Abstract
Objective
Engaging in physical activity (PA) plays an important role in promoting physical and mental health, but the PA data for Chinese preschool children are lacking. This study aims to objectively assess the PA levels of preschool children in Shanghai, China and to evaluate their PA levels relative to age-specific recommendations.
Design, setting and participants
A cross-sectional study was conducted among preschool children in Shanghai, city of China. There were a total of 303 preschool children (boys, 174; girls, 129) recruited from eight kindergarten classes in the Yangpu and Baoshan Districts of Shanghai.
Main outcome measures
Daily PA was assessed using ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers for seven consecutive days. Children were required to have data from at least 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day, with a minimum daily wear time of 480 min to be included in the analysis.
Results
Preschool children in Shanghai accumulated, on average, 70.9 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and 168.0 min of total PA (TPA) per day (d). Boys engaged in more MVPA and TPA than girls (72.8 min/day vs 68.3 min/day and 171.9 min/day vs 162.9 min/day, respectively). Overall, 72.9% of the participants met the age-specific recommendations of MVPA, while 35.3% met TPA recommendations.
Conclusions
Findings of this study warn of the insufficiency of PA in Shanghai preschool children, suggesting there is substantial room to improve their PA.
Trial registration number
ChiCTR-OOC-15007439; Results.
Keywords: accelerometry, physical activity, preschool children
Strength and limitation of this study.
Objective measures of daily physical activity were obtained by accelerometers in a sample of preschool children from Shanghai, China.
Daily physical activity levels in Shanghai preschool children were evaluated by both moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and activity at any intensity recommended guidelines.
For feasibility, this study sample was not a random sample recruited from the population.
Introduction
Engaging in physical activity (PA) plays an important role in promoting physical, psychological and cognitive health.1 Moreover, establishing robust PA habits in childhood has positive long-term effects on lifestyle that persist into adulthood,2 including reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as coronary artery disease, diabetes, stroke and hypertension.3 4 Accordingly, Canadian PA guideline for preschool children suggests that, to achieve health benefits, children aged 3–6 years should participate in at least 180 min of PA at any intensity and progression toward at least 60 min moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) per day, cumulatively.5
Researchers and public health professionals are interested in establishing what percentage of preschool children meets the aforementioned PA recommendations. Accelerometers can be used as an objective tool to facilitate and improve the accuracy of PA monitoring, overcoming the limitations of self-reported data from children and the potential for recall bias in proxy reports from parents or teachers.6 When compared with pedometer, accelerometer can provide the data about the total amount of daily activities and the pattern of daily activities,7 which were considered to be more important to achieve health benefits based on the current PA guideline.5 Thus, accelerometers have become increasingly popular as a feasible strategy for capturing preschoolers’ movement behaviour accurately.8 Furthermore, accelerometer-based PA has become an important data source for examining the association between PA and health-related outcomes in recent years, even in the national health survey with large sample size.9 10
Although there is a perception that preschool children are constantly active,11 accelerometer-based evidence does not support this presumption for all children. In a sample of 3–5 year-old Canadian children, only 13.7% of participants met the PA recommendation for at least 60 min/day of MVPA.12 In a similar study of Australian preschool aged children, 22% of the sample met this guideline.13 Moreover, a meta-analysis of 29 reports encompassing 6309 preschool children in Canada and Australia yielded an average daily MVPA of only 42.8 (95% CI: 28.9 to 56.8) min.14 As of yet, objectively measured PA data for Chinese preschool children are lacking. However, a questionnaire-based national survey in China reported that only 29.9% of the children and youth met the guideline of PA.15 This phenomenon of lack of PA in children and youth may be more pronounced in the developed region. Take Shanghai, a highly developed city in China, for example, it was only 18.4% of children and youth met the PA guideline in a representative sample.16 Considered accelerometer-based PA data for Chinese preschool children are lacking so far, and the facts that many health-related benefits are achieved by regular PA. There is urgent need to objectively assess the PA levels in Chinese preschool children, especially in the developed regions like Shanghai.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess PA levels objectively in a sample of preschool aged children in Shanghai, China with accelerometers and to determine the proportion of children meeting the aforementioned age-specific PA recommendations. Findings of this study will help us to understand the levels of PA from a sample of Shanghai, which may serve as a foundation for making strategies to maintain or promote PA for preschool children.
Materials and methods
Participants
This cross-sectional study forms a baseline dataset for The Physical Activity and Cognitive Function Study, in which a convenience sample of 346 participants (boys, 201; girls, 145) were recruited from eight kindergarten classes in the Yangpu and Baoshan Districts of Shanghai, China.
After contacting the kindergarten director by phone and interested in this study, the aims and procedures of this study were explained comprehensively to the parents/guardians of all potential participants by parents’ meeting held in the kindergarten, including the right to withdraw from the study at any time. The inclusion criteria for the participants in this study were: (1) aged 3–6 years; (2) without a diagnosed physical and mental disability; and (3) with signed informed consent from the participants’ parents/guardians.
Procedures
Before accelerometer data collection, parents or guardians were instructed on the proper way to wear and remove the accelerometers by trained research staff. Parents or guardians agreed to have their children wear the accelerometers during all waking, except water-based activities such as bathing and swimming. Also, parents or guardians were asked to encourage their children to wear them as much as possible during their school hours. The accelerometers were collected at the end of a consecutive 7-day study period, and the accelerometer data were transferred to a computer via ActiLife V.6.11.6 software.
Measures
Anthropometric data
Height and weight were measured with participants dressed in light clothing. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a freestanding portable stadiometer, and weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg with an electronic weighting scale (HN-358, Omron, Tokyo, Japan). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated with the formula weight/height2 (kg/m2). Based on his or her BMI, each child was categorised as normal, overweight or obese based on the International Obesity Task Force scale.17
Physical activity data
PA was assessed with GT3X+ accelerometers (ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL), worn on the right hip attached to an elastic adjustable belt from 7 am to 11 pm everyday for seven consecutive days. Non-wear time was determined by the Choi algorithm18; children were required to have data from at least 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day, with a minimum daily wear time of 480 min to be included in the analysis. Based on these criteria, 43 participants were excluded from the final analysis.
Data were collected in 1 s epochs, because short epochs have been recommended for capturing movement behaviour in this age group.19 Raw output was expressed as counts per minute (CPM), and cut-off count levels previously developed for preschool children by Pate and colleagues were used to analyse MVPA time.6 We classified PA into three levels: light (LPA), 101–1679 CPMs; moderate (MPA), 1680–3367 CPMs; and vigorous (VPA) ≥3368 CPMs. Total physical activity (TPA) was calculated as the sum of LPA, MPA and VPA time periods. PA values were compared with the established recommendations of ≥60 min of MVPA or ≥180 min of PA at any intensity to evaluate the proportion of participants meeting these recommendations.
Data analysis
Assuming the coefficient of variation (CV) of MVPA (CV=0.28) based on the previous study,20 confidence level as 95%, and 5% level of precision, the required sample size was at least 125 in this study. The data are reported as means±SDs for normally distributed variables or as medians with IQRs for non-normally distributed variables. Independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney U-tests and Χ2 tests were used to assess gender differences in characteristics for normally distributed, non-normally distributed and categorical variables, respectively. When necessary, PA data were normalised by a log or square root methods prior to analysis. Differences in PA by gender and day were determined with independent t-tests, and differences in PA by BMI category were determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc tests. Analyses were performed in SPSS V.22.0 (IBM, Armonk, New York). A two-sided p value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Patient and public involvement
No patients or public were involved in this study.
Results
Characteristics of participants
The descriptive characteristics of the 303 participants included in the present cohort analysis are shown in table 1. Weight, BMI and the proportion of overweight/obese children were significantly higher in boys than in girls.
Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with valid accelerometer data
| Characteristic | Boys (n=174; 57.4%) | Girls (n=129; 42.6%) | All (n=303) |
| Mean age±SD, months | 58.3±5.6 | 57.1±5.3 | 57.8±5.5 |
| Mean height±SD, cm | 111.4±5.0 | 110.3±4.9 | 111.0±5.0 |
| Median weight (IQR), kg | 20.6 (20.1–21.1)* | 19.3 (18.8–19.8) | 20.0 (19.7–20.4) |
| Median BMI (IQR), kg/m2 | 16.5 (16.2–16.8)* | 15.8 (15.5–16.1) | 16.2 (16.0–16.4) |
| BMI category, % | |||
| Normal | 76.4* | 86.8 | 80.9 |
| Overweight | 15.5* | 10.1 | 13.2 |
| Obesity | 8.1* | 3.1 | 5.9 |
*P<0.05, boys versus girls.
BMI, body mass index.
Amount of different intensities of physical activity
On average, the number of valid accelerometer days among participants was 6.3 days (95% CI=6.2 to 6.4 days), and the mean duration of wear time across all valid days was 748.7 min/day (95% CI=740.3 to 756.7 min/day). The actual and per cent time spent engaged in CPM and each PA intensity level are presented in table 2. On average, participants in this study accumulated 168.0 min/day of TPA, and spent 13.0% (~97.2 min) of their daily waking time engaged in LPA and 9.5% (~70.9 min) of their days was spent engaged in MVPA. In general, boys were more active than girls, and participants engaged in more PA on weekend days than on weekdays. No significant difference in PA was identified with respect to BMI category.
Table 2.
Analysis of time spent engaged in PA categories by gender, BMI category, and day
| Factor | Mean CPM±SD (95% CI) | Mean PA by category±SD, min/day (95% CI) | ||||
| LPA | MPA | VPA | MVPA | TPA | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Boys (n=174) | 498.3±120.3* (478.7 to 516.7) | 99.2±18.4* (96.8 to 102.0) | 40.9±9.7 (39.5 to 42.3) | 31.9±10.7* (30.4 to 33.4) | 72.8±18.8* (70.1 to 75.4) | 171.9±34.0* (167.1 to 176.8) |
| Girls (n=129) | 468.0±109.3 (447.3 to 486.2) | 94.6±15.9 (91.8 to 97.3) | 38.8±8.0 (37.3 to 40.1) | 29.6±8.6 (28.0 to 31.1) | 68.3±15.1 (65.7 to 70.9) | 162.9±27.6 (158.0 to 167.6) |
| BMI | ||||||
| Normal (n=245) | 484.7±113.6 (470.0 to 501.4) | 96.9±17.4 (94.7 to 99.1) | 39.8±8.8 (38.7 to 41.0) | 30.9±9.6 (29.7 to 32.0) | 70.7±17.0 (68.7 to 72.9) | 167.6±31.1 (163.8 to 171.5) |
| Overweight (n=40) | 476.0±121.5 (437.3 to 514.6) | 99.0±18.2 (93.5 to 104.9) | 40.0±9.7 (37.1 to 43.4) | 30.3±10.9 (27.1 to 34.0) | 70.3±19.7 (64.4 to 76.9) | 169.3±35.5 (158.2 to 181.2) |
| Obesity (n=18) | 509.9±144.2 (444.0 to 580.5) | 97.7±16.9 (89.3 to 105.2) | 42.1±11.1 (37.4 to 47.2) | 32.3±12.1 (26.7 to 37.9) | 74.4±19.0 (65.7 to 83.0) | 171.0±32.4 (156.0 to 186.4) |
| Type of day | ||||||
| Week (n=303) | 471.0±117.4†(457.8 to 484.6) | 96.4±17.9 (94.5 to 98.3) | 39.3±9.3†(38.3 to 40.4) | 30.9±9.9 (29.9 to 32.1) | 70.2±17.5 (68.4 to 72.1) | 166.6±32.3† (163.2 to 170.1) |
| Weekend (n=303) | 517.4±166.2 (497.4 to 536.5) | 98.6±24.8 (95.8 to 101.4) | 41.6±12.0 (40.1 to 43.1) | 30.6±13.3 (29.2 to 32.2) | 72.1±24.0 (69.6 to 75.0) | 170.6±44.3 (165.8 to 175.6) |
| ALL (n=303) | 485.0±116.4 (472.6 to 500.0) | 97.2±17.5 (95.2- to 99.2) | 40.0±9.1 (39.0 to 40.1) | 30.9±9.9 (29.8 to 32.0) | 70.9±17.5 (68.9 to 72.9) | 168.0±31.7 (164.6 to 171.6) |
| Percentage time spent in different intensities of PA, % | – | 13.1±2.1 (12.8 to 13.3) | 5.4 ± 1.1 (5.2 to 5.5) | 4.2±1.3 (4.0 to 4.3) | 9.5±2.2 (9.3 to 9.8) | 22.6±3.7 (22.1 to 23.0) |
Significant data are shown in bold.
Mean±SD and 95% CI are reported for normally distributed variables.
*P<0.05, boys versus girls.
†P<0.05, weekdays versus weekend days.
CPM, counts per minute; LPA, light physical activity; MPA, moderate physical activity; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; PA, physical activity; TPA, total physical activity; VPA, vigorous physical activity.
Meeting the current PA recommendations
There were 72.9% of the participants met the MVPA recommendation that spent at least 60 min/day engaged in MVPA across all valid days, while only 35.3% of the participants met the TPA recommendation that accumulated at least 180 min/day of PA at any intensity. Boys met the PA recommendations more frequently than girls (table 3).
Table 3.
Adherence to common established PA recommendations for preschool aged children*
| PA metric | Guideline target | Participants, % (95% CI) | ||
| Boys (n=174) | Girls (n=129) | All (n=303) | ||
| MVPA | ≥60 min/day accumulated, averaged across valid day | 74.1 (67.2 to 79.9) | 71.3 (63.6 to 79.1) | 72.9 (68.3 to 77.9) |
| TPA | ≥180 min/day accumulated, averaged across valid day | 42.0 (34.5 to 48.9) | 26.4 (19.4 to 34.1) | 35.3 (30.0 to 40.9) |
*P<0.05, boys versus girls
MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; PA, physical activity; TPA, total physical activity.
Discussion
In this accelerometer-based cross-sectional study of preschool children in Shanghai, we found that, on average, boys accumulated 72.8 min/day of MVPA and 171.9 min/day of TPA, while girls accumulated 68.3 min/day of MVPA and 162.9 min/day of TPA. At least 27% of the participants did not meet the established PA guidelines.
Physical activity status of Shanghai preschoolers
Approximately 73% of participants in our Shanghai cohort met the recommendation of spending more than 60 min/day engaged in MVPA. However, less than 36% accumulated at least 180 min/day of TPA. The gap between these proportions is due largely to the shift from intensity to volume. The short 1 s sampling intervals used in this study may have resulted in an underestimation of LPA time, which would then yield an underestimation of TPA time, relative to, for example, a 15 s epoch. A longer epoch is more likely to result in an underestimation of MVPA and an overestimation of LPA in young children.21 Notably, a Canadian study with a much longer 60 s epoch found that 83.8% of young children met the 180 min/day TPA guideline,12 while only 13.7% engaged in at least 60 min/day of MVPA. This methodological inconsistency makes it quite difficult to conduct reliable interstudy comparisons. Here, we chose a shorter epoch because it has been recommended for capturing movement in young children owing to the particularly sporadic and intermittent nature of activity exhibited by children in this age group.22
Differences in physical activity by gender, body mass index category and date
Our empirical findings that boys spent 6.6% more time engaged in MVPA and had 5.5% more TPA time than girls are consistent with meta-analysis results.14 Trost et al suggested that a similar gender gap in PA was attributed to a VPA difference, with boys spending approximately 45% more time engaged in VPA than girls in their study.23 Meanwhile, Crespo et al found that familial, social and environmental characteristics correlated with higher MVPA in boys than in girls.24 Possible factors in this gender gap to explore in future studies include parental modelling and location.
Our finding of similar PA data across normal-weight and overweight/obesity groups was somewhat surprising. Although we commonly thought that normal-weight children must be more active than those who overweight/obese, accelerometer-based evidence does not support this presumption for all studies.25 Furthermore, the opposite findings are more likely to be true in some studies.26 27 These negative findings suggest that other factors, such as diet and genetic background, play more important roles in body weight. Future studies are needed to identify the relative importance of and interactions among PA, diet and genetics for weight status.
Our observation of greater PA on weekend days than on weekdays may be explained by participants having more opportunities to engage in PA on non-school days. Further studies should investigate and compare the specific activities engaged in on school days versus weekend days.
Physical activity in Shanghai preschool children versus children elsewhere
Given the importance of PA for physical, psychological and cognitive health,1 there is an increasing body of research focusing on the PA levels on preschool children from different population. Findings from a meta-analysis identified 29 studies indicated preschoolers’ accelerometer-derived PA ranged from 19 min/day to 281 min/day.28 However, the amounts of PA across different intensity levels varied widely depending upon the assessment methodology selected, with MVPA cut-off CPM levels having a particularly large effect on PA results.29 Therefore, it is more reasonable to compare the results that using the same cut-off value for PA levels. Unfortunately, the amount of time spent engaged in MVPA in Shanghai preschool children lower than data for the most prior populations assessed with the same cut-off CPM levels by Pate (range: 35.3–100.0 min/day; median: 94.9 min/day).20 25 30–37 The pattern of our TPA results was comparable to that of the MVPA results (range: 73.7–394.0 min/day; median: 348.0 min/day).20 30–37
Obviously, the results of this cross-sectional study indicate that Shanghai preschool children tend to have insufficient PA, and less PA than other populations examined with the same cut-off CPM levels. Although the current Shanghai Preschool Education Curriculum Guide requires daily outdoor activities for preschool children to be no less than 2 hours,38 we also suggest that interventions and policies may be needed to promote PA in Shanghai preschool children based on the data in this study. Similar to children, adolescents and adults, a variety of settings can promote the level of PA in children aged 3–5. However, in the early childhood stage, preschool is an important settings for the promotion of PA.39 Although the findings of PA intervention on preschool setting are inconsistent,40–43 the extant literatures also provide us with some strategies that may be useful for promoting PA levels of young children. These includes: (1) increasing time of outdoor activities, (2) providing materials that are easy to get and play, such as balls and hula hoops and (3) teacher-planned activities held both indoor and outdoor.44 Furthermore, there was a growing evidence that technology applications, such as exergaming, seem to be an effective approach to promote PA levels in children.45–47 It should be noted that technology applications may be a viable supplemental way to promote PA levels in young children in preschool-based setting.
Strengths and limitations
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate PA in Chinese preschool children with accelerometers, which eliminates the recall bias associated with other PA measurements. Additionally, our PA data were evaluated relative to both MVPA and TPA recommended guidelines.
This study had some limitations. First, for sampling feasibility, all participants were recruited from Northeast Shanghai. Thus, it remains to be determined whether similar findings would be obtained for children in other regions of Shanghai. Second, the accelerometer was worn over the right hip limited to capture activities with little displacement of the body, such as cycling. However, hip was probably the best placement to capture whole-body movements and on the side of the hip was also the most often site by various studies.48 Third, the accelerometer-based PA collection process spans different seasons that may have an impact on the result, although the seasonal variation in accelerometer-determined PA was not always observed in different region’s studies.49
Conclusions
At least 27% of preschool children in Shanghai did not meet current age-specific PA recommendations and preschool children in Shanghai were less active than most of the populations assessed in comparable studies. Findings of this study imply that there remains a lot of room for improvement in PA behaviours among preschool children in Shanghai, suggesting that public health interventions and policies regarding PA should be explored to promote PA levels in Shanghai preschoolers given that the development of active lifestyle behaviours early in life are believed to yield health benefits that extend into adulthood.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
We thank all the participants and kindergarten very much for their collaboration.
Footnotes
Contributors: MQ conceived and designed the study, analysed the data and drafted the manuscript. HZ, JZ, TZ, JZ, GZ, HF and SS conducted the experiments and collected the data. MQ and GZ performed the literature search. RW and PC advised on analysis and interpretation of the data, and critically revised the manuscript.
Funding: This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81703252), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, China (12XD1404500), the Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (15YJC890029, 17YJC890036), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (2017M620160), and a grant from Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (HJTY-2017-C08).
Competing interests: None declared.
Ethics approval: Ethics Advisory Committee of Shanghai University of Sport.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Patient consent for publication: Obtained.
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