Skip to main content
NCBI home page
CNS Drug Reviews logoLink to CNS Drug Reviews
. 2007 Jun 9;13(2):137–177. doi: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00008.x

Ziprasidone for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: A Review of the Clinical Trials

William M Greenberg 1, Leslie Citrome 1
PMCID: PMC6494156  PMID: 17627670

ABSTRACT

Ziprasidone is a newer “atypical” or “second‐generation” antipsychotic. Oral ziprasidone (ziprasidone hydrochloride) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia, and acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder (with or without psychotic features). Ziprasidone intramuscular (ziprasidone mesylate) is FDA‐approved for acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia. Oral ziprasidone appears efficacious, and has been shown to have some limited clinical advantages over chlorpromazine and haloperidol in ameliorating negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In Phase 2 of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) for schizophrenia, ziprasidone did not match the clinical performance of olanzapine and risperidone, appearing closer in overall effectiveness to quetiapine. The rate of dose titration and the dose achieved may have an important bearing on ziprasidone's efficacy profile. In studies of usage for acute agitation in individuals with schizophrenia, intramuscular ziprasidone has been shown to be efficacious and relatively well tolerated. Regarding tolerability, ziprasidone, has important advantages in that it is not associated with clinically significant weight gain or adverse changes in cholesterol, triglycerides, or glycemic control, and patients may experience moderate improvement in these measures when switching to ziprasidone from a different antipsychotic agent. It also lacks significant persistent effects on prolactin levels, is not anticholinergic, and only infrequently causes extrapyramidal side effects or postural hypotension, although it can be associated with somnolence. This tolerability profile may be quite valuable in the treatment of some patients. Ziprasidone may prolong the electrocardiogram (ECG) QTc interval (QT interval corrected for heart rate by a standard algorithm), but after 5 years' clinical availability ziprasidone (by itself) does not appear to pose a substantial clinical problem in this regard. Therefore, ziprasidone may be considered a first‐line drug option in the treatment of schizophrenia or manic episodes, but, in view of the differences among antipsychotic medications, drug selection should be guided by the patient's individual characteristics and situation.

Keywords: Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia, Ziprasidone

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (176.9 KB).

Conflict of Interest: Leslie Citrome, MD, MPH, is a consultant for, has received honoraria from, or has conducted clinical research supported by the following: Abbott Laboratories, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Barr Laboratories, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, Forest Research Institute, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and Pfizer Inc. William M. Greenberg, M.D. has received honoraria from, or conducted clinical research supported by the following: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Pfizer, Inc.

REFERENCES

  1. Addington DEN, Pantelis C, Dineen M, Benattia I, Romano SJ (2004) Efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone versus risperidone in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: An 8‐week, double‐blind, multicenter trial. J Clin Psychiatry 65:1624–1633. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allison DB, Mentore JL, Heo M, Chandler LP, Cappelleri JC, Infante MC, Weiden PJ (1999) Antipsychotic‐induced weight gain: A comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry 156:1686–1696. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity (2004) Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry 65:267–272. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Ananth J, Burgoyne KS, Niz D, Smith M (2004). Tardive dyskinesia in 2 patients treated with ziprasidone. J Psychiatry Neurosci 29:467–469. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Arato M, O'Connor R, Meltzer HY, ZEUS Study Group (2002) A 1‐year, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of ziprasidone 40, 80 and 160 mg/day in chronic schizophrenia: The Ziprasidone Extended Use in Schizophrenia (ZEUS) study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 17:207–215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Barak Y, Mazeh D, Plopski I, Baruch Y (2006) Intramuscular ziprasidone treatment of acute psychotic agitation in elderly patients with schizophrenia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 14:629–633. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Borovicka MC, Bond LC, Gaughan KM (2006) Ziprasidone‐ and lithium‐induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Ann Pharmacother 40:139–142. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bowie CR, Harvey PD (2005) Cognition in schizophrenia: Impairments, determinants, and functional importance. Psychiatr Clin North Am 28:613–633,626. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Breier A, Berg PH, Thakore JH, Naber D, Gattaz WF, Cavazzoni P, Walker DJ, Roychowdhury SM, Kane JM (2005) Olanzapine versus ziprasidone: Results of a 28‐week double‐blind study in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 162:1879–1887. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Brook S, Lucey JV, Gunn KP, Ziprasidone IM Study Group (2000) Intramuscular ziprasidone compared with intramuscular haloperidol in the treatment of acute psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 61:933–941. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brook S, Walden J, Benattia I, Siu CO, Romano SJ (2005) Ziprasidone and haloperidol in the treatment of acute exacerbation of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: Comparison of intramuscular and oral formulations in a 6‐week, randomized, blinded‐assessment study. Psychopharmacology 178:514–523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Caley CF, Cooper CK (2002) Ziprasidone: The fifth atypical antipsychotic. Ann Pharmacother 36:839–851. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Citrome L (2005) Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. J Psychopharmacol 19(6 Suppl):84–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Citrome L, Goldberg JF, Stahl SM (2005) Toward convergence in the medication treatment of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Harv Rev Psychiatry 13:28–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Citrome L, Jaffe A, Levine J (2007) The ups and downs of dosing second‐generation antipsychotics. Psychiatr Serv 58:11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Citrome L, Nolan KA, Volavka J (2004) Science‐Based Treatment of Aggression and Agitation In: Fishbein D. (Ed), The Science, Treatment, and Prevention of Antisocial Behaviors, Volume 2, Kingston , New Jersey : Civic Research Institute, Inc. [Google Scholar]
  17. Citrome L, Stroup TS (2006) Schizophrenia, clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness (CATIE) and number needed to treat: How can CATIE inform clinicians? Int J Clin Pract 60:933–940. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Citrome L, Volavka J (2002) Optimal dosing of atypical antipsychotics in adults: A review of the current evidence. Harv Rev Psychiatry 10:280–291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Citrome L, Volavka J, Czobor P, Brook S, Loebel A, Mandel FS (2006) Efficacy of ziprasidone against hostility in schizophrenia: Post hoc analysis of randomized, open‐label study data. J Clin Psychiatry 67:638–642. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Crane DL (2005) Ziprasidone as an augmenting agent in the treatment of anxiety‐spectrum disorders. CNS Spectr 10:176–179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Daniel DG, Potkin SG, Reeves KR Swift RH, Harrigan EP (2001) Intramuscular (IM) ziprasidone 20 mg is effective in reducing acute agitation associated with psychosis: A double‐blind, randomized trial. Psychopharmacology 155:128–134. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Daniel DG, Zimbroff DL, Potkin SG, Reeves KR, Harrigan EP, Lakshminarayanan M, Ziprasidone Study Group (1999) Ziprasidone 80 mg/day and 160 mg/day in the acute exacerbation of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: A 6‐week placebo‐controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 20:491–505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Daniel DG, Zimbroff DL, Swift RH, Harrigan EP (2004) The tolerability of intramuscular ziprasidone and haloperidol treatment and the transition to oral therapy. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 19:9–15. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Davis JM, Chen N, Glick ID (2003) A meta‐analysis of the efficacy of second‐generation antipsychotics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:553–564. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Deutschman DA, Deutschman DH (2005) High‐dose ziprasidone: Efficacy and tolerability in clinical practice. Poster presented at the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, April 2‐6, 2005, Savannah , Georgia , US .
  26. Dunn J, Ramey T, Giller E, English P, Riesenberg R, Trivedi J, Tochilov V (2005) Efficacy and tolerability of intramuscular ziprasidone in acute bipolar mania: 12‐week, double‐blind study. Eur Psychiatry 20(Suppl 1):S128‐P‐03‐05. [Google Scholar]
  27. Glassman AH, Bigger JT Jr (2001) Antipsychotic drugs: Prolonged QTc interval, torsades de pointes, and sudden death. Am J Psychiatry 158:1774–1782. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Goff DC, Posever T, Herz L, Simmons J, Kletti N, Lapierre K, Wilner KD, Law CG, Ko GN (1998) An exploratory haloperidol‐controlled dose‐finding study of ziprasidone in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18:296–304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gray NS (2004) Ziprasidone‐related neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with Parkinson's disease: A diagnostic challenge. Hum Psychopharmacol 19:205–207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Hamelin BA, Allard S, Laplante L, Miceli J, Wilner KD, Tremblay J, LeBel M (1998) The effect of timing of a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel atypical antipsychotic agent ziprasidone. Pharmacotherapy 18:9–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Harvey PD, Meltzer H, Simpson GM, Potkin SG, Loebel A, Siu C, Romano SJ (2004) Improvement in cognitive function following a switch to ziprasidone from conventional antipsychotics, olanzapine, or risperidone in outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 66:101–113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Harvey PD, Siu CO, Romano S (2004a) Randomized, controlled, double‐blind, multicenter comparison of the cognitive effects of ziprasidone versus olanzapine in acutely ill inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Psychopharmacology 172:324–332. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Heinrich TW, Biblo LA, Schneider J (2006) Torsades de pointes associated with ziprasidone. Psychosomatics 47:264–268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hirsch SR, Kissling W, Bäuml, J , Power A, O'Connor R (2002) A 28‐week comparison of ziprasidone and haloperidol in outpatients with stable schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 63:516–523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Joyce AT, Harrison DJ, Loebel AD, Carter CT, Ollendorf DA (2006) Effect of initial ziprasidone dose on length of therapy in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 83:285–292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H (1988) Clozapine for the treatment‐resistant schizophrenic: A double‐blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:789–796. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kane JM, Khanna S, Rajadhyaksha S, Giller E (2006) Efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone in patients with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 21:21–28 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Kaufman KR, Stern L, Mohebati A, Olsavsky A, Hwang J (2006) Ziprasidone‐induced priapism requiring surgical treatment. Eur Psychiatry 21:48–50. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Keating AM, Aoun SL, Dean CE (2005) Ziprasidone‐associated mania: A review and report of 2 additional cases. Clin Neuropharmacol 28:83–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Keck ME, Müller MB, Binder EB, Sonntag A, Holsboer F (2004) Ziprasidone‐related tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry 161:175–176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Keck PE, Potkin SG, Giller E, Ice K, Warrington L, Dunn J (2004a) Ziprasidone's long‐term efficacy and safety in bipolar disorder. Poster NR745 presented at the 157th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, New York , NY , May 1–6, 2004.
  42. Keck P Jr, Buffenstein A, Ferguson J, Feighner J, Jaffe W, Harrigan EP, Morriessey MR (1998) Ziprasidone 40 mg and 120 mg/day in the acute exacerbation of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: A 4‐week placebo‐controlled trial. Psychopharmacology 140:173–184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Keck PE Jr, Versiani M, Potkin S, West SA, Giller E, Ice K, Ziprasidone in Mania Study Group (2003) Ziprasidone in the treatment of acute bipolar mania: A three‐week, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized trial. Am J Psychiatry 160:741–748. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kinon BJ, Lipkovich I, Edwards SB, Adams DH, Ascher‐Svanum H, Siris SG (2006) A 24‐week randomized study of olanzapine versus ziprasidone in the treatment of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in patients with prominent depressive symptoms. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26:157–162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Kopecek M, Bares M, Mohr P (2005) Ziprasidone‐induced galactorrhea: A case report. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 26:69–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kraemer HC, Kupfer DJ (2006) Size of treatment effects and their importance to clinical research and practice. Biol Psychiatry 59:990–996. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Leibold J, Patel V, Hasan RA (2004) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with ziprasidone in an adolescent. Clin Ther 26:1105–1108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Lesem MD, Zajecka JM, Swift RH, Reeves KR, Harrigan EP (2001) Intramuscular ziprasidone, 2 mg versus 10 mg, in the short‐term management of agitated psychotic patients. J Clin Psychiatry 62:12–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Leucht S, Pitschel‐Walz G, Engel RR, Kissling W (2002) Amisulpride, and unusual “atypical” antipsychotic: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 159:180–190. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Levy WO, Robichaux‐Keene NR, Nunez C (2004) No significant QTc interval changes with high‐dose ziprasidone: A case series. J Psychiatr Pract 10:227–232. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, Keefe RSE, Davis SM, Davis CE, Lebowitz BD, et al. (2005) Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 353:1209–1223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Lieberman J, Warrington L, Loebel A, Siu C (2005a) Remission in schizophrenia: A comparison of 2 dose regimens of ziprasidone versus haloperidol treatment in a 3‐year double‐blind extension study. Poster presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, December 11–15, 2005, Waikoloa , Hawaii .
  53. Lusskin SI, Cancro R, Chuang L, Jacobson J (2004) Prolactin elevation with ziprasidone. Am J Psychiatry 161:1925. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Martel M, Sterzinger A, Miner J, Clinton J, Biros M (2005) Management of acute undifferentiated agitation in the emergency department: A randomized double‐blind trial of droperidol, ziprasidone, and midazolam. Acad Emerg Med 12:1167–1172. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Goff DC, Nasrallah HA, Davis SM, Sullivan L, Meltzer HY, Hsiao J, Stroup TS, Lieberman JA (2005) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: Baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophr Res 80:19–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Meltzer HY, O'Connor R (2000) Long‐term efficacy of oral ziprasidone in schizophrenia: Results of three controlled trials. Poster presented at the 39th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, December 13, 2000, San Juan , Puerto Rico .
  57. Meyer JM, Nasrallah HA, McEvoy JP, Goff DC, Davis SM, Chakos M, Patel JK, Keefe RSE, Stroup TS, Lieberman JA (2005) The Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Schizophrenia Trial: Clinical comparison of subgroups with and without the metabolic syndrome. Schizophr Res 80:9–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Meyer J, Newcomer JW, Loebel AD, Cohen GM (2005a) Differential effects of atypical antipsychotics on indices of metabolic syndrome (abstract). Schizophr Bull 31:566. [Google Scholar]
  59. Mota NE, Lima MS, Soares BG (2002) Amisulpride for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001357. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Mullins CD, Shaya FT, Zito JM, Obeidat N, Naradzay J, Harrison DJ (2006) Effect of initial ziprasidone dose on treatment persistence in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 83:277–284. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Olié J‐P, Spina E, Murray S, Yang R (2006) Ziprasidone and amisulpride effectively treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Results of a 12‐week, double‐blind study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 21:143–151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Oral ET, Altinbas K, Demirkiran S (2006) Sudden akathisia after a ziprasidone dose reduction. Am J Psychiatry 163:546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Papakostas GI, Petersen TJ, Nierenberg AA, Murakami JL, Alpert JE, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M (2004) Ziprasidone augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for SSRI‐resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 65:217–221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Pfizer (2000) FDA Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee (2000) Briefing document for ZeldoxÒ capsules (ziprasidone HCl). New York : Pfizer Inc, July 19, 2000. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/backgrd/3619b1a.pdf. Accessed November 13, 2006. [Google Scholar]
  65. Pfizer (2001) FDA Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee (2001) Briefing document for ziprasidone mesylate for intramuscular injection. February 15, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/AC/01/briefing/3685b2_01_pfizer.pdf. Accessed November 13, 2006.
  66. Pfizer (2005) Geodon: US Package Insert for Geodon (ziprasidone HCl) and Geodon (ziprasidone mesylate) for Injection (2005) Pfizer. LAB‐0273‐7.0; Revised May, 2005.
  67. Pinson L, Gray GE (2003) Psychopharmacology: Number needed to treat: An underused measure of treatment effect. Psychiatr Serv 54:145–146,154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Potkin SG, Keck PE Jr, Segal S, Ice K, English P (2005) Ziprasidone in acute bipolar mania: A 21‐day randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled replication trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 25:301–310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Potkin SG, Loebel A, Kane J, Siu C (2005a) Long‐term efficacy of ziprasidone in treatment‐refractory schizophrenia. Poster presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacy, December 11‐15, 2005, Waikoloa , Hawaii .
  70. Preskorn SH (2005) Pharmacokinetics and therapeutics of acute intramuscular ziprasidone. Clin Pharmacokinet 44:1117–1133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Preval H, Klotz SG, Southard R, Francis A (2005) Rapid‐acting IM ziprasidone in a psychiatric emergency service: A naturalistic study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 27:140–144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Rachid F, Bertschy G, Bondolfi G, Aubry J‐M (2004) Possible induction of mania or hypomania by atypical antipsychotics: An updated review of reported cases. J Clin Psychiatry 65:1537–1545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Ramadan M, Khan A, Preskorn S (2005) D2‐blockade and possible ziprasidone‐induced galactorrhea. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 20:113–114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Ramey TS, Giller EL, Riesenberg R, Trivedi JK (2005) Ziprasidone efficacy and safety in acute bipolar mania: 12‐week study (abstract). Bipolar Disord 7(Suppl 2):89,P193. 15654937 [Google Scholar]
  75. Sacchetti E, Galluzzo A, Valsecchi P, Romeo F, Gorini B, Warrington L (2006) Comparative efficacy and safety of ziprasidone and clozapine in treatment‐refractory schizophrenia: Results of a randomized, double‐blind, 18‐week trial. Poster NR425 presented at the 159th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto , Ontario , Canada , May 20–25, 2006.
  76. Sánchez‐Barranco P (2005) New onset of diabetes mellitus with ziprasidone: A case report. J Clin Psychiatry 66:268–269. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR Jr, Zorn SH (2001) Ziprasidone: A novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile. Eur J Pharmacol 425:197–201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Simpson GM, Glick ID, Weiden PJ, Romano SJ, Siu CO (2004) Randomized, controlled, double‐blind multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone and olanzapine in acutely ill inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 161:1837–1847; correction, 2005;162:644. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Simpson GM, Weiden P, Pigott T, Murray S, Siu CO, Romano SJ (2005) Six–month, blinded, multicenter continuation study of ziprasidone versus olanzapine in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 162:1535–1538. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Snyderman SH, Rynn MA, Rickels K (2005) Open‐label pilot study of ziprasidone for refractory generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 25;497–499. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Stroup TS, Lieberman JA, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Davis SM, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, Keefe RSE, Davis CE, Severe J, et al. (2006) Effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia following discontinuation of a previous atypical antipsychotic. Am J Psychiatry 163:611–622. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Taylor D (2003) Ziprasidone in the management of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 17:423–430. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Versavel M, DelBello MP, Ice K, Kowatch R, Keller D, Miceli J (2005) Ziprasidone dosing study in pediatric patients with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (abstract). Neuropsychopharmacol 30(Suppl 1), S122. [Google Scholar]
  84. Weiden PJ, Simpson GM, Potkin SG, O'Sullivan RL (2003) Effectiveness of switching to ziprasidone for stable but symptomatic outpatients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 64:580–588. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Weisler R, Warrington L, Dunn J (2004) Adjunctive ziprasidone in bipolar mania: Short‐ and long‐term data. Biol Psychiatry 55(Suppl 1):43S–148. [Google Scholar]
  86. Yumru M, Savas HA, Selek S, Savas E (2006) Acute dystonia after initial doses of ziprasidone: A case report. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30:745–747. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from CNS Drug Reviews are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES