Abstract
Introduction
Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of body mass index (BMI) in breast cancer (BC) patients remained conflicting. We aimed to investigate and modify the impact of BMI on clinicopathological significance and survival in western Chinese BC patients.
Materials and Methods
8,394 female BC patients from Western China Clinical Cooperation Group (WCCCG) between 2005 and 2015 were identified. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportion hazard regressions were used to examine the difference of clinicopathologic and survival characteristics between BMI categories.
Results
For the premenopausal, overweight and obese (OW) patients tended to have large tumor size (>5cm) (odds ratio [OR], 1.30, P<0.01) and triple-negative BC (OR, 1.31; P=0.01) compared with normal weight (NW) patients. Premenopausal underweight (UW) patients had a significantly higher risk of HER2 positive (OR, 1.71; P=0.02) and distant metastasis (OR, 2.59; P=0.01). For postmenopausal patients, OW patients showed higher risks of large tumor size (>5cm) (OR, 1.46; P=0.01), nuclear grade III (OR, 1.24; P=0.04), and lymphovascular invasion (OR, 1.46; P=0.01) compared with NW patients. An “U” shaped relationship between BMI and DFS was found (UW versus NW, adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 2.80, P<0.001; OW versus NW, adjusted HR, 1.40, P=0.02), whereas no significant difference of disease-free survival (DFS) between OW and NW premenopausal patients (adjusted HR=1.34, P=0.18) was revealed.
Conclusion
We concluded that UW and OW were associated with aggressively clinicopathological characteristics, regardless of menopausal status. An “U” shaped association of BMI and DFS was revealed, and no significant difference of DFS between OW and NW in postmenopausal subgroup was revealed.
1. Introduction
Breast cancer, being the most common malignant tumor in female, is rising rapidly globally and becoming one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women [1, 2]. Meanwhile, the elevated prevalence of breast cancer contributed to obesity is becoming an important global public health burden in the past decades [3, 4]. In China, as the improvement of living standards and the lifestyles westernized, the body mass index (BMI) of the population was increased, especially among breast cancer survivors [5, 6]. Nevertheless, compared with developed countries and southeastern China, individuals in Western China were still malnutrited due to its underdeveloped economy [7]. Limited large-scale studies addressed the issues that provided evidence for modification of associations between BMI and clinicopathological or survival characteristics among breast cancer patients in Western China.
Previous findings suggested overweight and obesity are regarded as risk factors for the occurrence and development of breast cancer [3, 8–12]. Loi et al. reported that obesity was associated with larger tumors and more involved axillary nodes, but not with hormone receptor status [7]. Paradoxically, Sahin et al. found that overweight and obesity premenopausal patients had significantly less estrogen receptor- (ER-) positive tumors but more triple-negative tumors and higher stages of disease compared to normal-weighted patients, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2)/luminal-like subtype was found to be significantly greater in postmenopausal overweight patients [9]. A secondary analysis of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized clinical trials reported that BMI is associated with a dose-response increased postmenopausal breast cancer risk, particularly for ER and PR positive disease [10].
It had been reported that obesity was associated with significantly more recurrence, but no significant difference in death was revealed [9]. Berclaz et al. reported that high BMI significantly influenced overall survival (OS) but not disease-free survival (DFS) [4]. Meanwhile, Fontanella et al. showed that mean DFS and OS were significantly shorter in obesity patients compared with normal weight patients [13]. However, a study from Korean showed significantly poorer outcome in underweight patients compared with that in patients with normal weight, and underweight patients had a significantly higher risk of both distant metastasis and local recurrence of breast cancer [12]. Although some previous studies had evaluated the relationship between BMI and breast cancer occurrence and survival, whether high BMI or low BMI would compromise the prognosis of breast cancer patients remains controversial, especially for Asian patients.
Herein, the aim of this retrospective multicenter study was to investigate the impact of BMI on clinicopathological significance in western Chinese breast cancer patients, especially on those aggressive characters, and assess the DFS distinction between normal, underweight, overweight, and obese breast cancer patients.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design
The data for this study was obtained from Western China Clinical Cooperation Group (WCCCG), which included 23 breast cancer centers in nine provinces of Western China (i.e., Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Shanxi, Gansu, Guangxi, Ningxia, and Xinjiang). The whole database included a total of 18,600 patients with breast cancer, which was histologically confirmed. Details about WCCCG had been described previously [14, 15]. Patients with primary breast cancer between January 2005 and December 2015 were potentially enrolled. We excluded patients with unknown BMI or menstrual status. ER and PR positivity were determined by immunohistochemistry when the staining of ≥1% of tumor cells appeared. Tumors were identified as HER-2-negative if they received an IHC score of 1+ and as HER2-positive only if they received an IHC score of 3+ or exhibited a HER2 gene expression level that was at least twofold higher than normal, determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Considering the patients in the previous period did not routinely receive immunohistochemistry for some prognostic biomarkers like Ki67, we cannot extract this variable from medical records. Despite that, the tumors were still categorized into four breast cancer subtypes according to 2013 St Gallen International Expert Consensus [16]: luminal-like, HER2/luminal-like, HER2-likel and triple-negative breast cancer. Patient medical records and WCCCG were reviewed for data regarding age at diagnosis, marital status, age at menarche, number of pregnancies and births, and clinicopathologic information.
We extracted the aforementioned patients with completed survival data including survival status and survival time, who were followed up from 2005 to 2015, and questionnaire results were obtained through phone and the outpatient department follow-up ways. Patients in every registry would answer the questions through telephone follow-up or reexamine in outpatient department at least once every three months during the first three years and then every six months thereafter. Clinical doctors would take detailed history or have a completed physical examination at each follow-up visit. Residual breast ultrasound or mammogram, chest radiography, abdominal sonography, whole-body bone scan, or PET/CT was routinely performed annually or when tumor relapse was clinically suspected. DFS was defined as the date of the diagnosis to the locoregional or distant recurrence or death from any cause, whichever came first, and DFS was considered as censored status if patients were alive until date of last contact. This observational study was entirely based on data extracted from patient medical records and was approved by the ethics committee of each participating center.
2.2. Statistical Method
BMI was calculated by the formula of weight (kg)/height2 (m2) and then stratified into normal weight (NW; BMI, 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), underweight (UW; BMI, <18.5 kg/m2), and overweight and obese (OW; BMI, >25 kg/m2) in accordance with the WHO classification [17], whose three-type groups are appreciate for Asian population. We evaluated the distribution of clinicopathological variables between patients with UW, NW, and OW groups using the Pearson χ2 test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and Student's t-test for continuous variables. Multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, tumor size, axillary lymph node status, grade, ER, and HER2 status were applied to identify independent effects of BMI on aggressive clinicopathologic characters (i.e., tumor/patients with multifocality, axillary lymph node metastasis, tumor size more than 5 cm, nuclear grade III, lymphovascular invasion, HER2-positive, triple negative, P53 positive, and distant metastasis) that were treated as binary variables (P<0.05).
We conducted log-rank tests and Cox proportion hazard regressions to examine the difference between patients with UW, NW, and OW groups in DFS and calculated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Multivariate analysis was performed to acquire adjusted HRs, and recognized prognostic variables were included.
All P values reported are two-sided, which less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using R software (version 3.4.1).
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
We identified 8,394 patients with invasive female breast cancer whose information on menstrual status, height, and weight was available at the initial diagnosis (Figure 1). Of the 8,394 patients, 4,462 (53.2%) were premenopausal; 3,932 (46.8%) were postmenopausal. The number of NW, UW, and OW in premenopausal group was, respectively, 3,177 (71.2%), 225 (5.0%), 1,060 (23.8%), 2,444 (62.2%), 186 (4.7%), and 1302 (33.1%) in postmenopausal group, respectively. OW patients had a higher proportion of marriage, higher frequencies of pregnancy and birth, and larger tumor and were of older age at diagnosis (all P<0.05) (Table 1). In the postmenopausal group, OW cases often tended to have higher frequencies of lymphovascular invasion, axillary lymph node metastasis, hormone receptor-positive tumors, and greater chances to receive aggressive treatments (i.e., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy), whereas we failed to observe similar tendencies in premenopausal group (Tables 2 and 3).
Figure 1.
Flowchart for the data screening.
Table 1.
Demographics for eligible patients according to BMI (n=8,394).
| Characteristics | BMI (kg/m2) (%) | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <18.5 | 18.5-24.9 | ≥25 | Total | ||
| Menopausal status | |||||
| Premenopausal | 225(54.7) | 3,177(56.5) | 1060 (44.9) | 4,462(53.2) | <0.001 |
| Postmenopausal | 186(45.3) | 2,444(43.5) | 1302(55.1) | 3,932(46.8) | |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 48.5±13.7 | 49.1±11.1 | 52.6±10.7 | 50.0±11.2 | <0.001a |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 389(94.6) | 5494(97.7) | 2321(98.3) | 8204(97.7) | <0.001 |
| Single/widowed/divorced | 22 (5.4) | 120(2.1) | 35(1.5) | 177(2.1) | |
| Missing data | 0 (0) | 7(0.1) | 6(0.3) | 13(0.2) | |
| Age at menarche (years) | |||||
| 9-12 | 45(10.9) | 693(12.3) | 320(13.5) | 1058(12.6) | 0.02 |
| 13-15 | 271(65.9) | 3754(66.8) | 1480(62.7) | 5505(65.6) | |
| 16-18 | 89(21.7) | 1058(18.8) | 512(21.7) | 1659(19.8) | |
| >18 | 6(1.5) | 112(2.0) | 44(1.9) | 162(1.9) | |
| Missing data | 0(0) | 4(0.1) | 6(0.3) | 10(0.1) | |
| No. of pregnancies | |||||
| 0 | 80(19.5) | 1203(21.4) | 479(20.3) | 1762(21.0) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 100(24.3) | 1523(27.1) | 481(20.4) | 2104(25.1) | |
| 2 | 105(25.5) | 1147(20.4) | 522(22.1) | 1774(21.1) | |
| 3 | 51(12.4) | 854(15.2) | 357(15.1) | 1262(15.0) | |
| 4 | 40(9.7) | 496(8.8) | 248(10.5) | 784(9.3) | |
| ≥5 | 34(8.3) | 388(6.9) | 270(11.4) | 692(8.2) | |
| Missing data | 1(0.2) | 10(0.2) | 5(0.2) | 16(0.2) | |
| No. of births | |||||
| 0 | 82(20.0) | 1114(19.8) | 418(17.7) | 1614(19.2) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 183(44.5) | 2722(48.4) | 876(37.1) | 3781(45.0) | |
| 2 | 95(23.1) | 1126(20.0) | 602(25.5) | 1823(21.7) | |
| 3 | 24(5.8) | 405(7.2) | 245(10.4) | 674(8.0) | |
| 4 | 18(4.4) | 156(2.8) | 136(5.8) | 310(3.7) | |
| ≥5 | 8(1.9) | 88(1.6) | 83(3.5) | 179(2.1) | |
| Missing data | 1(0.2) | 10(0.2) | 2(0.1) | 13(0.2) | |
| Laterality | |||||
| Left | 204(49.6) | 2867(51.0) | 1222(51.7) | 4293(51.1) | 0.90b |
| Right | 195(47.4) | 2640(47.0) | 1107(46.9) | 3942(47.0) | |
| Bilateral | 4(1.0) | 44(0.8) | 15(0.6) | 63(0.8) | |
| Missing data | 8(1.9) | 70(1.2) | 18(0.8) | 96(1.1) | |
| Multifocality | |||||
| No | 402(97.8) | 5453(97.0) | 2313(97.9) | 8168(97.3) | 0.06 |
| Yes | 9(2.2) | 168(3.0) | 49(2.1) | 226(2.7) | |
| Initial symptoms and signs | |||||
| Breast lump | 349(84.9) | 4788(85.2) | 1962(83.1) | 7099(84.6) | 0.002b |
| Breast pain | 24(5.8) | 468(8.3) | 215(9.1) | 707(8.4) | |
| Nipple discharge | 13(3.2) | 108(1.9) | 50(2.1) | 171(2.0) | |
| Nipple inversion | 4(1.0) | 60(1.1) | 48(2.0) | 112(1.3) | |
| Missing data | 21(5.1) | 197(3.5) | 87(3.7) | 305(3.6) | |
| Tumor size (cm) | |||||
| ≤ 1 cm | 8(1.9) | 136(2.4) | 36(1.5) | 180(2.1) | <0.001 |
| 1>, ≤ 2 cm | 74(18.0) | 879(15.6) | 264(11.2) | 1217(14.5) | |
| 2>, ≤ 5 cm | 198(48.2) | 2954(52.6) | 1322(56.0) | 4474(53.3) | |
| >5 cm | 41(10.0) | 585(10.4) | 327(13.8) | 953(11.4) | |
| Missing data | 90(21.9) | 1067(19.0) | 413(17.5) | 1570(18.7) | |
| Distant metastasis | |||||
| No | 397(96.6) | 5464(97.2) | 2278(96.4) | 8139(97.0) | 0.51 |
| Yes | 11(2.7) | 105(1.9) | 44(1.9) | 160(1.9) | |
| Missing data | 3(0.7) | 52(0.9) | 40(1.7) | 95(1.1) | |
∗Pearson χ2 test, except aStudent's t-test and bFisher's exact test.
Table 2.
Clinicopathologic characteristic for premenopausal patients according to BMI (n=4,462).
| Characteristics | BMI (kg/m2) (%) | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <18.5 | 18.5-24.9 | ≥25 | Total | ||
| Tumor histology | |||||
| Carcinoma in situ | 4(1.8) | 108(3.4) | 29(2.7) | 141(3.2) | 0.26 |
| Invasive carcinoma | 215(95.6) | 2930(92.2) | 985(92.9) | 4130(92.6) | |
| Missing data | 6(2.7) | 139(4.4) | 46(4.3) | 191(4.3) | |
| Histologic type | |||||
| Ductal | 187(83.1) | 2514(79.1) | 846(79.8) | 3547(79.5) | 0.12a |
| Lobular | 5(2.2) | 54(1.7) | 18(1.7) | 77(1.7) | |
| Medullary | 4(1.8) | 39(1.2) | 24(2.3) | 67(1.5) | |
| Other | 27(12.0) | 526(16.6) | 159(15.0) | 712(16.0) | |
| Missing data | 2(0.9) | 44(1.4) | 13(1.2) | 59(1.3) | |
| Nuclear grade | |||||
| I | 8(3.6) | 136(4.3) | 27(2.5) | 171(3.8) | 0.09 |
| II | 76(33.8) | 1092(34.3) | 380(35.8) | 1548(34.7) | |
| III | 31(13.8) | 478(15.0) | 179(16.9) | 688(15.4) | |
| Missing data | 110(48.9) | 1471(46.3) | 474(44.7) | 2055(46.1) | |
| Lymphovascular-invasion | |||||
| No | 116(51.6) | 1606(50.6) | 515(48.6) | 2237(50.1) | 0.66 |
| Yes | 4(1.8) | 88(2.8) | 27(2.5) | 119(2.7) | |
| Missing data | 105(46.7) | 1483(46.7) | 518(48.9) | 2106(47.2) | |
| No. of positive ALN | |||||
| 0 | 100(44.4) | 1316(41.4) | 422(39.8) | 1838(41.2) | 0.61 |
| 1-3 | 37(16.4) | 558(17.6) | 164(15.5) | 759(17.0) | |
| ≥4 | 77(34.2) | 1086(34.2) | 373(35.2) | 1536(34.4) | |
| Missing data | 11(4.9) | 217(6.8) | 101(9.5) | 329(7.4) | |
| ER | |||||
| Negative | 69(30.7) | 851(26.8) | 308(29.1) | 1228(27.5) | 0.25 |
| Positive | 117(52.0) | 1702(53.6) | 547(51.6) | 2366(53.0) | |
| Missing data | 39(17.3) | 624(19.6) | 205(19.3) | 868(19.5) | |
| PR | |||||
| Negative | 70(31.1) | 891(28.0) | 329(31.0) | 1290(28.9) | 0.13 |
| Positive | 112(49.8) | 1655(52.1) | 523(49.3) | 2290(51.3) | |
| Missing data | 43(19.1) | 631(19.9) | 208(19.6) | 882(19.8) | |
| HER2 | |||||
| Negative | 76(33.8) | 1273(40.1) | 453(42.7) | 1802(40.4) | 0.25 |
| Positive | 25(11.1) | 305(9.6) | 98(9.2) | 428(9.6) | |
| Missing data | 124(55.1) | 1599(50.3) | 509(48.0) | 2232(50.0) | |
| Tumor Subtypes | |||||
| Luminal-like | 57(25.3) | 937(29.5) | 311(29.3) | 1305(29.2) | 0.13 |
| HER2/luminal-like | 17(7.6) | 187(5.9) | 52(4.9) | 256(5.7) | |
| HER2-like | 8(3.6) | 116(3.7) | 45(4.2) | 169(3.8) | |
| Triple negative | 19(8.4) | 328(10.3) | 139(13.1) | 486(10.9) | |
| Missing data | 124(55.1) | 1609(50.6) | 513(48.4) | 2246(50.3) | |
| Surgery | |||||
| Non-surgery | 1(0.4) | 9(0.3) | 7(0.7) | 17(0.4) | <0.001 a |
| MRM | 167(74.2) | 2374(74.7) | 853(80.5) | 3394(76.1) | |
| BCS | 31(13.8) | 391(12.3) | 106(10.0) | 528(11.8) | |
| Other | 21(9.3) | 301(9.5) | 63(5.9) | 385(8.6) | |
| Missing data | 5(2.2) | 102(3.2) | 31(2.9) | 138(3.1) | |
| Chemotherapy | |||||
| No | 20(8.9) | 326(10.3) | 91(8.6) | 437(9.8) | 0.24 |
| Yes | 202(89.8) | 2760(86.9) | 940(88.7) | 3902(87.4) | |
| Missing data | 3(1.3) | 91(2,9) | 29(2.7) | 123(2.8) | |
| Radiotherapy | |||||
| No | 175(77.8) | 2400(75.5) | 795(75.0) | 3370(75.5) | 0.80 |
| Yes | 45(20.0) | 673(21.2) | 230(21.7) | 948(21.1) | |
| Missing data | 5(2.2) | 104(3.3) | 35(3.3) | 144(3.2) | |
| Endocrine therapy | |||||
| No | 163(72.4) | 2236(70.4) | 749(70.7) | 3148(70.6) | 0.92 |
| Yes | 57(25.3) | 832(26.2) | 276(26.0) | 1165(26.1) | |
| Missing data | 5(2.2) | 109(3.4) | 35(3.3) | 149(3.3) | |
ER, estrogen-receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; ALN, axillary lymph nodes; MRM, modified radical mastectomy; BCS, breast-conserving surgery.
∗Pearson χ2 test, except aFisher's exact test.
Table 3.
Clinicopathologic characteristic for postmenopausal patients according to BMI (n=3,932).
| Characteristics | BMI (kg/m2) (%) | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <18.5 | 18.5-24.9 | ≥25 | Total | ||
| Tumor histology | |||||
| Carcinoma in situ | 10(5.4) | 95(3.9) | 53(4.1) | 158(4.0) | 0.59 |
| Invasive carcinoma | 165(88.7) | 2215(90.6) | 1163(89.3) | 3543(90.1) | |
| Missing data | 11(5.9) | 134(5.5) | 86(6.6) | 231(5.9) | |
| Histologic type | |||||
| Ductal | 145(78.0) | 1912(78.2) | 997(76.6) | 3054(77.7) | 0.62a |
| Lobular | 4(2.2) | 50(2.0) | 24(1.8) | 78(2.0) | |
| Medullary | 1(0.5) | 16(0.7) | 16(1.2) | 33(0.8) | |
| Other | 31(16.7) | 410(16.8) | 230(17.7) | 671(17.1) | |
| Missing data | 5(2.7) | 56(2.3) | 35(2.7) | 96(2.4) | |
| Nuclear grade | |||||
| I | 9(4.8) | 128(5.2) | 58(4.5) | 195(5.0) | 0.52 |
| II | 71(38.2) | 1015(41.5) | 511(39.2) | 1597(40.6) | |
| III | 30(16.1) | 359(14.7) | 210(16.1) | 599(15.2) | |
| Missing data | 76(40.9) | 942(38.5) | 523(40.2) | 1541(39.2) | |
| Lymphovascular-invasion | |||||
| No | 127(68.3) | 1495(61.2) | 693(53.2) | 2315(58.9) | 0.02 a |
| Yes | 1(0.5) | 43(1.8) | 34(2.6) | 78(2.0) | |
| Missing data | 58(31.2) | 906(37.1) | 575(44.2) | 1539(39.1) | |
| No. of positive ALN | |||||
| 0 | 107(57.5) | 1184(48.4) | 559(42.9) | 1850(47.0) | <0.001 |
| 1-3 | 26(14.0) | 417(17.1) | 191(14.7) | 634(16.1) | |
| ≥4 | 44(23.7) | 703(28.8) | 436(33.5) | 1183(30.1) | |
| Missing data | 9(4.8) | 140(5.7) | 116(8.9) | 265(6.7) | |
| ER | |||||
| Negative | 70(37.6) | 818(33.5) | 355(27.3) | 1243(31.6) | <0.001 |
| Positive | 74(39.8) | 1151(47.1) | 679(52.2) | 1904(48.4) | |
| Missing data | 42(22.6) | 475(19.4) | 268(20.6) | 785(20.0) | |
| PR | |||||
| Negative | 83(44.6) | 1041(42.6) | 461(35.4) | 1585(40.3) | <0.001 |
| Positive | 61(32.8) | 910(37.2) | 572(43.9) | 1543(39.2) | |
| Missing data | 42(22.6) | 493(20.2) | 269(20.7) | 804(20.4) | |
| HER2 | |||||
| Negative | 65(34.9) | 932(38.1) | 539(41.4) | 1536(39.1) | 0.37 |
| Positive | 23(12.4) | 258(10.6) | 135(10.4) | 416(10.6) | |
| Missing data | 98(52.7) | 1254(51.3) | 628(48.2) | 1980(50.4) | |
| Tumor Subtypes | |||||
| Luminal-like | 40(21.5) | 634(25.9) | 403(40.0) | 1077(27.4) | 0.02 |
| HER2/luminal-like | 7(3.8) | 106(4.3) | 63(4.8) | 176(4.5) | |
| HER2-like | 16(8.6) | 149(6.1) | 70(5.4) | 235(6.0) | |
| Triple negative | 25(13.4) | 294(12.0) | 134(10.3) | 453(11.5) | |
| Missing data | 98(52.7) | 1261(51.6) | 632(48.5) | 1991(50.6) | |
| Surgery | |||||
| Non-surgery | 1(0.5) | 7(0.3) | 11(0.8) | 19(0.5) | 0.25 a |
| MRM | 150(80.6) | 1973(80.7) | 1035(79.5) | 3158(80.3) | |
| BCS | 12(6.5) | 140(5.7) | 85(6.5) | 237(6.0) | |
| Other | 20(10.8) | 234(9.6) | 112(8.6) | 366(9.3) | |
| Missing data | 3(1.6) | 90(3.7) | 59(4.5) | 152(3.9) | |
| Chemotherapy | |||||
| No | 51(27.4) | 440(18.0) | 241(18.5) | 732(18.6) | 0.005 |
| Yes | 127(68.3) | 1906(78.0) | 1003(77.0) | 3036(77.2) | |
| Missing data | 8(4.3) | 98(4.0) | 58(4.5) | 164(4.2) | |
| Radiotherapy | |||||
| No | 162(87.1) | 2035(83.3) | 1021(78.4) | 3218(81.8) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 15(8.1) | 303(12.4) | 218(16.7) | 536(13.6) | |
| Missing data | 9(4.8) | 106(4.3) | 63(4.8) | 178(4.5) | |
| Endocrine therapy | |||||
| No | 142(76.3) | 1926(78.8) | 945(72.6) | 3013(76.6) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 35(18.8) | 411(16.8) | 296(22.7) | 742(18.9) | |
| Missing data | 9(4.8) | 107(4.4) | 61(4.7) | 177(4.5) | |
ER, estrogen-receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; ALN, axillary lymph nodes; MRM, modified radical mastectomy; BCS, breast-conserving surgery.
∗Pearson χ2 test, except aFisher's exact test.
3.2. Aggressive Clinicopathological Significance of BMI in Breast Cancer Patients
For premenopausal breast cancer cases, multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, tumor size, nuclear grade, status of ER, and HER2 indicated that OW patients tended to have large tumor size (>5cm) (odds ratio [OR], 1.30; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.62) and triple-negative breast cancer (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.67) compared with NW patients. Meanwhile, UW patients had a significantly higher risk of HER2 positive (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.78) and distant metastasis (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.10 to 5.36) (Table 4).
Table 4.
Risk of more aggressive clinicopathological features in patients with breast cancer according to menopausal status.
| Characteristics | BMI at diagnosis for premenopausal patients (kg/m2) ∗ | BMI at diagnosis for postmenopausal patients (kg/m2) ∗ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <18.5 | 18.5-24.9 | 25-29.9 | <18.5 | 18.5-24.9 | ≥25 | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Multifocality | 1.14 (0.50, 2.27) | Reference | 0.69 (0.41, 1.09) | 0.21 (0.01, 0.97) | Reference | 0.75 (0.45, 1.21) |
| ALN metastasis | 0.95 (0.70, 1.28) | Reference | 0.92 (0.79, 1.08) | 0.70 (0.50, 0.97) | Reference | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) |
| Tumor size >5cm | 0.87 (0.52, 1.41) | Reference | 1.30 (1.05, 1.62) | 1.16 (0.68, 1.90) | Reference | 1.46 (1.16, 1.83) |
| Grade III | 0.89 (0.56, 1.39) | Reference | 1.11 (0.89, 1.38) | 1.01 (0.61, 1.63) | Reference | 1.24 (1.00, 1.54) |
| Lymphovascular invasion | 0.59 (0.17, 1.47) | Reference | 0.87 (0.55, 1.36) | 0.30 (0.02, 1.43) | Reference | 1.68 (1.04, 2.70) |
| HER2-positive | 1.71 (1.02, 2.78) | Reference | 0.85 (0.65, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.57, 1.79) | Reference | 1.01 (0.78, 1.32) |
| TNBC | 0.79 (0.45, 1.32) | Reference | 1.31 (1.03, 1.67) | 1.30 (0.77, 2.11) | Reference | 0.73 (0.57, 0.93) |
| P53 positive | 0.66 (0.37, 1.19) | Reference | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | 0.82 (0.51, 1.34) | Reference | 1.06 (0.83, 1.35) |
| Distant metastasis | 2.59 (1.10, 5.36) | Reference | 0.83 (0.44, 1.48) | 0.53 (0.09, 1.74) | Reference | 0.85 (0.52, 1.36) |
∗Adjusted for age, tumor size, ALN, grade, ER, and HER2.
ALN, axillary lymph node; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2; TNBC, triple negative breast cancer.
Similarly, among postmenopausal patients, OW patients showed higher risks of large tumor size (>5cm) (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.83), nuclear grade III (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.54), and lymphovascular invasion (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.70) when compared with NW patients. Interestingly, postmenopausal UW patients were less likely to have multifocality carcinoma (OR,0.21; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.97) and metastasis axillary lymph nodes (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.97) compared with NW cases (Table 4).
3.3. Prognostic Significance of BMI in Breast Cancer Patients
We identified 1,288 patients with nonmetastatic, invasive breast cancer with complete information on clinicopathologic and survival data. Median follow-up was, respectively, 24, 20, and 23 months for NW, UW, and OW patients. 5-year DFS rates in the UW and OW group are 12.4% and 64.9%, respectively, which were significantly lower than that in the NW group (73.7%) (UW versus NW: log-rank P-value <0.001; HR=3.24, 95% CI=1.95 to 5.38; OW versus NW: log-rank P-value <0.001; HR=1.29, 95% CI= 1.13 to 1.49, Figure 2(a)). In subgroup analyses (Figure 2(b)), no significantly difference of DFS between UW and OW and NW premenopausal breast cancer patients was found (UW: HR=2.50, 95% CI= 1.31 to 4.76, P=0.006; OW: HR=1.41, 95% CI= 0.94 to 2.10, P=0.093). Inconsistently, both UW and OW patients had worse DFS compared with NW patents among postmenopausal breast cancer patients (UW: HR= 4.79, 95% CI= 2.15 to 10.69, P<0.001; OW: HR=1.84, 95% CI =1.23 to 2.74, P=0.003).
Figure 2.
Disease-free survival comparison between UW, NW, and OW (a) whole cohort (N = 349), (b) premenopausal (N = 349), and (c) postmenopausal (N = 1,463) breast cancer patients. NW, normal weight (BMI, 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2); UW, underweight (BMI, <18.5 kg/m2); OW, overweight and obese (BMI, >25 kg/m2).
Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model including prognostic variables indicated that BMI at diagnosis, age, tumor size, number of axillary node metastasis, nuclear grade, HER-2 status, surgery type, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy were independent prognostic factors. Compared with NW group, significantly worse DFS in UW group (HR=2.80, 95% CI=1.66 to 4.73; P<0.001, Table 5) and OW group (HR=1.40, 95% CI=1.05 to 1.88; P=0.02, Table 5) were reported.
Table 5.
Multivariable Cox regression for DFS∗ of breast cancer patients.
| Variable | Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Regression for DFS | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| HR† | 95% CI | P value | |
| BMI at diagnosis (kg/m2) | |||
| UW | 2.80 | 1.66 to 4.73 | < 0.001 |
| NW | Reference | ||
| OW | 1.40 | 1.05 to 1.88 | 0.02 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 0.98 | 0.96 to 1.00 | 0.02 |
| Tumor size (cm) | |||
| ≤ 1 cm | Reference | ||
| 1>, ≤ 2 cm | 2.63 | 0.35 to 19.73 | 0.35 |
| 2>, ≤ 5 cm | 4.91 | 0.68 to 35.38 | 0.11 |
| >5 cm | 8.45 | 1.16 to 61.65 | 0.04 |
| No. of positive ALN | |||
| 0 | Reference | ||
| 1-3 | 1.27 | 0.84 to 1.92 | 0.25 |
| ≥4 | 1.72 | 1.23 to 2.42 | 0.002 |
| Nuclear grade | |||
| I | Reference | ||
| II | 1.24 | 0.59 to 2.59 | 0.57 |
| III | 2.23 | 1.04 to 4.79 | 0.04 |
| ER | |||
| Negative | Reference | ||
| Positive | 0.87 | 0.62 to 1.20 | 0.39 |
| PR | |||
| Negative | Reference | ||
| Positive | 0.76 | 0.53 to 1.09 | 0.130 |
| HER2 | |||
| Negative | Reference | ||
| Positive | 1.67 | 1.10 to 2.55 | 0.02 |
| Surgery | |||
| Non-surgery | Reference | ||
| MRM | 0.08 | 0.02 to 0.28 | < 0.001 |
| BCS | 0.07 | 0.02 to 0.28 | < 0.001 |
| Others | 0.07 | 0.02 to 0.26 | < 0.001 |
| Chemotherapy | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.56 | 0.36 to 0.89 | 0.01 |
| Endocrine therapy | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.23 | 0.88 to 1.73 | 0.22 |
| Radiotherapy | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.71 | 0.52 to 0.98 | 0.04 |
∗Disease-free survival (DFS) was defined as the time from surgery to the date of the first locoregional recurrence, first distant metastasis, or death from any cause.
†Multivariate analysis adjusted by BMI, age at diagnosis, tumor size, number of positive ALN, nuclear grade, status of ER, PR, and HER2, surgery, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and radiotherapy.
NW, normal weight (BMI, 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2); UW, underweight (BMI, <18.5 kg/m2); OW, overweight and obese (BMI, >25 kg/m2); HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence intervals; ALN, axillary lymph nodes; ER, estrogen-receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; BCS, breast conserving surgery; MRM, modified radical mastectomy.
Additionally, the results of subgroup analyses were exhibited in Table 6. We found that, compared with TNBC NW patients, worse DFS in TNBC OW group (HR=2.33, 95% CI=1.06 to 5.12; P=0.04, Table 6) was reported, while in luminal-like subgroup, significantly inferior DFS was found in UW (HR=4.91, 95% CI=1.82 to 13.26; P=0.002, Table 6) compared with NW group.
Table 6.
Subgroup analyses of DFS∗ according to breast cancer patients with BMI categories.
| Subgroup | BMI at diagnosis for patients (kg/m2) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <18.5 | 18.5-24.9 | 25-29.9 | ||||
| HR (95% CI) † | P | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) † | P | |
| Overall | 2.80 (1.66, 4.73) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.40 (1.05, 1.88) | 0.02 | |
| Age (year) | ||||||
| <35 | 5.68 (1.38, 23.39) | 0.02 | Reference | 3.72 (0.91, 15.27) | 0.07 | |
| 35-60 | 3.62 (1.80, 7.31) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.65 (1.16, 2.35) | 0.01 | |
| >60 | 2.84 (0.33, 24.25) | 0.34 | Reference | 1.03 (0.46, 2.33) | 0.94 | |
| Menopausal status | ||||||
| Premenopausal | 1.99 (1.01, 3.95) | 0.04 | Reference | 1.34 (0.87, 2.06) | 0.18 | |
| Postmenopausal | 7.03 (2.97, 16.63) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.63 (1.06, 2.50) | 0.03 | |
| Tumor size (cm) | ||||||
| <2 | 7.67 (1.66, 35.35) | 0.01 | Reference | 2.39 (0.79, 7.24) | 0.13 | |
| 2-5 | 2.95 (1.48, 5.87) | 0.002 | Reference | 1.46 (1.01, 2.12) | 0.04 | |
| >5 | 3.05 (0.90, 10.42) | 0.08 | Reference | 1.32 (0.73, 2.40) | 0.36 | |
| ALN metastasis | ||||||
| No | 5.12 (2.44, 10.74) | <0.001 | Reference | 2.15 (1.21, 3.79) | 0.01 | |
| Yes | 1.60 (0.67, 3.80) | 0.29 | Reference | 1.30 (0.91, 1.84) | 0.15 | |
| Nuclear grade | ||||||
| I/ II | 4.86 (2.61, 9.05) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.31 (0.89, 1.92) | 0.17 | |
| III | 1.72 (0.62, 4.83) | 0.30 | Reference | 1.48 (0.90, 2.42) | 0.12 | |
| Subtype | ||||||
| Luminal-like | 4.91 (1.82, 13.26) | 0.002 | Reference | 0.93 (0.52, 1.68) | 0.82 | |
| HER2/luminal-like | 3.34 (0.75, 14.81) | 0.11 | Reference | 2.14 (1.23, 3.75) | 0.01 | |
| HER2-like | 6.86 (2.36, 19.90) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.25 (0.65, 2.39) | 0.51 | |
| TNBC | 0.83 (0.22, 3.11) | 0.78 | Reference | 2.33 (1.06, 5.12) | 0.04 | |
| Chemotherapy | ||||||
| No | 6.40 (1.35, 30.41) | 0.02 | Reference | 1.03 (0.32, 3.28) | 0.97 | |
| Yes | 2.66 (1.50, 4.73) | 0.001 | Reference | 1.48 (1.09, 2.02) | 0.01 | |
∗Disease-free survival (DFS) was defined as the time from surgery to the date of the first locoregional recurrence, first distant metastasis, or death from any cause.
† Multivariate analysis adjusted by BMI, age at diagnosis, tumor size, number of positive ALN, nuclear grade, status of ER, PR, and HER2, surgery, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and radiotherapy.
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence intervals; ALN, axillary lymph nodes.
4. Discussion
This retrospective multicenter study found that both higher and lower BMI are associated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics and poor DFS, which were mirrored in previous studies [3, 12, 18–22]. All associations were statistically significant, apart from the difference of DFS between premenopausal OW and NW breast cancer patients, which may be due to “estrogen paradox” [23, 24].
In our analyses of linkage between BMI and aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics of breast cancer, the trend was observed that OW patients tended to have aggressive carcinoma (e.g., larger tumor size, nuclear grade III, lymphovascular invasion, and triple-negative subtype), irrespective of menstrual status. Nonetheless, UW postmenopausal patients were less likely to have carcinoma with multifocality and ALN metastasis, but UW premenopausal patients were more proven to distant metastases and HER-2 positive. High BMI had a significant positive association with ER positive breast cancer in postmenopausal patients because of increased production of circulating estrogen from the adipose tissue [25]. Accordingly, a previous study found that high BMI was an independent factor in breast cancer patients, which decreased incidence for luminal-like subtype and an increased incidence for triple-negative subtype among premenopausal patients, but those results were not shown in postmenopausal patients [3]. Similar findings also indicated premenopausal obesity patients had significantly more triple-negative subtype and higher tumor stage than that in postmenopausal obese patients [9, 25]. These results were consistent with that of our results. Conversely, a recent study reported that no significant association was determined between breast cancer characteristics and the BMI of the patients, which may be due to the limited number of patients in the study [26].
Although a previous meta-analysis [11] identifying 82 follow-up studies suggested that obesity was associated with worse overall and breast cancer specific survival in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer, regardless of when BMI was ascertained, our results indicated that OW at diagnosis could be an independent risk factor of DFS for breast cancer patients other than premenopausal cases. Additionally, a pooled analysis of eight prospective neoadjuvant breast cancer trials assessed the impact of BMI on pathological complete response (pCR), DFS, and OS in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and found that higher BMI was associated with lower pCR and worse survival [13]. A study based on nationwide database of 24,698 Korean breast cancer patients reported that underweight females had a significantly higher risk of both distant metastasis and local recurrence, suggesting UW status should be included in various treatment decision-aiding tools, especially for Asian breast cancer patients [12]. Inferior DFS among UW breast cancer patients in Western China was also revealed in this study, and this finding also further validated the results from Koreans since identical ethnic variation and similar age distribution was documented. UW people were often considered as undernutrition, leading to deficiency of cytokine reactions and the subsequent activation of the immune system. It is possible that at least compromised immune system among UW patients somewhat weakened the effects of anticancer and influenced the efficacy of systemic antitumor treatments [27, 28].
As interesting as all this is, our previous dose-response meta-analysis as well as observational studies [29–33] provided solid evidence that a reduction in breast cancer incidence with the increment of BMI was found among premenopausal women or hormone replacement therapy users. Furthermore, this study also observed premenopausal OW patients had comparable DFS with premenopausal NW cases, but better than premenopausal UW patients. These phenomena called “estrogen paradox” had been proposed before [24], and the molecular mechanisms underlying a lack of effect of obesity on breast cancer risk and prognosis are complex among women with endogenous/exogenous sex hormones. It was reported that obesity would increase concentrations of circulating estrogen since the adipose tissue is a production source of estrogen, especially in postmenopausal patients [34] and for the activity of aromatase that can in turn convert androstenedione to estrone and testosterone to estradiol is strongly stimulated by both interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), which are usually plentiful within the adipose tissue [34, 35]. Elevated level of endogenous hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, had mitogenic and morphogenic effects on breast epithelial cells [3, 36]. But these effects on breast tissues among premenopausal women became weaker than those of postmenopausal women due to their relatively higher baseline level. Accordingly, a recently multicenter analysis using pooled individual-level data from 758,592 premenopausal women from 19 prospective cohorts indicated increased adiposity was associated with a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer [37]. The interaction effects of menstrual status on the association between BMI and breast cancer characteristics should be fully evaluated in further clinical studies. Furthermore, there is another hypothesis that obesity females do less breast screening, and they are more difficult to find small lumps due to too much fatty in breast, so obesity patients tend to have more advanced disease at initial diagnosis [26, 36]. However, a study by Eichholzer et al. reported no differences in mammography screening attendance between normal weight and obese and underweight women [38].
Many recent studies were conducted to examine the relationships between obesity and breast cancer risk or survival outcomes in Chinese patient cohorts [39–43]. The Shanghai Breast Cancer Survival Study suggested that postdiagnosis BMI and waist-to-hip ratio, as indicators of overall and central obesity respectively, were associated with late all-cause mortality in U-shaped pattern among long-term breast cancer survivors [42]. Another study from Northern and Eastern China indicated that general and central obesity may play different roles in different breast cancer subtypes, supporting the hypothesis that obesity affects breast carcinogenesis via complex molecular interconnections, beyond the impact of estrogen [43]. Another cohort [44] from Shanghai showed that obesity prediagnosis and weight loss postdiagnosis were inversely associated with prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer patients, suggesting maintaining a stable weight after cancer diagnosis for TNBC patients may be considered. Compared with them, we were first to supply comprehensive relationships of BMI and breast cancer clinicopathologic and survival characteristics in Western China, and multicenter and adequate sample size made these results credible.
Some limitations of our study should be acknowledged, and our results ought to be interpreted with cautions. Firstly, some important confounding factors such as socioeconomic status, performance status, status of Ki67 and P53, nuclear grade, and anti-HER2 therapy were missing in most of enrolled patients, which may have influenced our results. Then, waist circumference of patients was not measured, which was a potential modifier for the relationship of BMI and breast cancer characteristics [45]. Additionally, although the sample size in this study was only next to that in the Korean study [12] among all Asian studies, limited numbers of patients maybe lead to decline of statistical power especially in survival analyses. We cannot entirely control the quality of primary data, and pathological diagnosis from multiple hospitals will lead to inevitable bias. Last but not least, for the associations between clinicopathologic characteristics and BMI, our cross-sectional analysis could not demonstrate that abnormal weight was the cause or consequence of these clinicopathologic characteristics.
5. Conclusions
This multicenter retrospective cohort study found that OW at diagnosis was associated with more aggressive carcinoma (i.e., larger tumor size, nuclear grade III, lymphovascular invasion, and triple-negative subtype) than NW, regardless of menopausal status. UW premenopausal patients were more proven to distant metastases and HER-2 positive, but UW postmenopausal patients were less likely to have carcinoma with multifocality and ALN metastasis. An “U” shaped association of BMI and DFS was revealed in the whole cohort, and subgroup analyses indicated no significant difference in DFS between OW postmenopausal and NW postmenopausal cases was found. Oncologists should pay more attention to the BMI of breast cancer patients in Western China, especially for postmenopausal obese cases, and tailored treatments and surveillance should be conducted accordingly.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by grants from National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Program of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (2014BAI08B03), Zhejiang Province Key Project of Science and Technology (2014BAI08B00). The funder of this study had no role in the decisions about the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. The views expressed in this review are the opinions of the authors.
Abbreviation
- BMI:
Body mass index
- NW:
Normal weight
- UW:
Underweight
- OW:
Overweight and obese
- ALN:
Axillary lymph nodes
- ER:
Estrogen receptor
- PR:
Progesterone receptor
- HER2:
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- DFS:
Disease-free survival.
Contributor Information
Guo-Sheng Ren, Email: rengs726@126.com.
Hong-Yuan Li, Email: hongy_li@hotmail.com.
Data Availability
The Western China Clinical Cooperation Group (WCCCG) data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Authors' Contributions
Kang Wang, Yu-Tuan Wu, and Xiang Zhang contributed equally to this work and should be considered as co-first authors. Hong-Yuan Li and Guo-Sheng Ren contributed equally to this work and should be considered as co-correspondence authors.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The Western China Clinical Cooperation Group (WCCCG) data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.