Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the association between hematological parameters at birth and the risk of moderate-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in a cohort of extremely preterm infants.
Methods
This is a retrospective study of all extremely premature infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital from January 2016 to May 2018. Extremely prematurity was defined as a delivery at a gestational age ≤ 28 weeks or a birth weight ≤ 1000 g. BPD was diagnosed if oxygen exposure exceeded 28 days and the severity was decided at 36 weeks PMA or discharge. Multivariable analysis was performed to assess the independence of the association between hematological parameters at birth and risk of moderate or severe BPD.
Results
A total of 115 extremely premature infants were analyzed in this study. The median platelet count, neutrophil and monocyte count at birth were significantly higher in infants with moderate-severe BPD compared to infants without BPD (228 vs 194*109/l, P = 0.004; 5.0 vs 2.95*109/l, P = 0.023; 0.88 vs 0.63*109/l, P = 0.026, respectively) whereas the mean platelet volume was significantly lower in infants with moderate-severe BPD than those without BPD (9.1 vs 9.4 fl, P = 0.002). After adjusting for covariates, the risk of moderate-severe BPD was independently associated with platelet count≥207*109/l (odds ratio 3.794, 95% confidence interval: 1.742–8.266, P = 0.001).
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that hematologic parameters at birth are different in extremely preterm infants who will develop moderate-severe BPD. A higher platelet count at birth may increase the risk of moderate-severe BPD after extremely premature birth.
Keywords: Extremely prematurity, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Hematology, Platelets
Introduction
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) affects around 50% of extremely preterm infants [1, 2]. Over the past decades, the survival rate of extremely preterm infants has remarkably increased due to the improvement in perinatal care, such as surfactant therapy and ventilation strategies [3]. Concomitantly, the number of new BPD cases is steadily increasing [4].
The pathogenesis of BPD is largely attributed to the arrested lung development in these extreme preemies [5]. Gestational age at birth is thus of paramount important for the risk of BPD provided that preterm birth interrupts the programmed pulmonary development during intrauterine life [6]. BPD is nearly-always present in survivals from gestations less than 23 weeks (saccular stage of lung development) [7], whereas the risk of BPD in infants born after 30 weeks of gestation steeply declines to 1% [8].
Currently, BPD is thought to begin during the first days of life [9, 10]. The identification of high risk infants therefore facilitates timely intervention to reduce the occurrence of BPD. In preterm infants, hematologic testing is routinely performed at birth to evaluate the neonatal condition. Different types of blood cells play an important role in pulmonary inflammation and associated lung injury in preterm infants [11]. Carlo Dani et. al and F. Cekmez et. al both reported a high level of mean platelet volume (MPV) in the first days of life is associated with increased risk of BPD in preterm infants [9, 12]. However, the association between hematologic parameters at birth and the risk of BPD in extremely premature infants remains elusive. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate clinical hematologic parameters at birth and their association with moderate and severe BPD in a cohort of extremely preterm infants.
Methods and materials
Study design and population
This is a retrospective study performed at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital from January 2016 to May 2018. This study was approved by the institutional ethic committee. All extremely preterm infants cared for in our center were included in the present study. We excluded neonates due to major congenital anomalies and death prior to the diagnosis of BPD.
Definition of clinical variables
Extreme prematurity was defined as a delivery at a gestational age ≤ 28 weeks or a birth weight ≤ 1000 g. The diagnosis and severity of BPD in preterm birth was assessed using the consensus definition of National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Briefly, BPD was diagnosed when supplemental oxygen was needed for more than 28 days and the severity was assessed according to the oxygen concentration required at 36 weeks PMA or discharge [13, 14]. (Suspected) Early-onset neonatal sepsis occurring within the first 72 h of life was defined as the following criteria: a positive culture of blood and/or the presence of clinical signs of infection with abnormal chest radiograph profiles, hematological features and maternal risk factors [15].
Data collection
The following data were retrieved from the electronic medical record, including maternal age, mode of conception, maternal complications such as gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), premature prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), chorioamnionitis, small for gestational age (SGA), antenatal steroid, delivery methods, need for resuscitation, gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), Apgar score, sex, whole blood test at birth, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), surfactant treatment, ventilation mode, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and (suspected) early onset neonatal sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and pulmonary hemorrhage. Antenatal steroid treatment was considered if at least one dose of dexamethasone was administrated 12 h prior to delivery. Surfactant treatment was recorded if at least one course of surfactant was administrated. Blood testing was performed on Mindray 5390 (Shenzhen, China) using the samples collected within 3 h after birth from the umbilical venous or umbilical artery catheter of the infants.
Statistics
The sample size calculation was based on the platelet count from our clinical laboratory. At 90% power and α = 0.05, 51 infants in each group would be sufficient to detect a significant difference. Hematologic parameters were expressed as median [interquartile range (IQR)]. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of continuous variables. Unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney U test was adopted to analyze continuous variables, as appropriate. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test were used to compare categorical data, as appropriate. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the independent risk factors of moderate or severe BPD. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated in logistic regression analysis. Afterwards, receiver-operator curve (ROC) was applied to calculate the cut-off values to dichotomize the corresponding continuous variables significantly related to the occurrence of moderate or severe BPD in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Finally, univariable logistic regression model was built to find the independent risk factors for the occurrence of moderate or severe BPD and its related morbidities.
Ethical statement
The Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC) approved the collection and usage of the clinical information for research purposes and waived the requirement for informed consent (IEC No. [2018]-082).
Results
A total of 318 extremely premature infants were admitted to our NICU during the study period. Diagnosis of BPD was made in 166 (75%) infants in which 106 (48%) infants were categorized as mild BPD and 60 (27%) as moderate-severe BPD (Fig. 1). After applying exclusion criteria, 115 extremely premature infants were included in this study, in which 97 (84%) were born before 28 weeks and 18 (16%) born after 28 weeks with birthweight lower than 1000 g. The median of GA at birth was 26.4 (IQR: 25.1–27.6) weeks. The clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
Fig. 1.
Flowchart of cases selection and analysis. 115 extremely premature infants were enrolled in this study. BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia. NICU, neonatal intensive care unit
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics by bronchopulmonary dysplasia status
| Variable | Infants without BPD (n = 55) | Infants with moderate or severe BPD (n = 60) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| maternal age, yr | 32 (29–36) | 32 (29–34) | 0.406 |
| conception by ART | 4 (7%) | 16 (27%) | 0.006 |
| GDM | 3 (6%) | 4 (7%) | 0.786 |
| gestational hypertension | 9 (16%) | 3 (5%) | 0.046 |
| PPROM | 13 (24%) | 24 (40%) | 0.061 |
| chorioamnionitis | 6 (11%) | 2 (3%) | 0.015 |
| Intubation at resuscitation | 25 (45%) | 53 (88%) | < 0.001 |
| antenatal steroid treatment | 37 (67%) | 49 (82%) | 0.076 |
| cesarean section delivery | 25 (46%) | 10 (17%) | 0.001 |
| gestational age at birth, wk | 27.3 (26.1–28.6) | 25.8 (24.5–26.8) | < 0.001 |
| birth weight, gr | 890 (740–980) | 770 (687–910) | 0.039 |
| SGA | 18 (33%) | 5 (8%) | 0.001 |
| male | 26 (47%) | 39 (65%) | 0.055 |
| NRDS | 43 (78%) | 54 (90%) | 0.081 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 22 (40%) | 51 (85%) | < 0.001 |
| (Suspected) Early-onset neonatal sepsis | 9 (16%) | 26 (43%) | 0.002 |
| Apgar score at 1 min | 7 (5–9) | 5 (5–8) | 0.041 |
| Apgar score at 5 min | 10 (9–10) | 10 (8–10) | 0.133 |
| surfactant treatment | 32 (59%) | 53 (88%) | < 0.001 |
| PDA | 10 (18%) | 35 (58%) | < 0.001 |
| IVH grade 3 or 4 | 5 (9%) | 9 (15%) | 0.333 |
| NEC | 2 (4%) | 3 (5%) | 0.541 |
| pneumothorax | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 0.950 |
| pulmonary hemorrhage | 2 (4%) | 4 (7%) | 0.681 |
Data were displayed as median (interquartile range) or number (percentage). ART assisted reproductive technology, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, PPROM preterm premature rupture of the membranes, SGA small for gestational age, NRDS neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, PDA patent ductus arteriosus, IVH intraventricular hemorrhage, NEC necrotizing enterocolitis
Univariable analysis showed that the moderate-severe BPD group had higher rate of conception by ART (27% vs 7%), intubation at resuscitation (88% vs 45%), mechanical ventilation (85% vs 40%), (suspected) early onset neonatal sepsis (43% vs 16%), PDA (58% vs 18%) and surfactant treatment (88% vs 59%, Table 1). In addition, infants with moderate-severe BPD had lower gestational age (25.8 vs 27.3 weeks), birth weight (770 vs 890 g) and 1-min Apgar score (5 vs 7), as well as lower rate of gestational hypertension (5% vs 16%), chorioamnionitis (3% vs 11%), cesarean section delivery (17% vs 46%) and SGA (8% vs 33%, Table 1).
The comparison of hematologic parameters at birth between infants without BPD and with moderate or severe BPD was displayed in Table 2. The platelet count, neutrophils count and percentage, monocyte count and percentage were significantly higher in infants with moderate or severe BPD compared with no BPD infants (228 vs 194 *109/l, p = 0.004; 5.0 vs 2.95 *109/l, p = 0.023; 49.1% vs 37.4%, p = 0.032; 0.88 vs 0.63 *109/l, p = 0.026 and 8.0% vs 6.8%, p = 0.04, respectively). The mean platelet volume (MPV), basophil percentage and lymphocyte percentage were significantly lower infants with moderate or severe BPD compared with no BPD infants (9.1 vs 9.4 fl, p = 0.002, 0.2% vs 0.3%, p = 0.011 and 38.5% vs 53.45%, p = 0.022, respectively).
Table 2.
Hematologic features at birth by bronchopulmonary dysplasia status
| Variables | Infants without BPD(n = 55) | Infants with moderate or severe BPD (n = 60) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| WBC count,109/l | 9.12 (6.28–15.89) | 11.2 (6.9–20.9) | 0.141 |
| RBC count,1012/l | 4.22 (3.74–4.59) | 4.2 (3.9–4.5) | 0.523 |
| platelet count,109/l | 194.00 (131.00–245.00) | 228 (189–259)** | 0.004 |
| Neutrophils count,109/l | 2.95 (1.68–6.46) | 5.0 (2.4–13.1)* | 0.023 |
| lymphocyte count,109/l | 4.14 (3.17–6.94) | 4.1 (3.0–6.7) | 0.675 |
| Eosinophil count,109/l | 0.12 (0.05–0.18) | 0.11 (0.06–0.22) | 0.492 |
| Basophil count,109/l | 0.02 (0.01–0.06) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.060 |
| monocyte count,109/l | 0.63 (0.37–1.12) | 0.88 (0.57–1.55)* | 0.026 |
| Neutrophil percentage, % | 37.40 (26.50–57.30) | 49.1 (36.6–63.0)* | 0.032 |
| Lymphocyte percentage, % | 53.45 (33.35–64.83) | 38.5 (29.4–54.3)* | 0.022 |
| Eosinophil percentage, % | 1.20 (0.60–2.03) | 1.1 (0.6–1.6) | 0.845 |
| Basophil percentage, % | 0.30 (0.10–0.50) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3)* | 0.011 |
| Monocyte percentage, % | 6.80 (4.55–8.63) | 8.0 (4.9–10.3)* | 0.040 |
| Hb level, g/l | 161.00 (138.75–179.75) | 156 (143–167) | 0.523 |
| Hematocrit, % | 50.70 (45.40–56.08) | 50 (45–52) | 0.171 |
| MCV, fl | 120.40 (113.35–128.70) | 120 (114–124) | 0.549 |
| MCH, pg | 38.40 (36.05–39.95) | 38 (36–40) | 0.582 |
| MCHC, g/l | 315.00 (306.75–325.50) | 319 (307–326) | 0.910 |
| RDW, % | 16.5 (15.4–17.8) | 15.7 (15.3–16.4) | 0.079 |
| MPV, fl | 9.4 (9.00–9.85) | 9.1 (8.7–9.4)** | 0.002 |
| PDW, % | 16.75 (16.60–17.10) | 16.7 (16.4–17.0) | 0.273 |
Data were displayed as median (interquartile range). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 are compared with no BPD group. WBC white blood cell, RBC red blood cell, Hb hemoglobin, MCV mean corpuscular volume, MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, RDW red cell distribution width, MPV mean platelet volume, PDW platelet distribution width
These potential risk factors were subsequently entered into the multivariable regression model. We found that the risk of moderate-severe BPD was independently associated with intubation at resuscitation (OR 4.020, 95% CI: 1.124–14.376, P = 0.032), PDA (OR 7.209, 95% CI: 1.980–26.251, P = 0.003), (suspected) early-onset neonatal sepsis (OR 6.697, 95% CI: 1.659–27.034, P = 0.008) and platelet count (OR 1.011, 95% CI: 1.002–1.021, P = 0.022, Table 3).
Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis of selected variables associated with BPD
| Variables | No BPD (n = 55) | Moderate or severe BPD (n = 60) | p | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age, weeks | 27.3 (26.1–28.6) | 25.8 (24.5–26.8) | 0.100 | 0.733 (0.506, 1.062) |
| Platelet count, 109/L | 194.00 (131.00–245.00) | 228 (189–259) | 0.022 | 1.011 (1.002, 1.021) |
| (Suspected) Early-onset neonatal sepsis, no | 46 (84%) | 34 (57%) | – | – |
| (Suspected) Early-onset neonatal sepsis, yes | 9 (16%) | 26 (43%) | 0.008 | 6.697 (1.659, 27.034) |
| PDA, no | 45 (82%) | 25 (42%) | – | – |
| PDA, yes | 10 (18%) | 35 (58%) | 0.003 | 7.209 (1.980, 26.251) |
| Intubation at resuscitation, no | 30 (55%) | 7 (12%) | – | – |
| Intubation at resuscitation, yes | 25 (45%) | 53 (88%) | 0.032 | 4.020 (1.124, 14.376) |
PDA patent ductus arteriosus
Receiver-operator curve was applied to calculate the cut-off value of the significant continuous variables optimally assessing the risk moderate-severe BPD (Fig. 2). A platelet counts of less than 207 *109/l was concluded as the best cut-off value with area under the curve (0.655), sensitivity (0.717), specificity (0.600) and Youden index (0.317). The clinical outcome of this cohort was stratified by the platelet count (Table 4). Besides the effect on the occurrence of moderate and severe BPD, the NICU stay of infants with platelet count > 207 *109/l at birth was slightly longer compared with infants with platelet count ≤207 *109/l at birth (89 (IQR: 62–120) vs 71 (IQR: 50–99), P = 0.048).
Fig. 2.
ROC curve of Platelet count with different BPD state and calculation of the cut-off. The cut-off value was calculated to get a maximum Youden’s Index (sensitivity+specificity-1)
Table 4.
Stratification of the Clinical outcome of entire cohort by platelet count at birth
| Variables | Platelet ≤ 207*109/l (n = 50) | Platelet>207*109/l (n = 65) | Odd Ratio | 95%CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate or severe BPD | 17 (34%) | 43 (50%) | 3.794 | (1.742, 8.266) | 0.001 |
| ROP requiring intervention | 12 (24%) | 19 (29%) | 1.367 | (0.589, 3.177) | 0.466 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 4 (8%) | 7 (10.8%) | 1.270 | (0.893, 1.179) | 0.718 |
| IVH grade 3 or 4 | 5 (10%) | 9 (13.8%) | 1.446 | (0.453, 4.621) | 0.532 |
| NEC | 1 (2%) | 4 (6.2%) | 3.213 | (0.348, 29.683) | 0.386 |
| Hospital Stay | 71 (50–99) | 89 (62–120) | – | (−40.020, 10.200) | 0.048 |
| Death | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.5%) | – | – | – |
Data were displayed as median (interquartile range) or number (percentage). ROP retinopathy of prematurity, IVH intraventricular hemorrhage, NEC necrotizing enterocolitis
Discussion
The present study systematically analyzed the hematologic parameters at birth in a cohort of extremely premature infants and further evaluated the association between these features and the risk of moderate or severe BPD. We found that the platelet counts at birth were significantly higher in infants developing to moderate-severe BPD in later life. In addition to the well-known risk factors like intubation at resuscitation, PDA and (suspected) early-onset neonatal sepsis, this study showed that platelet count at birth was also an independent risk factor for the occurrence of moderate-severe BPD. Gestational age, may be owing to the population characters, was identified as a non-independent risk factor.
BPD is a severe complication that leads to increased short- and/or long-term morbidity and mortality. Several hematologic parameters during the first days of life are related to the increased risk of BPD. Palta, M et. al found low neutrophil count (< 1*109/l) predicted the BPD severity level (OR: 1.7, 95% CI:1.1–2.7) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants [16], which is opposite to findings in the current study. Noticeably, a neutrophil count of less than 1*109/l was only detected in 5 infants without BPD and 6 infants with moderate-severe BPD. This discrepancy may thus be attributed to the small sample size in current study. Large studies are needed to validate the predictability of neutrophil count at birth for the risk of BPD.
The association of MPV with the risk of BPD was reported in several studies [9, 12]. Dani et. al found that MPV > 11 fl at 24–48 h after birth in infants born earlier than 30 weeks was associated with the occurrence of moderate and severe BPD whereas the MPV and platelet count at birth were comparable in infants with and without moderate-severe BPD [9]. Cekmez et.al also found an increased MPV in the first days of life was associated with the development of BPD group in infants born < 34 weeks or with birth weight < 1500 g [12]. However, a slightly lower MPV at birth was found in infants developing into moderate or severe BPD in current study. These discrepancies may be owing to the different study populations.
It is interesting that the platelet counts at birth was associated with the occurrence of moderate-severe BPD. However, the underlying mechanisms remains to be elucidated. Pulmonary inflammation plays a pivotal role in the arrested lung development following extremely preterm birth [4, 5]. In a recent study, Sreeramkumar et al. report that activated platelets initiate inflammation through directing of the neutrophil migration [17]. The elimination of platelets in blood remarkably mitigates pulmonary injury in a mice model of acute lung injury [18]. The lung has been recognized as a site of platelet biogenesis [19], leading to the realization that the immature lung may be a fragile organ in case of inflammation. We thus speculate that the inhibition of platelet activation may ameliorate pulmonary inflammation in extremely premature infants.
A newborn’s platelet count can be influenced by several factors. Infection and inflammation may increase the platelet shortly and then consume a lot. Antibodies generated by maternal immune system under some pathologic condition may also enter the fetal circulation, attack the platelet and lead to decreased platelet count in newborn [20]. In current study, only 4 infants were born with a platelet count less than 100,000/uL, and none of their mothers had platelet count less than 100,000/uL on the day of birth. Besides, maternal complications like preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction accompanied by chronic hypoxia may stimulate the generation of reticulocytes and reduce the number and total masses of megakaryocyte, as well as blunt the function of platelet [21]. To exclude these confounding factors, we included early onset neonatal sepsis, chorioamnionitis, SGA and gestational hypertension in our analysis.
The main strength of our study is the great applicability in routine practice. BPD remains a major challenge for perinatologists. The accurate and rapid identification of high-risk infants is of paramount importance for the prevention of BPD. However, our data should be interpreted with care. Besides of the retrospective design, an inclusion bias in our study has incurred because we excluded the infants who died before the diagnosis of BPD was made. These infants may be also at increased risk of moderate or severe BPD due to the intubation in most cases prior to death. Moreover, the cut-off value of hematologic parameters at birth was calculated in a relatively small cohort of extremely preterm infants. Large prospective studies are required to confirm the findings in this study. The function of the platelet was not measured in this manuscript. Besides, it would be interesting to have a look at the continuous platelet count in the first week of life and its predictive value for BPD.
Conclusion
In conclusion, hematologic parameters at birth are different in extremely preterm infants with moderate-severe BPD. A platelet count > 207*109/l at birth is an independent predictor for the occurrence of moderate-severe BPD.
Acknowledgements
We kindly acknowledged Panpan Sun for the advice on statistics used in the study.
Funding
This study is supported by the Shenzhen Health and Family Planning Commission (SZBC2018011), Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee (JCYJ20160429102107498) and Shenzhen Medical Sanming Project (SZSM201612045). The funders were not involved in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or manuscript preparation.
Availability of data and materials
The raw dataset analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- 95%CI
95% confidence interval
- ART
Assisted reproductive technology
- BPD
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- BW
Birth weight
- ELBW
Extremely low birth weight
- GA
Gestational age
- GDM
Gestational diabetes mellitus
- Hb
Hemoglobin
- IVH
Intraventricular hemorrhage
- MCH
Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin
- MCHC
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
- MCV
Mean corpuscular volume
- MPV
Mean platelet volume
- NEC
Necrotizing enterocolitis
- NICU
Neonatal intensive care unit
- NRDS
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
- OR
Odds ratios
- PDA
Patent ductus arteriosus
- PDW
Platelet distribution width
- PPROM
Premature prelabor rupture of membranes
- RDW
Red blood cell distribution width
- ROC
Receiver-operator curve
- ROP
Retinopathy of prematurity
Authors’ contributions
FW, CY, and XC conceptualized and designed the study, and wrote the first draft of the manuscripts. XC, HL and XQ carried out the clinical data collection and data analysis. FW and CY reviewed and revised the manuscripts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The Shenzhen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Institutional Ethical Committee approved the collection and usage of the clinical information for research purposes before the investigation was initiated and waived the requirement for informed consent (IEC No. [2018]-082).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Chuanzhong Yang, Email: yangczgd@163.com.
Frans J. Walther, Email: fjwalther@ucla.edu
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The raw dataset analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.