Table 2.
Multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs of pancreatic cancer risk according to quartiles of consumption of N-nitroso compounds (µg per 1000 kcal/day)
| N-nitroso compounds from dietary sources | Quartiles of intakea | P trend b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Total N-nitroso compoundsc | |||||
| Mean (range) | 22.53 (4.39–30.07) | 35.23 (28.72–41.13) | 46.45 (38.42–54.30) | 74.19 (48.39–287.8) | |
| Case/control | 255/235 | 234/234 | 197/235 | 271/234 | |
| Age and energy-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | 1.09 (0.85–1.41) | 0.47 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)d | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.71–1.23) | 0.75 (0.56–0.99) | 1.08 (0.82–1.43) | 0.58 |
| Plant sources | |||||
| Mean (range) | 18.98 (0.56–26.60) | 31.44 (24.69–37.26) | 42.59 (34.31–50.73) | 70.60 (45.41–283.10) | |
| Case/control | 256/235 | 230/234 | 204/235 | 267/234 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)e | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | 0.80 (0.61–1.07) | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) | 0.75 |
| Animal sources | |||||
| Mean (range) | 2.13 (0.10–2.84) | 3.25 (2.80–3.68) | 4.10 (3.45–4.64) | 5.70 (4.58–11.44) | |
| Case/control | 287/235 | 223/234 | 219/235 | 228/234 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.58–1.00) | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | 0.75 (0.57–1.00) | 0.06 |
| NDEA | |||||
| Mean (range) | 0.04 (0.008–0.06) | 0.06 (0.05–0.07) | 0.08 (0.06–0.09) | 0.12 (0.09–0.39) | |
| Case/control | 159/235 | 198/234 | 268/235 | 332/234 | |
| Age and energy-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.26 (0.96–1.67) | 1.72 (1.31–2.25) | 2.16 (1.66–2.82) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)d | 1.00 | 1.35 (1–1.82) | 1.89 (1.41–2.53) | 2.28 (1.71–3.04) | <0.0001 |
| Plant sources | |||||
| Mean (range) | 0.01 (<0.001–0.02) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.03 (0.02–0.04) | 0.05 (0.03–0.15) | |
| Case/control | 168/235 | 210/234 | 280/235 | 299/234 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)e | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.94–1.70) | 1.66 (1.24–2.22) | 1.93 (1.44–2.60) | <0.0001 |
| Animal sources | |||||
| Mean (range) | 0.02 (<0.001–0.03) | 0.04 (0.03–0.05) | 0.05 (0.04–0.06) | 0.09 (0.06–0.38) | |
| Case/control | 224/235 | 189/234 | 219/235 | 325/234 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.61–1.09) | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | 1.35 (1.03–1.78) | 0.004 |
| NDMA | |||||
| Mean (range) | 0.28 (0.09–0.41) | 0.45 (0.36–0.70) | 0.58 (0.47–0.96) | 0.99 (0.62–3.45) | |
| Case/control | 239/235 | 239/234 | 230/235 | 249/234 | |
| Age and energy-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.77–1.29) | 0.99 (0.77–1.28) | 1.09 (0.84–1.41) | 0.47 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)d | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | 1.03 (0.78–1.37) | 1.03 (0.78–1.37) | 0.78 |
| Plant sources | |||||
| Mean (range) | 0.04 (<0.001–0.05) | 0.06 (0.04–0.07) | 0.08 (0.05–0.10) | 0.12 (0.07–0.37) | |
| Case/control | 158/235 | 227/234 | 300/235 | 272/234 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)e | 1.00 | 1.48 (1.10–1.99) | 1.97 (1.48–2.64) | 1.93 (1.42–2.61) | <0.0001 |
| Animal sources | |||||
| Mean (range) | 0.18 (0.02–0.33) | 0.33 (0.25–0.56) | 0.43 (0.35–0.74) | 0.74 (0.46–3.37) | |
| Case/control | 250/235 | 234/234 | 201/235 | 272/234 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.74–1.28) | 0.87 (0.65–1.15) | 1.17 (0.89–1.54) | 0.26 |
| NDBAg | |||||
| Mean (range) | 0.80 (<0.001–1.35) | 1.73 (1.22–2.18) | 2.69 (1.96–3.43) | 4.54 (2.96–13.76) | |
| Case/control | 279/235 | 249/234 | 233/235 | 196/234 | |
| Age and energy-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.71–1.16) | 0.84 (0.65–1.08) | 0.71 (0.55–0.92) | 0.01 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)d,f | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.66–1.14) | 0.85 (0.65–1.21) | 0.64 (0.48–0.85) | 0.003 |
| NPYR | |||||
| Mean (range) | 0.09 (0.02–0.11) | 0.13 (0.11–0.14) | 0.16 (0.14–0.20) | 0.25 (0.19–0.79) | |
| Case/control | 250/235 | 226/234 | 262/235 | 219/234 | |
| Age and energy-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.71–1.18) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | 0.88 (0.68–1.14) | 0.48 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)d | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.65–1.13) | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) | 0.18 |
| Plant sources | |||||
| Mean (range) | 0.03 (0.006–0.04) | 0.04 (0.036–0.05) | 0.05 (0.04–0.06) | 0.07 (0.06–0.16) | |
| Case/control | 240/235 | 211/234 | 255/235 | 251/234 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)e | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.80–1.41) | 1.22 (0.92–1.60) | 1.07 (0.81–1.42) | 0.57 |
| Animal sources | |||||
| Mean (range) | 0.04 (0.002–0.06) | 0.07 (0.06–0.09) | 0.10 (0.08–0.12) | 0.16 (0.11–0.76) | |
| Case/control | 261/235 | 255/234 | 213/235 | 228/234 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 0.76 (0.58–1.00) | 0.77 (0.58–1.02) | 0.04 |
| Nitrate (NO3)h | |||||
| Mean (range) | 21.67 (3.67–29.39) | 34.37 (27.75–40.42) | 45.54 (37.11–53.44) | 73.29 (47.62–286.87) | |
| Case/control | 258/235 | 236/234 | 192/235 | 271/234 | |
| Age and energy-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) | 0.76 (0.59–0.99) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 0.55 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)d | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | 0.72 (0.55–0.96) | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 0.67 |
| Plant sources | |||||
| Mean (range) | 18.97 (0.56–26.59) | 31.43 (24.68–37.25) | 42.58 (34.31–50.72) | 70.59 (45.40–283.09) | |
| Case/control | 256/235 | 230/234 | 204/235 | 267/234 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)e | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | 0.80 (0.61–1.07) | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) | 0.75 |
| Animal sources | |||||
| Mean (range) | 1.63 (0.09–2.19) | 2.46 (2.08–2.77) | 3.05 (2.52–3.44) | 4.24 (3.25–8.07) | |
| Case/control | 296/235 | 196/234 | 220/235 | 245/234 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)f | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.52–0.90) | 0.74 (0.56–0.97) | 0.82 (0.62–1.08) | 0.24 |
| Nitrite (NO2)g,h | |||||
| Mean (range) | 0.37 (0.01–0.59) | 0.70 (0.55–0.84) | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) | 1.55 (1.16–3.86) | |
| Case/control | 291/235 | 226/234 | 225/235 | 215/234 | |
| Age and energy-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.62–1.03) | 0.77 (0.60–1.00) | 0.75 (0.59–0.97) | 0.04 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)d,f | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.63–1.09) | 0.79 (0.60–1.04) | 0.68 (0.51–0.91) | 0.01 |
The mean and range units for all NOCs are µg/1000 kcal/day, except total NOCs, nitrate and nitrite, which used unit of mg/1000kcal/day.
aQuartile cutoff points were determined based on the FFQ-specific control’s distribution.
b P trend was calculated by using the median value of each quartile of NOC consumption as a continuous variable in the multivariable-adjusted model.
cIntake of total NOCs capture all 21 individual NOCs, nitrate and nitrite.
dThe model was adjusted for total calorie as continuous values, and age group, sex, race, education level, BMI status, alcohol level, and history of diabetes, smoking status, and family history of pancreatic cancer as categorized in Table I.
eMultivariable-adjusted model for NOCs from plant sources additionally adjusted for red and processed meet intake (classified as four-level categorical).
fMultivariable-adjusted model for NOCs from animal sources additionally adjusted for total vegetable and fruit intake level (classified as four-level categorical).
gTotal nitrite consumption was all from animal sources.