Abstract
Beraprost is used to treat peripheral chronic arterial occlusive disease. However, the efficacy and safety of beraprost in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (PH-HFrEF) remains unknown. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects of beraprost on PH-HFrEF.
We prospectively recruited patients with PH-HFrEF as determined by echocardiography and right cardiac catheterization. Beraprost sodium was given orally (1 μg/kg/d) added to the usual treatment, and patients were evaluated at 1-year follow-up.
Twenty-five patients were recruited with baseline systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) of 49.5 ± 10.8 mm Hg. Systolic PAP results at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were 39.1 ± 8.1, 30.4 ± 5.2, 27.7 ± 3.0, and 27.0 ± 4.7 mm Hg, respectively, which were all significantly lower than systolic PAP at baseline (P < .05). Left ventricular ejection fraction results at 6 months (43.5 ± 7.0%), 9 months (47.0 ± 5.5%), and 12 months (48.2 ± 4.8%) were significantly higher than at baseline (34.7 ± 9.2%) (P < .05). Six-minute walking distance at 3 months (282.8 ± 80.6 m), 6 months (367.1 ± 81.2 m), 9 months (389.8 ± 87.1 m), and 12 months (395.7 ± 83.4 m) increased with time, and all were significantly higher than baseline (190.1 ± 75.5 m) (P < .05). One patient developed atrial fibrillation and recovered to sinus rhythm after intravenous administration of amiodarone. There were no instances of cardiac-related death, severe bleeding, or severe impairment of liver function.
Routine oral administration of beraprost sodium added to the usual treatment may improve cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and exercise capacityin patients with PH-HFrEF.
Keywords: beraprost, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, prognosis, pulmonary hypertension
1. Introduction
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a medically refractory disease with high cost and poor prognosis that includes 5 groups according to clinical presentation, pathological findings, hemodynamic characteristics, and treatment strategies.[1] PH due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (PH-HFrEF) is common, with high rates of morbidity and mortality.[2,3] PH-HFrEF is characterized by backwards transmission of filling pressures due to impaired left ventricular systolic function with increased pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), which may further lead to right ventricle overload and right ventricular failure.[4] At present, treatments for pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) of PH-HFrEF patients are lacking.
Beraprost is the first chemically stable and orally active prostacyclin analog, and has antiplatelet and vasodilatory effects. It is mainly used to improve intermittent claudication, pain, and cold symptoms caused by peripheral chronic arterial occlusive disease.[5] A small study including patients with severe primary pulmonary hypertension showed that oral administration of beraprost might result in long-lasting clinical and hemodynamic improvements.[6] Two other studies of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension demonstrated that beraprost improved exercise capacity for up to 3 to 6 months. However, no hemodynamic improvements or long-term outcome benefits were observed.[7,8]
Pathogenesis of PH-HFrEF is completely different from that of primary pulmonary hypertension, necessitating different therapeutic approaches. Few studies have evaluated use of beraprost in patients with PH-HFrEF. In this study, we administered beraprost sodium orally to patients with PH-HFrEF on a routine basis to investigate the efficacy and safety of this therapy.
2. Methods
2.1. Study subjects
This was a prospective pilot study conducted in an Asian country. We recruited consecutive patients hospitalized at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University China with a diagnosis of heart failure. Patients were examined by echocardiography to determine whether there was left ventricular systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] <45%) and PH (systolic PAP >40 mm Hg). Patients with shock, hemorrhagic disease, severe hepatic insufficiency, acute stage myocardial infarction, pregnancy, malignant tumor, and other types of pulmonary hypertension (idiopathic, connective tissue diseases, drugs, thromboembolic, chronic lung disease, portal hypertension, congenital heart disease, etc) were excluded. Details of the study protocol were explained to the eligible patients and informed consent was obtained. The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University.
2.2. Coronary angiography and right heart catheterization
Coronary angiography and right heart catheterization were performed using standard techniques for patients who were eligible for inclusion. Coronary angiography was used to determine whether patients had coronary heart disease. Right heart catheterization was used to measure mean PAP and PAWP. Inclusion criteria included mean PAP ≥25 mm Hg and PAWP >15 mm Hg.
2.3. Laboratory investigations and clinical data collection
NT-proBNP, white blood cells, hemoglobin, platelets, fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and serum lipid profiles including triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assessed using standard methods. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the recruited patients were collected from hospital case records and included age, sex, cigarette smoking status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, principal diagnosis, and so on. Patient height (m) and weight (kg) in light clothing was measured, and body mass index (kg/m2) was calculated.
2.4. Drug use scheme
Eligible patients with PH-HFrEF were given beraprost sodium orally (1 μg/kg/d across 3 administrations) on a routine basis. Patients were also taking various other medications including diuretics, spironolactone, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, digoxin, and other drugs. If no complications, such as shock, severe bleeding, or severe liver function damage occurred, the dosage of beraprost sodium was unchanged.
2.5. Six-minute walk test
The 6-minute walk test was given to the recruited patients at the time of selection, and at 3, 6, 9, and 12-month follow-up. Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) was recorded. Patients were accompanied by a doctor for the entirety of the test, and rescue medicine and equipment were readily available.
2.6. Echocardiographic assessment
Echocardiography was performed at case admission, and at 3, 6, 9, and 12-month follow-up using a Vivid 7 ultrasound system with a standard imaging transducer. All measurements were performed following the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.[9] Right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure is equal to systolic PAP in the absence of pulmonary stenosis. Systolic PAP is equal to the sum of the right atrial (RA) pressure and the RV-to-RA pressure gradient during systole. RA pressure was estimated based on the echocardiographic features of the inferior vena cava and assigned a standard value.[10] The RV-to-RA pressure gradient was calculated as 4Vt2 using the modified Bernoulli equation, where Vt is the velocity of the tricuspid regurgitation jet in m/s.
2.7. Endpoints and adverse reactions
The recruited patients were re-evaluated at least once every 3 months. Occurrences of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), such as cardiac death, heart failure readmission, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and new onset of atrial fibrillation, were recorded.
Adverse drug reactions including shock, severe bleeding (cerebral hemorrhage, gastrointestinal bleeding, pulmonary hemorrhage, etc), and severe liver function damage were recorded during the follow-up period.
2.8. Statistical analyses
Exploratory analyses involving quantitative data were performed with independent-sample t tests (or nonparametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests if the data were non-normally distributed). Data were exported to SPSS 17.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) for analysis, and all statistical tests were conducted at the 5% level of significance.
3. Results
3.1. Baseline characteristics
Between January, 2016 and December, 2016, 25 eligible PH-HFrEF patients, including 17 men and 8 women with an average age of 68.9 ± 7.6 years, were recruited and followed for 12 months. The hospitalization duration at recruitment was 8.6 ± 2.5 days. Baseline demographics, clinical data, and blood and echocardiographic characteristics of the study patients are summarized in Table 1. Coronary angiography showed that 15 patients had ischemic heart disease and 10 patients had dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease. Right heart catheterization showed that systolic PAP of the study patients was 48.7 ± 9.4 mm Hg, mean PAP was 30.1 ± 5.2 mm Hg, and PAWP was 20.3 ± 4.6 mm Hg. Baseline LVEF and systolic PAP as determined by echocardiography were 34.7 ± 9.2% and 49.5 ± 10.8 mm Hg, respectively.
Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, blood and echocardiographic characteristics.
3.2. Medications
The recruited patients were given beraprost sodium orally (1 μg/kg/d across 3 administrations) for 1 year. The dosage of beraprost sodium was unchanged since there were no occurrences of shock, severe bleeding, or severe liver dysfunction. The percentage of patients receiving β-blockers, spironolactone, or ACEIs/ARBs was greater than 60%. Nine (36%) patients underwent interventional coronary artery revascularization (Table 2).
Table 2.
Medications and interventions.
3.3. Change in pulmonary artery pressure
Systolic PAP measurements by echocardiography at 3, 6, 9, and 12-month follow-up were 39.1 ± 8.1, 30.4 ± 5.2, 27.7 ± 3.0, and 27.0 ± 4.7 mm Hg, respectively, which were all significantly lower than at baseline (49.5 ± 10.8 mm Hg), and showed a downward trend (P < .05) (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Change in systolic pulmonary artery pressure from baseline to 12 months. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. “∗” represents P < .05 compared with baseline (month 0). PAP = pulmonary artery pressure.
3.4. Change in left ventricular ejection fraction
Left ventricular ejection fraction at 6 months (43.5 ± 7.0%), 9 months (47.0 ± 5.5%), and 12 months (48.2 ± 4.8%) was significantly higher at each point than at baseline (34.7 ± 9.2%) (P < .05). LVEF at 3 months was 37.6 ± 8.2%, which was not significantly different from baseline. After a year of treatment, the LVEF was generally increasing (Fig. 2).
Figure 2.
Change in left ventricular ejection fraction from baseline to 12 months. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. “∗” represents P < .05 compared with baseline (month 0). LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction.
3.5. Change in 6-minute walk distance
The 6MWD at 3 months (282.8 ± 80.6 m), 6 months (367.1 ± 81.2 m), 9 months (389.8 ± 87.1 m), and 12 months (395.7 ± 83.4 m) months increased gradually, and all distances were significantly higher than the baseline value (190.1 ± 75.5 m) (P < .05) (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Change in 6-minute walk distance from baseline to 12 months. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. “∗” represents P < .05 compared with baseline (month 0). 6MWD = 6-minute walk distance.
3.6. Clinical outcomes
One patient experienced new onset of atrial fibrillation, and recovered to sinus rhythm after intravenous administration of amiodarone. There were no instances of cardiac death, heart failure readmission, or myocardial infarction during the follow-up period. Two patients with persistent atrial fibrillation at admission spontaneously converted to sinus rhythm without using special antiarrhythmic drugs.
During the follow-up period 1 patient had hematochezia and was treated with clopidogrel and aspirin after coronary stenting. A hemorrhoid was found, and the presence of tumors was negative as determined by colonoscopy. Hematochezia recovered within 3 days of discontinuation of aspirin. One week after recovery from hematochezia, aspirin was administered with longer intervals, and hematochezia did not recur. There were no occurrences of severe bleeding (cerebral hemorrhage, gastrointestinal bleeding, pulmonary hemorrhage, etc) or severe impairment of liver function.
4. Discussion
This pilot study prospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of beraprost in patients with PH-HFrEF. The results showed that routine oral administration of beraprost sodium added to the usual treatment reduced systolic PAP, and improved LVEF and 6MWD. There were no instances of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, shock, severe bleeding, or severe impairment of liver function, which indicated good efficacy and safety of beraprost in these patients.
Pulmonary hypertension due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction is different from other types of PH with regard to pathogenesis and management. Backwards transmission of filling pressures due to impaired left ventricular systolic function is the main cause of PH-HFrEF, along with high PAWP. Unlike heterozygous BMPR2 mutations, which account for approximately 75% of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension cases, no specific genetic linkage has been identified for PH-HFrEF.[2,11] PH is prevalent in patients with chronic heart failure. Up to 60% of patients with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction may also have PH, and almost all patients with severe symptomatic mitral valve disease have PH with or without heart failure.[12,13] Despite appropriate treatment, patients with PH-HFrEF still have a high 5-year readmission rate and all-cause mortality rate.[14]
Management of PH-HFrEF is a systematic process. Treatment of group 1 PH (idiopathic, heritable, drug or toxin-induced, associated with connective tissue disease, etc) in the ESC/ERS guidelines does not apply to patients with PH-HFrEF.[1] Most clinical findings showed that PH-specific therapies (eg, endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, soluble guanylyl cyclase stimulators) had no effect on PH-HFrEF, and some may even be harmful.[15–17] General therapies for heart failure including diuretics, digoxin, ACEIs, and β-blockers are recommended for treatment of PH-HFrEF.[18] Diuretics are the main medical treatment for relief of fluid load and congestion, and ACEIs and β-blockers improve prognosis. Furthermore, identifying and treating possible causes of heart failure, such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and heart valve disease, is important.[19]
Whether prostacyclin and its analogs can be used in patients with heart failure is controversial. Several studies of intravenous prostacyclin in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction after cardiac surgery showed that prostacyclin could decrease mean PAP, PAWP, and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, and increased cardiac output was comparable to that resulting from sodium nitroprusside or inhaled nitric oxide treatment.[20,21] In animal models and human trials, prostacyclin decreased PAP and improved function of the right heart in right ventricular failure because of its vasodilatory effects.[22,23] However, a randomized controlled trial of epoprostenol infusion for treatment of severe congestive heart failure yielded different results.[24] This trial was terminated early because of a strong trend of decreased survival in patients treated with epoprostenol. Intravenous epoprostenol was not associated with improvement in 6MWD or quality of life, but was associated with increased risk of death.[24]
Beraprost is a stable, orally administered prostacyclin analog recommended for treatment of chronic peripheral arterial disease.[5] Like prostacyclin, beraprost acts on the prostacyclin receptor in platelets and vascular smooth muscle, activates adenylate cyclase, increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration, inhibits Ca2+ influx and thromboxane A2 production, and thus induces antiplatelet and vasodilatory effects. In addition, beraprost can increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in murine and bovine aortic endothelial cells,[25] and suppress TNF-α expression in human monocytes via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways,[26] all of which improve vascular diseases. Previous studies of beraprost for treatment of pulmonary hypertension evaluated group 1 PH in the ESC/ERS guidelines.[6–8] Although a small study with 13 patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension demonstrated that beraprost may result in long-lasting clinical and hemodynamic improvements,[6] 2 randomized controlled trials with more than 100 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension confirmed that beraprost only improved exercise capacity, which persisted for up to 3 to 6 months, but did not improve long-term prognosis.[7,8] No obvious side effects were observed.
Pulmonary hypertension due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction is completely different from group 1 and other types of PH in both pathogenesis and treatment. This study was the first to use beraprost in patients with PH-HFrEF, regardless of dosage and duration. Based on beneficial effects of beraprost on vessel dilatation and antiplatelet activity, routine oral beraprost treatment was hypothesized to provide therapeutic benefit to patients with PH-HFrEF, which was confirmed in this pilot study. Several studies have shown that beraprost can inhibit myocardial apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis, which is 1 of the possible intrinsic mechanisms for beraprost improving the prognosis of PH-HFrEF patients.[27,28]
Major side effects of beraprost include severe bleeding, hypotension, and shock. In patients with PH-HFrEF, therapeutic strategies typically include combinations of diuretics, ACEIs, and antiplatelet drugs, which may increase the incidence of side effects. Therefore, when side effects occur, it is important to evaluate which drugs are responsible. Moreover, follow-up frequency should be increased. Once the cause of side effects is discovered, the type and dosage of the drugs should be adjusted accordingly. In this study, beraprost sodium was administered at 1 μg/kg/d and was not titrated to a larger dose. If bleeding or shock had occurred, the cause would have been investigated, and the dosage of beraprost sodium or other drugs would have been adjusted. In this study, a patient experienced hematochezia, which was caused by hemorrhoids. After adjusting the aspirin dosing interval, hematochezia stopped.
4.1. Limitations
Our study had the following limitations. The small sample size precluded making conclusive statements regarding our results. In addition, follow-up PAP results obtained by echocardiography were not as accurate as right cardiac catheterization. Furthermore, this study was an observational study, and no control group was evaluated. As such, more randomized controlled studies are needed to investigate the efficacy and safety of beraprost in patients with PH-HFrEF.
4.2. Future directions
A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial (ChiCTR-IPR-17012961) with larger samples designed based on the results of this pilot study is in progress and we will detect the dynamic changes of NT-proBNP in this study. In the near future, we will have more evidence for clinicians.
5. Conclusions
Routine oral administration of beraprost sodium added to the usual treatment may further decrease PAP, and improve LVEF and 6MWD in patients with PH-HFrEF, indicating cardiopulmonary hemodynamic and exercise capacity benefits. Meanwhile, treatment with beraprost exhibited good safety.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Miss Yan-Ni Wu and Jing Zhu with patient recruitment.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Yuqi Chen.
Data curation: Xinyi Zhu, Yuqi Chen.
Formal analysis: Xinyi Zhu.
Funding acquisition: Liang-Ping Zhao.
Investigation: Maosong Wang, Xiang Liu.
Methodology: Xinyi Zhu, Maosong Wang, Xiang Liu.
Project administration: WeiTing Xu.
Supervision: JiangChang Chen, WeiTing Xu.
Validation: Maosong Wang, Yuqi Chen.
Writing – original draft: Li Wang.
Writing – review & editing: Liang-Ping Zhao.
Footnotes
Abbreviations: 6MWD = 6-minute walk distance, ACEI = angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB = angiotension receptor blockers, HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LVEDD = left ventricular end diastolic diameter, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, LVESD = left ventricular end systolic diameter, MACE = major adverse cardiac events, NYHA = New York Heart Association, PAP = pulmonary artery pressure, PAWP = pulmonary artery wedge pressure, PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention, PH = pulmonary hypertension, PH-HFrEF = pulmonary hypertension due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction, RA = right atrial, RV = right ventricular.
LW and XZ contributed equally to this work.
Funding: This study was supported by the Suzhou Science and Technology Development Program Guidance Project Fund (grant number SYSD2013093), Youth Natural Science Fund of Soochow University (grant number SDY2013A32), and Research Fund of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (grant number SDFEYGJ1405).
All authors declared no conflict of interests.
References
- [1].Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J 2016;37:67–119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [2].Oudiz RJ. Pulmonary hypertension associated with left-sided heart disease. Clin Chest Med 2007;28:233–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [3].Schmeisser A, Schroetter H, Braun-Dulleaus RC. Management of pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2013;7:131–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [4].Farber HW, Gibbs S. Under pressure: pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease. Eur Respir Rev 2015;24:665–73. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [5].Alonso-Coello P, Bellmunt S, McGorrian C, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;1412 suppl:e669S–90S. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [6].Vizza CD, Sciomer S, Morelli S, et al. Long term treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with beraprost, an oral prostacyclin analogue. Heart 2001;86:661–5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [7].Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiéry JL, et al. Effects of beraprost sodium, an oral prostacyclin analogue, in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1496–502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [8].Barst RJ, McGoon M, McLaughlin V, et al. Beraprost therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:2119–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [9].Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1440–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [10].Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Hurrell DG, et al. Assessment of right atrial pressure with 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography: a simultaneous catheterization and echocardiographic study. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:24–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [11].Soubrier F, Chung WK, Machado R, et al. Genetics and genomics of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;6225 suppl:D13–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [12].Badesch DB, Champion HC, Sanchez MA, et al. Diagnosis and assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;541 suppl:S55–66. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [13].Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). Eur Heart J 2012;33:2451–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [14].Salamon JN, Kelesidis I, Msaouel P, et al. Outcomes in World Health Organization group II pulmonary hypertension: mortality and readmission trends with systolic and preserved ejection fraction-induced pulmonary hypertension. J Card Fail 2014;20:467–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [15].Redfield MM, Chen HH, Borlaug BA, et al. Effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition on exercise capacity and clinical status in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309:1268–77. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [16].Kalra PR, Moon JC, Coats AJ. Do results of the ENABLE (Endothelin Antagonist Bosentan for Lowering Cardiac Events in Heart Failure) study spell the end for non-selective endothelin antagonism in heart failure? Int J Cardiol 2002;85:195–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [17].Bonderman D, Ghio S, Felix SB, et al. Riociguat for patients with pulmonary hypertension caused by systolic left ventricular dysfunction: a phase IIb double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging hemodynamic study. Circulation 2013;128:502–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [18].Cheli M, Vachiery JL. Controversies in pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. F1000Prime Rep 2015;7:07. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [19].Guazzi M, Borlaug BA. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. Circulation 2012;126:975–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [20].Kieler-Jensen N, Houltz E, Ricksten SE. A comparison of prostacyclin and sodium nitroprusside for the treatment of heart failure after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1995;9:641–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [21].Kieler-Jensen N, Lundin S, Ricksten SE. Vasodilator therapy after heart transplantation: effects of inhaled nitric oxide and intravenous prostacyclin, prostaglandin E1, and sodium nitroprusside. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995;14:436–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [22].Kerbaul F, Brimioulle S, Rondelet B, et al. How prostacyclin improves cardiac output in right heart failure in conjunction with pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:846–50. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [23].Montalescot G, Drobinski G, Meurin P, et al. Effects of prostacyclin on the pulmonary vascular tone and cardiac contractility of patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to end-stage heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:749–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [24].Califf RM, Adams KF, McKenna WJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of epoprostenol therapy for severe congestive heart failure: The Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am Heart J 1997;134:44–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [25].Niwano K, Arai M, Tomaru K, et al. Transcriptional stimulation of the eNOS gene by the stable prostacyclin analogue beraprost is mediated through cAMP-responsive element in vascular endothelial cells: close link between PGI2 signal and NO pathways. Circ Res 2003;93:523–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [26].Wang WL, Kuo CH, Chu YT, et al. Prostaglandin I(2) analogues suppress TNF-( expression in human monocytes via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Inflamm Res 2011;60:655–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [27].Li J, Peng L, Du H, et al. The protective effect of beraprost sodium on diabetic cardiomyopathy through the inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in High-Fat-Induced SD rats. Int J Endocrinol 2014;2014:901437. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [28].Chen Y, Yang S, Yao W, et al. Prostacyclin analogue beraprost inhibits cardiac fibroblast proliferation depending on prostacyclin receptor activation through a TGF (-Smad signal pathway. PLoS One 2014;9:e98483. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]