Correlating the treatment outcome with tumor staging, grading, and various treatment modalities in patients with esthesioneuroblastoma

Abstract

Objective:

Although till date no management protocol for esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) has been standardized due to tumor rarity, still multimodality approach shows better treatment outcomes as compared to surgery alone. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinicopathological spectrum of ENB and to correlate treatment response with tumor staging, histopathological grading, and various treatment modalities.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-one consecutive patients with biopsy-proven ENB were studied and evaluated for response to treatment in the form of complete tumor resolution. Results were analyzed and correlated with stage and grade of tumor and form of therapy received.

Results:

There was male preponderance (3.2:1) with age ranging between 7 and 63 years (median of 25 years). Survival rates significantly dropped with increasing tumor stage (63.6% in stages A and B vs. 30% in stages C and D) and grade (100% in Grades 1 and 2 vs. 31.25% in Grades 3 and 4). The recurrence rate was 80% in surgery alone group, which came down to 43.7% if surgery was supplemented with other modalities. In cases where multimodality treatment plan was used, endoscopic procedures fared equally as open surgical procedures.

Conclusion:

Hyam's grade and Kadish stage are important prognostic indicators of treatment outcome, with survival rates dropping with increasing tumor stage and grade. Multimodality treatment protocols have improved the disease outcome, making endoscopic surgery equivalent to radical surgeries regarding result outcomes and giving other advantages such as better cosmesis, less treatment-related morbidities, decreased hospital stay, and better cost-effectiveness.

Introduction

Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a malignant neuroectodermal tumor of the sinonasal tract (6% of all sinonasal malignancies and 0.3% of upper aerodigestive tract cancers). Nearly 1500 cases have been reported in medical literature since its first description by Berger et al. in 1924.[1,2] Their cell of origin is specialized sensory neuro-epithelial olfactory cells which can be histologically identified in the tumor.[3] Owing to low tumor incidence, assembly of large case series or randomized trials is difficult, making standard management protocol determination challenging. The multi-modality approach has provided better survival than any of the modalities alone.[4] In the single-modality approach, surgical intervention is reported to be superior over nonsurgical approaches with regard to better disease-free outcome and survival rates.[5] In multi-modality approach, endoscopic surgery had better or equivalent survival rates as open surgery. In patients undergoing radical surgery, local recurrence was significantly higher if radiotherapy (RT) was not given (28 vs. 4%).[6] The objective of this paper was to study the clinicopathological spectrum of ENB and to correlate response to various treatment modalities with Modified Kadish stage and Hyam's grade.

Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective study of 21 consecutive patients of sinonasal ENB presenting to a tertiary care center, over a period of 4 years (2009–2013). Epidemiological parameters, clinical presentation, modified Kadish stage, Hyam's grade, and various treatment modalities adopted were studied and analyzed in each case with a follow-up of 6 months or more (mean 12 months). Sequential follow-up was done monthly during the 1^st year, 2 monthly in the 2^nd year, 3 monthly in the 3^rd year and 6 monthly thereafter, with clinical examination, nasal endoscopy, and radiology if and when required. Disease resolution meant the absence of clinical evidence of tumor during sequential follow-up for 6 months. Any evidence of disease before 6 months was considered as residual, whereas after 6 months was designated as recurrence. Response to treatment in the form of complete tumor resolution was correlated with the age of patient, stage, and grade of tumor and form of therapy received.

Results

There was male preponderance in our study (male-to-female ratio of 3.2:1). Age ranged from 7 to 63 years (median 25 years). Epistaxis was the most commont presentation (86%) followed by nasal obstruction (81%), anosmia (38%), and visual complaints (38%). Two patients had atypical presentation in the form of persistent hyponatremia with euvolemia (fulfilling the clinical criteria of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion [SIADH]), which resolved after tumor resection, further consolidating the fact that these were paraneoplastic manifestation of ENB.

Majority of patients belonged to Kadish stage B (55%–11/21 patients) and stage C (43%–9/21 patients), with just 1 patient in stage D and none in stage A. Histological Grade 4 (43%–9/21 patients) and Grade 3 (33%–7/21 patients) were predominant histomorphological patterns seen in most of our patients, followed by Grade 2 and 1.

Of the total 21 patients, 55% (11 patients) underwent surgery followed by RT, 23.8% (5 patients) underwent surgery alone, whereas two patients each underwent surgery followed by chemo-radiation (CTRT) and neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by surgery. One patient was treated with NACT followed by surgery and CTRT.

On sequential follow-up, 8 patients were alive with recurrence or residual disease. Three patients died due to progressive disease. Ten patients had complete treatment response with no clinical evidence of disease. Most of the patients with recurrence/residual disease had a higher Kadish Stage C/D (63.63%), whereas most patients who did not reveal any evidence of recurrent/residual disease on regular follow-up were lower Kadish Stage B (70%). Out of 10 patients belonging to Kadish Stage C/D, 70% had recurrence, whereas only 36.36% of patients belonging to Stage B had recurrence. None of the patients with the recurrent/residual disease had Hyams Grade 1 or 2; however, 50% of the patients showing no evidence of disease on regular follow up had Hyam's Grade 1/2. The survival rates significantly dropped with increasing tumor stage (63.6% in Stages A and B vs. 30% in Stages C and D) and tumor grade (100% in Grades 1 and 2 vs. 31.25% in Grades 3 and 4).

Five out of total of 21 patients were treated with surgery alone. Only 1 patient was disease-free on follow-up and four patients had recurrence/residual disease (80%), of which two expired due to progressive disease. Patients where multimodality treatment approach was used (16 patients), the recurrence/residual disease was found to be 43.7% (7 out of 16 patients). Open surgical procedures did not reveal any beneficial outcomes when compared to the endoscopic approach in the multimodality treatment plan. On the contrary, the endoscopic approach was found to be associated with a higher recurrence rate (75%) if surgery alone was used.

Discussion

ENB, also known as olfactory neuroblastoma, is a rare malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm of neural crest origin, arising from olfactory epithelium with a bimodal presentation. In our study, the age ranged from 7 to 63 years with a median of 25 years. Majority of the patients presented with nasal obstruction and epistaxis, but unfortunately, neither of them can help to render a diagnosis. Anosmia was seen in 38% of patients, which can be a subtle indicator of olfactory region pathology. Two of our patients had manifestations of paraneoplastic SIADH, which has been reported to be associated with ENB ,[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14] which resolved after tumor resection indicating toward ectopic hormone secretion by the tumor.

Kadish stage and Hyam's grade are strong prognostic indicators as 63.63% of recurrences belonged to Kadish Stage C/D. Seventy percent of patients belonging to Kadish Stage C/D had recurrence, whereas only 36.36% of patients belonging to Stage B had recurrence. All recurrences belonged to Hyam's Grade 3 or 4.[3]

Another important prognostic factor is the involvement of cervical lymph nodes. In our study, locoregional metastasis in the form of positive cervical lymphadenopathy was seen in only 1 patient out of a total of 21 (4.76%), who came back with recurrence within 4 months. Survival studies of ENB show the survival rate being 64% in patients without neck metastasis and 29% in patients with metastasis.[4] Various studies report the incidence of locoregional metastasis to be between 10% and 44%,[15,16,17] however distant metastasis after primary tumor resection has been seen in 4%–8%.[6] Most commonly, the metastatic disease spreads to cervical lymph nodes, less frequent sites being lung and pleura, bone, brain, spinal cord, breast, and abdominal cavity.[18,19] Metastasis to the brain and spinal cord is infrequent and usually identified only at post-mortem examination.[20] In the spinal cord, 80% of metastasis is seen in cauda equine.[16]

Local tumor recurrence in our study was 52.3%. Previous studies have reported recurrence rates ranging from 51% to 55%, and the 5-year survival rate of around 70%.[21] Local recurrence has been reported even after 10 years of initial treatment, stressing on the importance of prolonged and regular follow-up, especially in young patients.[6]

Due to the paucity of clinical cases, a standard treatment protocol is still elusive. Various treatment modalities in vogue are surgery alone,[17,18,19] radiation alone,[17,22,23,24] neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery,[25,26] surgery followed by RT,[27,28] surgery followed by chemoradiation and chemoradiation alone. On comparing various treatment modalities, Dulguerov et al. in 2001 found the best outcome with the multi-modality approach (surgery plus radiation-65% success, followed by chemo-radiation-51%), as compared to single modality (surgery-48% and radiation-37%).[4] In our study also, the recurrence rate dropped from 80% (single modality) to 43.7% (multimodality). Surgical resection supplemented by other treatment modalities in the form of chemoradiation has been pivotal in providing better treatment response. In this study, due to a limited number of cases receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation, the importance of this treatment modality could not be established confirmatively.

Traditional surgery for ENB had been craniofacial resection (enhanced exposure with the possibility of achieving gross total resection) as first described by Doyle and Paxton[29] Stammberger et al. were the first to publish their experience with endoscopic treatment of nasal malignancies, including ENBs.[30] For tumors belonging to Kadish Stage A and B, endoscopic resection is favored over open approach,[30,31] as it does not compromise the radicality of resection. Endoscopic surgical approach when used in conjunction with other modalities is equivalent to craniofacial resection regarding result outcomes. In properly selected cases, trans-nasal endoscopic approach gives an added benefit of a desirable cosmetic outcome, less treatment-related morbidities and subsequently decreased hospital stay and faster recovery, thus better cost-effectiveness.[32] In the present study, better treatment outcome with endoscopic approach can be partly attributed to the fact that majority of the endoscopically resected tumors belonged to Kadish Stage B. However taking Stage B as constant and comparing the outcomes of endoscopic versus open surgical procedures, no significant difference was noted (66.67% vs. 60%).

Conclusion

Most of the clinical manifestations of ENB are vague; however, the presence of anosmia may be one of its subtle indicators. The clinician must be aware of rarer clinical manifestations of ENB in the form of paraneoplastic syndromes so that the optimal therapy can be timely delivered. Hyams grade and Kadish stage are important prognostic indicators. The patients presenting with locoregional or distant metastasis have a poorer prognosis. Multimodality treatment protocols have improved the response of treatment. The endoscopic surgery supplemented with other modalities is equivalent to radical surgeries regarding result outcomes and is superior with respect to better cosmesis, less treatment-related morbidities, decreased hospital stay and thus the better cost-effectiveness.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.