the Taiwanese population support the significant associations of the CC genotype and CC/CC diplotype at IL-10 (-819, -592) with the risk of KD and a relationship of the G allele frequencies of IL-10 (-1082) gene polymorphisms with CAA development in KD [32, 33]. These cytokine gene polymorphisms have been found to be associated with KD susceptibility, and some SNPs of cytokine genes affect the expression of cytokines in KD. However, some studies of SNPs in genes encoding cytokines, such as IL-6 (-636 C/G) [34], the IL-6 promoter at +162 bp, +168 bp, and -594 bp [35], and IL-4 (-590 C/T, 8375 A/G) [36], have clarified that they have no association with susceptibility to KD.
The IL-1 family includes IL-1α, IL-1B, and IL-1Ra, which play fundamental roles in the inflammatory processes of KD. Lee et al. [37] indicated that in a KD mouse model, IL-1B regulates the development of CALs and is blocked by an IL-1 receptor antagonist. Furthermore, IL-1 levels may be influenced by IL-1 polymorphisms. Thus, IL-1A, IL-1B, and IL1RN are considered attractive candidate genes for vasculitis. IL-1B has been reported to be related to the functionality of SNPs within the gene, and IL-1B rs16944 and rs1143627 are essentially in complete linkage disequilibrium [38]. In genetic studies, Weng et al. [19] reported that the haplotypes of IL-1B (rs16944 and rs1143627) did not correlate with the risk of KD and IVIG resistance, but the IL-1B rs16944 GG and rs1143627 AA genotypes or the GA/GA diplotype significantly increased the risk of IVIG resistance in Taiwanese children with KD. Assari et al. [21] showed no statistically significant association between IL-1B (rs16944 and rs1143634) polymorphisms and KD patients in an Iranian population. Furthermore, the results of a study by Kim et al. [20] suggested that IL-1B rs1143634 G/A is associated with genetic susceptibility to KD and that there is no significant difference in the frequency of this genotype between KD with CALs (n = 32) and KD without CALs (n = 77). In the present case control study, we repeated this exploration of IL-1B rs16944 and rs1143627 genetic polymorphisms and KD susceptibility, but we also investigated the association of these two SNPs with or without CAL formation in southern Chinese children with KD. We found that two SNPs of the IL-1B gene were not associated with KD or the development of CAL susceptibility, but in children less than 12 months of age, compared with carriers of the AA/AG and GG/AG genotypes, carriers of the IL-1B rs16944 GG and rs1143627 AA genotypes had a significantly increased risk of development of CALs (P = 0.0027), which may be ascribed to the fact that young children may be more genetically susceptible to KD risk. Additionally, the incidence of KD tends to be higher in children younger than 5 years of age. Moreover, according to the data from epidemiological studies, KD is an age- and gender-related disease that generally occurs in children aged <5 years and is more severe in children aged <12 months [39, 40]. However, the factors underlying our results are unclear. There are several limitations that need to be mentioned. First, this was a single-center investigation of southern Chinese children with KD, and thus, the power of the results may be limited. Other centers with larger sample sizes need to be included in replication studies to verify this association. Second, we examined only the IL-1B rs16944 A/G and rs1143627 G/A polymorphisms; other potential SNPs of IL-1B and potential mechanisms of polymorphisms were not considered and remain to be studied. Third, due to a lack of information on the living environment, exposure factors, and dietary intake, we analyzed only the relationship between IL-1B gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to CALs in this study.
In conclusion, although there was no association between IL-1B (rs16944 and rs1143627) gene polymorphisms and KD susceptibility or the formation of CALs, these SNPs may contribute greatly to the risk of CALs in southern Chinese children younger than 12 months of age. However, studies investigating the IL-1B rs16944 A/G and rs1143627 G/A polymorphisms with multicenter and larger populations are needed to confirm our results.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Clinical Biological Resource Bank of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center for providing all clinical samples and the Guangdong Early Childhood Development Applied Engineering and Technology Research Center. This study was supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program (973 Program), China, under grant number 2015CB755402-037; the Guangdong Natural Science Fund, China, under grant number 2016A030313836; the Guangdong Science and Technology Project of China under grant number 2017A030223003; the Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Fund, China, under grant numbers 20162112 and 20171204; the Guangzhou Science and Technology Program Project, China, under grant numbers 201607010011, 2015100160, 201707010270, and 201804010035; the Guangzhou Health and Health Science and Technology Project, China, under grant number 20191A011021; and the Guangzhou Medical And Health Technology Projects, China, under grant number 20171A011260.
Contributor Information
Li Zhang, Email: zhangliheart2016@163.com.
Techang Liu, Email: liutechang2006@aliyun.com.
Xiaoqiong Gu, Email: guxiaoqiong@gwcmc.org.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors had no conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this article.
Authors' Contributions
All authors contributed significantly to this work. LF, XT, QL, DC, PH, LP, HZ, ZL, YQ, LZ, TC, and XQ performed the research study and collected the samples and data; LF and XT analyzed the data; ZL, TC, and XG designed the research study; LF and GX wrote the paper; LF prepared all the tables. All authors reviewed the manuscript. In addition, all authors read and approved the manuscript. LanYan Fu, Xiantao Qiu, and QiuLian Deng contributed equally to this study.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.