Spotlight on brodalumab in the treatment of plaque psoriasis: the evidence to date

Abstract

The IL-17/IL-23 axis is now understood to influence psoriasis, and the development of novel IL-17 inhibitor medications marks a sea change in the treatment of psoriasis. Brodalumab is a recombinant, fully human immunoglobulin IgG2 monoclonal antibody specifically targeted against IL-17RA. This article discusses the mechanism of action and the efficacy and safety profile of brodalumab presented in the literature. Brodalumab, the latest approved anti-IL-17-class medication, is the only one that exerts its effects on IL-17C as well as on IL-17A and IL-17F, blocking the shared IL-17 receptor A. In this sense, considering the recent evidence, brodalumab could have beneficial effects not only on psoriasis, but also on atopic dermatitis. It could also serve as a therapeutic alternative in patients who develop paradoxical eczematous reactions or atopic-like dermatitis during treatment with other anti-IL-17A (secukinumab, ixekizumab).

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Background

Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory disease, affects 10% of the world population. Patients with psoriasis not only deal with pain and discomfort; they are also often socially stigmatized, psychologically distressed and isolated from the community.¹ The presence of psychological distress, highlighting with depression and anxiety, is a well-known aspect of psoriasis and has been reported extensively.^2,3 Psoriasis is also related to an increase in comorbidities, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and autoimmune disease. About 20% of patients with psoriasis have been estimated to have moderate to severe disease.^4,5 The most common form of psoriasis is the chronic plaque variant, involving 90% of psoriasis patients. The clinical appearance of the disease is dominated by raised, well-demarcated erythematous plaques with a variable amount of adherent silver scales. Plaques may have steep, “drop-off” edges or be relatively smooth, with a silvery white scale that is characteristic of the disease. The removal of scale may result in pinpoint bleeding known as the Auspitz sign. Lesions tend to be located on extensor surfaces, with the elbows and knees symmetrically involved in many cases, although it can present on all body surfaces.^6–8 Psoriasis is a chronic disease, and long-term treatment is necessary.

Changes to the IL-23/Th17 axis appear to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Along with TGFβ and the interleukin 6 (IL-6) cytokine, the upstream cytokine IL-23 is fundamental in developing and maintaining a pathogenic Th17 cell phenotype from naive CD4+ T cells. This subset of T-helper cells, which produces IL-17, is key in coordinating the inflammatory development of psoriasis.^9,10 There are six cytokines (IL-17A–F) and five receptors (IL-17RA–RE) in the IL-17 cytokine family. The overproduction of ILs (17A, 17F, and 17A/F) causes keratinocytes to proliferate, leading to the formation of psoriatic plaques. Blocking IL-17RA impedes the activity of several members of the IL-17 cytokine family, thereby normalizing inflammation of the skin.¹¹

Biologic therapies target key mechanisms of a disease’s pathogenesis. Psoriasis may be treated with biologics that disrupt tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, golimumab, certolizumab) or IL-17 (brodalumab, ixekizumab, and secukinumab), or those that inhibit IL-23p19 (guselkumab) or IL-12/23 (ustekinumab).¹²

Methods

The PubMed databases were searched for articles regarding brodalumab and the ClinicalTrials.gov database was searched for trials. Additional publications were collected from references identified in articles and related citations in PubMed. New data presented at the 2018 American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) and the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) meetings were also included.

Mechanism of action and regulatory affairs

Brodalumab is a recombinant, fully human immunoglobulin IgG2 monoclonal antibody specifically targeted against IL-17RA.

Brodalumab was approved in Japan on 4 July 2016 to treat psoriasis vulgaris, psoriatic arthritis, pustular psoriasis and psoriatic erythroderma. It was later approved by the FDA on 15 February 2017 for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. On 17 July 2017, the European Commission authorized marketing of brodalumab throughout the European Union for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.¹³

The recommended dose is a subcutaneous injection of 210 mg administered once per week for three weeks, followed by 210 mg every 2 weeks.

Safety and efficacy data in Phase III studies and new insights of literature

In this review, we analyze the most important Phase 3 studies regarding brodalumab and we include recent results isolated from these trials. AMAGINE-1, a Phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, safety/efficacy study (NCT01708590), consisted of a 12-week induction period followed by a withdrawal-retreatment period lasting up to 52 weeks. The patients ranged from 18 to 75 years old at screening and had stable moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis for more than six months before the initial dose of brodalumab. The body surface area (BSA) affected by psoriasis of patients included in the study was greater than 10%, with a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) greater than 12, and a static Physician’s Global Assessment (sPGA) higher than 3. A total of 661 patients were randomized at baseline to receive brodalumab 140 or 210 mg or a placebo (1:1:1 ratio). At the 12-week checkup, patients in the original brodalumab group who noted an improvement in sPGA were randomized again to receive induction doses of either brodalumab or placebo (1:1 ratio). Patients were differentiated by week-12 total body weight (≤100 kg; >100 kg) and sPGA response (0; 1). The endpoint — a PASI reduction of 75% (PASI 75) — was based on the Phase II clinical trial (NCT00975637) and was 77%, 82.5% and 10% of patients in the brodalumab 140 and 210 mg and placebo groups, respectively; target sPGA success rates of 72%, 77%, and 10% were the goal for the brodalumab 140 and 210 mg and placebo groups, respectively. The percentage of patients who achieved PASI 75 and sPGA 0/1 at the end of the 12-week induction phase was significantly higher for patients receiving brodalumab 140 or 210 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W) compared to those receiving placebo. Significant differences between the brodalumab and placebo groups could even be seen 2 weeks after treatment began. PASI 75 was achieved by 83%, 60% and 3% of patients in the brodalumab 210 mg Q2W, brodalumab 140 mg Q2W, and placebo groups, respectively.

Percentage of patients who maintained PASI 90 and PASI 100 through week 52 of the withdrawal phase was respectively 78.3% and 67.5% for brodalumab at a dose of 210 mg and 66.7% and 43.9% for brodalumab at a dose of 140 mg.¹⁴ Moreover, it is important to underline that 92.1%, 91.2%, and 90.5%, respectively, of the patients who exhibited PASI 75, 90, and 100 prior to brodalumab withdrawal reached their prior score in the first 16 weeks of retreatment.¹⁵

Here we report a retrospective analysis build on the cohort of patients treated with brodalumab coming from AMAGINE studies. 77 patients were receiving brodalumab when the study stopped in June 2015 at the sponsor’s request: these were fifty males and twenty-seven female patients. The mean age was 48 years (range 22 to 75 years), the disease duration ranged from 6 to 60 years. Most patients had previously been exposed to systemic agents or biological therapy. The mean duration of treatment with brodalumab before discontinuation was 3.1 (Standard deviation (SD):1.5) years. The mean PASI score before initiation of brodalumab treatment was 20 (range 12–48). At the time of brodalumab treatment discontinuation, 67 patients (87%) were clear or almost clear of psoriasis as defined by having reached PASI 90 to PASI 100 and 74 (96%) had reached PASI 75. The mean PASI at brodalumab discontinuation was 0.9 (range 0–19). All 77 (100%) patients experienced a relapse of psoriasis within the 9 months follow-up period. The number (proportion) of patients who had not relapsed was 17 (22%) at 3 months and 3 (4%) patients at 6 months. The median time to relapse was 46 days, which is about 6.5 weeks (range 1 to 32 weeks). This retrospective analysis of the outcome of psoriasis in patients who had to stop brodalumab treatment shows that all patients relapsed within 9 months with a median time to relapse of 6 to 7 weeks.¹⁶

The PSSI (Psoriasis Scalp Severity Index) assesses the severity of scalp involvement of psoriasis along the parameters of erythema, induration and desquamation on a 5-point scale (0–4): absent, 0; slight, 1; moderate, 2; severe, 3; severest possible, 4. The parameters are summed and multiplied by a value ranging between 0 to 6 that represents the area of the affected scalp. PSSI was valued across 12 weeks in the AMAGINE-1 trial. Brodalumab demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of scalp involvement in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis across clinical subgroups defined by BMI, prior biologic treatment and baseline PSSI. Already at week 4, 40% of patients receiving brodalumab 210 mg Q2W with baseline PSSI ≥30 had a PSSI 100 response. At week 8 of treatment with brodalumab 210 mg Q2W, patients improved to a mean SSA<10%, regardless of baseline PSSI. Patients with more severe scalp involvement achieved a similar rate of total clearance at week 12 compared to those with less severe involvement.¹⁷

AMAGINE-2 (NCT01708603) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group multicenter trial. A total of 1,831 patients were randomly assigned in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to receive, respectively, either brodalumab 210 mg or brodalumab 140 mg (both injected subcutaneously on day 1 and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10), ustekinumab (injected subcutaneously, 45 mg for patients with body weight ≤100 kg and 90 mg for patients with body weight >100 kg, on day 1, week 4 and every 12 weeks (Q12W) thereafter), or placebo (subcutaneous injection on day 1 and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10). At week 12, patients undergoing brodalumab treatment were randomized again in a 2:2:2:1 ratio to receive brodalumab 210 mg Q2W, 140 mg Q2W, 140 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W), or 140 mg every 8 weeks (Q8W), respectively, for 52 weeks. Patients originally assigned to the placebo group were switched to brodalumab 210 mg Q2W from week 12 through 52. Those taking ustekinumab continued to follow the same treatment regime. The two-fold trial endpoint at 12 weeks consisted of PASI 75 and sPGA 0 or 1 for patients taking brodalumab versus placebo, and PASI 100 for patients taking brodalumab versus ustekinumab. Secondary endpoints consisted of PASI 90, PASI 100, and the psoriasis symptom inventory (PSI) response at week 12 and sPGA 0 or 1 at week 52. Brodalumab 210 mg and brodalumab 140 mg were shown to be statistically superior to placebo at 12 weeks. For the brodalumab 210 mg and brodalumab 140 mg groups, 86.3% and 66.6% of patients, respectively, achieved PASI 75 compared to 8.1% for the placebo group. PASI 100 response rates at week 12 were significantly higher with 210 mg of brodalumab than with ustekinumab: 44% vs 22% respectevely  (P<0.001).^18,19

It is important to underline that more than 90% of patients had a Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) response by week 12, a response rate that continued through week 120, independent of the change in dose. At each point after open-label extension (OLE) baseline, a majority of patients reported a DLQI score of 0, ie, psoriasis had “no effect at all on patient’s life”.²⁰

Like AMAGINE-2, the AMAGINE-3 study (NCT01708629) consisted of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. A total of 1,881 patients were randomly distributed in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to receive, respectively, either brodalumab 210 mg or brodalumab 140 mg (injected subcutaneously on day 1 and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10), ustekinumab (injected subcutaneously, 45 mg for patients with body weight ≤100 kg and 90 mg for patients with body weight >100 kg, on day 1, at week 4 and every 12 weeks) or placebo injected subcutaneously on day 1 and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. Brodalumab 210 mg and brodalumab 140 mg were shown to be statistically superior over placebo at 12 weeks. PASI 75 was achieved for 85.1% and 69.2% of patients for brodalumab 210 mg and brodalumab 140 mg, respectively, compared to 6.0% of patients in the placebo group (P<0.001 compared to placebo). PASI 100 response rates at week 12 were significantly higher with 210 mg of brodalumab than with ustekinumab, similarly to AMAGINE-2 ones: 37% vs 19% (P<0.001).

New data from long-term, open-label extension studies of AMAGINE-2 and -3 trials have recently been published regarding the effectiveness of brodalumab to maintain clearance of psoriatic lesions beyond 52 weeks. At week 52, the rates of PASI 75, PASI 90 and PASI 100 were 93.1%, 86.4%, and 66.5%, respectively. The respective rates were 91.0%, 79.7%, and 61.9% at week 108 Table 1.

Table 1.

Comparing week 12 AMAGINE 2 and AMAGINE 3 PASI 75, 90 and 100 results with extension study (week 52 and week 108 results are obtained from patients assuming brodalumab 210 mg Q2W during the maintenance and long-term extension phases)

Week 12 AMAGINE 2	Week 12 AMAGINE 3	Week 52 AMAGINE 2–3	Week 108 AMAGINE 2–3
PASI 75
66,6 % for brodalumab 140 mg group 86,3 % for brodalumab 210 mg group 70 % for ustekinumab group and 8,1 % for placebo group	69,2 % for brodalumab 140 mg group 85,1 % for brodalumab 210 mg group 69,3 % for ustekinumab group and 6 % for placebo group	93,1 % for brodalumab 210 mg group	91,0% for brodalumab 210 mg group
PASI 90
		86,4% for brodalumab 210 mg group	79,7% for brodalumab 210 mg group
PASI 100
25,7 % for brodalumab 140 mg group 44,4 % for brodalumab 210 mg group 21,7 % for ustekinumab group, and 0,6 % for placebo group	27 % for brodalumab 140 mg group 36,7 % for brodalumab 210 mg group 18,5 % for ustekinumab group and 0,3 % for placebo group	66,5 % for brodalumab 210 mg group	61,9 % for brodalumab 210 mg group

Notes: Data from Lebwohl M et al¹⁸ and Papp KA et al.²⁸

At weeks 52 and 108, respectively, success rates based on sPGA score ≤1 were 87.5% and 79.7%.¹⁹ In Phase-III studies of brodalumab in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis (AMAGINE-1, -2 and -3), PASI was positively correlated with DLQI regardless of treatment arm and brodalumab demonstrated superiority to ustekinumab in time to concurrent PASI 100 and DLQI 0. At week 28, 50% of patients receiving brodalumab 210 mg Q2W had achieved concurrent PASI 100 and DLQI 0, but this response rate was not achieved in the ustekinumab group by week 52.²¹

Recent analyses, published in a letter by Blauvelt et al, were made on the achievement of sPGA success (score 0/1), PASI 75, and median times to achieve 25%, 50% and 75% reductions in baseline PASI in the AMAGINE-2 and 3 trials. The estimated time required for 25% of patients to reach PASI 75 were 2.1 weeks for brodalumab and 4.8 weeks for ustekinumab. In comparison with corresponding times also for other treatments (2.4 weeks for ixekizumab, 3.0 weeks for high-dose secukinumab), brodalumab may act more quickly than any biologic therapy used in psoriasis. The rapid, prolonged effectiveness of brodalumab was also demonstrated by the improvement in baseline PASI over time. The time it took 50% of patients to reach PASI 75 was estimated at 4.2 weeks for brodalumab and 9.4 weeks for ustekinumab.^22–25 The cumulative incidence of complete clearance over 52 weeks in AMAGINE-2 and -3 trials was analyzed using a competing risk model with outcomes of achieving PASI 100 or an inadequate response; and a static PGA ≥3 or persistent values of 2 over at least a 4-week period starting at week 16 or later. In systemic/biologic-naïve patients, 76% receiving brodalumab achieved PASI 100 by week 52 compared to 58% of patients on ustekinumab. The percentage of patients achieving PASI 100 remained high for brodalumab in systemic use, biologic-naïve (78%), biologic use without failure (75%) and biologic failure (70%) patients, but were lower for ustekinumab in systemic use, biologic-naïve (55%) and biologic use without failure (41%) patients. The percentages were lower still for ustekinumab patients with biologic failure (30%). These data show that patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis treated with brodalumab achieved complete clearance more rapidly and more frequently than patients treated with ustekinumab, independent of treatment history.²⁶

One interesting report evaluated PSI response across AMAGINE-1/-2/-3 trials. In all three studies, a higher percentage of patients achieved the secondary endpoint (PSI total score ≤8 with no item score >1) at week 12 with brodalumab 140 mg Q2W (range, 51%–53%) and 210 mg Q2W (range, 61%–68%) compared to placebo (range, 4%–7%). In AMAGINE-2/-3, the studies with an active comparator (ustekinumab), the percentage of patients with a PSI total score response was higher for brodalumab 210 mg Q2W (range, 61%–68%) than both brodalumab 140 mg Q2W (range, 51%–53%) and ustekinumab (range, 52%–55%).²⁷ For the same trials at week 12, the brodalumab 210 mg group contained many more patients with a PSI score of 0 (22.7%) compared to ustekinumab (13.4%; P<0.001). The median time to PSI total score response was estimated to be 4 weeks for brodalumab 210 mg and 5 weeks for brodalumab 140 mg; it was not estimated for placebo. As measured from baseline, the median time to achieve ≥50% improvement in PSI total score was estimated to be 2.6 weeks for brodalumab 210 mg and 3 weeks for brodalumab 140 mg; no estimate was made for placebo. Analyzing psoriasis symptoms by integrating different indicators (PASI, SPGA, PSI) highlights a decrease in symptoms captured by the PSI and the clinical severity of lesions captured by PASI among patients who received 12 weeks of brodalumab 210 mg Q2W compared to placebo.²⁷

To date, there have been six Phase-II and four Phase-III RCTs that have assessed the efficacy and safety of brodalumab in treating psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.^{14,18,28–34} All studies had a 12-week induction period where patients received brodalumab on day 1 and at week 1, week 2, and every other week up to week 10, with evaluation at week 12. Six of the studies continued with an open-label extension offering brodalumab to all patients. Adverse event data is currently available for open-label extensions up to week 52; however, the Phase-II psoriasis study by Papp et al¹⁴ has data available up to week 120.²⁰

Targan et al³⁰ terminated their study prematurely as brodalumab was found to worsen the activity of Crohn’s disease. During the 12-week induction period within the study, 4,118 patients were treated with at least one dose of brodalumab. During induction, the most common adverse events reported with brodalumab use were nasopharyngitis (7.4%), upper respiratory tract infection (5.6%), headaches (4.3%), arthralgias (3.0%), and injection site reaction (2.1%). Due to the immunosuppressive nature of brodalumab, serious infections, candidiasis, and neutropenia are considered adverse events of interest. Only 1.7% of brodalumab patients reported serious infections, similar to the placebo group (1.5%). Candidiasis was reported in 1.1% of patients, typically oropharyngeal, and 0.5% were found to have clinically insignificant neutropenia. Major adverse cardiovascular events, headache, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting were reported by less than 1% of participants. Similar to a study with another IL-17 antagonist, secukinumab, Targan et al,³⁰ discovered worsening of Crohn’s disease activity with IL-17 inhibition in 24 (18%) of 130 patients, and the study was therefore terminated early. Subsequent RCTs in other states of disease excluded subjects with a history of Crohn’s disease.

A total of 4,340 patients received brodalumab for an extended duration of 52 to 120 weeks. Adverse event data was compiled from six open-label extensions and a 52-week study by Yamasaki and colleagues.³⁴ The most common adverse events reported with longer duration of brodalumab therapy were injection site reaction (4.5%), candida infections (4.1%), and nasopharyngitis (3%). Other side effects included upper respiratory tract infection (1.8%), serious infection (1.4%), arthralgias (1.1%), and neutropenia (1.1%). Headache, fatigue, major adverse cardiovascular events, and gastrointestinal adverse events (eg, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea) were reported by less than 1% of patients. Depressed mood was described by only 1.5% of brodalumab patients, similar to the 1.3% of participants receiving ustekinumab during the AMAGINE-2 and -3 trials.¹⁸ All brodalumab clinical trials were stopped on 22 May 2015, as six participants treated with brodalumab across all programs committed suicide. Of these six, four were enrolled in psoriasis studies, one in the rheumatoid arthritis trial, and one in a psoriatic arthritis study.¹⁷ Of the four psoriasis patients, two committed suicide during the open-label extension of AMAGINE-2 and the remaining two occurred during the open-label extension of AMAGINE-1, one of which was deemed to be an unintentional heroin overdose on autopsy. One suicide was committed during the induction period of the rheumatoid arthritis study by Pavelka et al,²⁹ and one during the AMVISION-1 open-label extension. The FDA conducted a thorough analysis of the data available in 2015 and determined that there was no established drug-related risk of suicide or suicidal ideation Table 2.

Table 2.

Safety data from AMAGINE-2 and AMAGINE-3 trials

Study protocols	Most common AE	Severe AEs
Study protocols	Most common AEs (rates per 100 patient-over 2.3 years)	Severe AEs
AMAGINE-2
N=1800 patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis Placebo Q2W, Brodalumab Q2W 140 mg Brodalumab Q2W 210 mg Ustekinumab as per label Follow up 52 weeks, extended to 120 weeks	Injection site reaction (4.5%) Candida infections (4.1%) Nasopharyngitis (3%)	4 patients committed suicide Neutropenia (0.2 for AMAGINE-2 and 1.5 for AMAGINE-3) Sepsis (0.1) , (0.1)
AMAGINE-3
N=1800 patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis Placebo Q2W Brodalumab Q2W 140 mg Brodalumab Q2W 210 mg Ustekinumab as per label Follow up 52 weeks, extended to 120 weeks	Respiratory tract infection (1.8%) Arthralgias (1.1%) Depressed mood (1.5%)	MACE (0.2) , (0.7) Serious infection (1.4%)

Suicidal behavior related to use of the IL-17 receptor antagonist was unexpected, and there is currently no known biological explanation why brodalumab would generate psychiatric adverse events; further investigation is therefore needed regarding such possibilities. However, the explanation for increased suicidal behavior may be lie in a confounding effect. At the time the AMAGINE studies were carried out, suicide rates increased in the United States, Canada and Poland, and in white men over 45 years of age in particular. The majority of patients included in the AMAGINE studies were middle-aged white men, which may explain the suicide rates in the AMAGINE trials. As described by Danesh et al, this increase in suicide among white men may also have created a confounding effect in other psoriasis studies with similar patient demographics. For example, between 2010 and 2015, the effect of apremilast on psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis was studied in phase-III trials in which an increased risk of depression and suicidal ideation was also identified.^35–37

Late-stage clinical trials of brodalumab in psoriasis patients were explored to identify the occurrence of psychiatric adverse events and to search for possible causal relationships with the drug treatment under study. Data related to psychiatric adverse events were aggregated from 5 clinical trials: a Phase-II, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00975637); an open-label, long-term extension of the Phase-II study (NCT01101100); and three Phase-III, randomized, double-blind, controlled trials (AMAGINE-1, -2 and -3 [NCT01708590, NCT01708603 and NCT01708629, respectively]) along with their long-term open-label extensions. All five studies monitored various psychiatric adverse events throughout the treatment and follow-up periods using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. In addition, the Columbia Classification Algorithm for Suicide Assessment (C-CASA) was used for an independent judgement about suicidal ideation and behavior (SIB) events.^38–41 The results showed that the occurrence of SIB events during treatment with brodalumab was similar to the rate for placebo or ustekinumab during the induction phase and comparable to the rate for ustekinumab during the first year of treatment. The rate of psychiatric adverse events in patients receiving brodalumab was similar to the rate in patients receiving placebo for 12 weeks and in patients receiving ustekinumab for 12 and 52 weeks. No association was found between the inhibition of IL-17 signaling and pathogenic mechanisms related to neuropsychiatric adverse events. In sum, no evidence of causality was found from the inquiry into SIB events among psoriasis patients in the brodalumab trials.

The most relevant data for investigating a potential causal relationship between brodalumab and SIB events are found in the controlled sections of the Phase-II and -III trials due to the presence of a group of patients with similar baseline characteristics assigned to a comparator and the same evaluation techniques used across multiple cohorts. During the period of controlled study, no increases in SIB rates were observed in patients treated with brodalumab compared to patients treated with placebo or ustekinumab.⁴²

Discussion about the safety of brodalumab

SIB events found in brodalumab trials are one of the most challenging aspects with respect to safety. In a letter, Rieder underlines parallels between brodalumab and isotretinoin. From his point of view, both isotretinoin and brodalumab are highly effective medications developed for patients who are dermatologically and often psychiatrically ill. Both have also experienced controversial associations with SIB events.⁴³ Several recent studies have investigated possible relationships between psoriasis and psychiatric diseases. A population-based study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey examined the association between psoriasis and major depression in 12,382 US citizens. Among patients with self-reported psoriasis (2.8% of the study population), 16.5% met the criteria for major depression, which was more than double the 7.8% prevalence found in the general study population. Even after controlling for various demographic and medical characteristics (sex, age, race, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, smoking history, alcohol use, and a history of myocardial infarction, stroke or diabetes mellitus), psoriasis was still significantly associated with major depression (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.41–3.11).⁴⁴ Investigations have increasingly focused on the role of the immune system and systemic inflammation in the pathophysiology of depression, although the exact role of IL-17 in depression is still unclear. One study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis examined the levels of IL-17 among those with or without comorbid depression or anxiety. Serum levels were significantly higher in patients with both rheumatoid arthritis and anxiety compared to patients without anxiety (P=0.044). In addition, IL-17 levels were positively correlated with the severity of anxiety, even after controlling for the severity of pain and arthritis disease. In contrast, a study examining IL-17 and IL-23 plasma levels in patients with major depressive disorder found no difference in these markers relative to healthy controls.^45,46 Further investigation is needed to evaluate the direct role played by IL-17 in pathological conditions of the central nervous system. In the case of brodalumab, several factors should be considered regarding the problem of SIB comorbidities, including a clinical trial design that did not exclude patients based on psychiatric history, the lack of increased SIB events during periods when brodalumab was actively compared to placebo or ustekinumab, and the known risk of SIB events in the psoriasis population.

The numerical imbalance of completed suicides seen in the brodalumab psoriasis studies warranted a boxed warning regarding possible increases in SIB on the US FDA-approved label, though the same label states there is no causal association between brodalumab exposure and suicide.⁴⁷,48

In addition, the FDA’s decision to insert such a warning was heavily influenced by the fact that SIB behavior in the brodalumab trial manifested as completed suicides, despite the presence of attempted suicides in other biologic trials. On the other hand, in Europe, after EMA revision and drug approval, there is no black box warning.

Continued research is needed in order to identify vulnerable patients and to better assess risk versus benefit on the level of the individual. Importantly, the role of the physician in remaining vigilant of SIB events in psoriasis patients should not be limited to solely biologic therapies or boxed warnings.

With regard to other adverse events reported with brodalumab the safety profile of brodalumab overall is consistent with other IL-17-blocking drugs and broadly consistent with the spectrum of adverse events seen with biologic agents used to treat moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.⁴⁸

Brodalumab, the latest approved treatment in the anti-IL-17 class: what will make it different in real life?

The great advances made in our understanding of T-cell biology recently have led to the development of remarkably successful anti-IL-17 medications. The IL-17/IL-23 axis is now known to influence psoriasis, and new innovative treatments that inhibit IL-17 mark a sea change in the medical management of psoriasis patients, with a large portion of patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis achieving PASI 90-100.

Brodalumab provides an important new therapy for the management of psoriasis, because there remains a significant unmet patient need for new agents that can provide novel mechanisms of action, a rapid onset of effect, improved and sustained total skin clearance, greater compliance, and the minimization of drug-specific safety concerns.

In sum, brodalumab 210 mg Q2W met all primary endpoints across all Phase-III studies, demonstrating short and long-term efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis. Approximately twice as many patients who received brodalumab 210 mg Q2W achieved total skin clearance as measured by PASI 100, compared to ustekinumab at weeks 12 and 52. More than 50% of patients on brodalumab 210 mg Q2W were completely clear of their disease (PASI 100) within a year of initiating treatment.

On the other hand, in recent months, a paradoxical eczematous reaction during treatment with ixekizumab⁴⁹ and a report of atopic-like dermatitis after secukinumab injection⁵⁰ have been reported in the literature. In our experience, we have observed similar cases in our daily practice.

As indicated by the data on targeted therapeutics, both Th2 and Th22 seem to influence atopic dermatitis (AD), with variable Th1 and Th17 activation.^51,52 However, while psoriasis appears to be relatively homogenous and centered on inflammation driven by Th17/IL-23, AD seems to be heterogeneous over different phenotypes, possibly reflecting interactions between Th2 cytokines and different levels of contributions of IL-17, IL-22 and other cytokines. For example, some AD phenotypes (eg, Asian AD, intrinsic AD and pediatric AD), while sharing Th2 activation, show higher IL-17 expression and histologic features like those seen in psoriasis.^53–55 The evidence suggests that in both AD and psoriasis, IL-17C overproduction may drive feed-forward inflammation, including influencing the S100A7-A9 proteins that accompany psoriasiform hyperplasia.

IL-17C, which is produced by epidermal keratinocytes and other non-immune cell types, signals through receptor subunits IL-17RA and IL-17RE. These are expressed in various types of cells, including keratinocytes and T lymphocytes, so IL-17C participates in both autocrine signaling in the epidermis and paracrine signaling to immune cells.

Due to the simulation of Th17 T cells by IL-17C, the synthesis of IL-17A/F (products of activated lymphocytes) and IL-22 increase and can thereby clearly promote autoimmunity.⁵⁴ IL-17A and IL-17C are involved in a mutual relationship wherein IL-17A strongly induces IL-17C in keratinocytes and IL-17C is capable of synthesizing IL-17A in T lymphocytes. Large amounts of IL-17C are produced in keratinocytes (ie, production in psoriasis is about 100 times greater than IL-17A), and the actions of this cytokine may thus dominate the IL-17 response axis in chronic inflammatory conditions.

By locally amplifying skin inflammation, IL-17C may also play a role in other skin inflammatory diseases; inhibiting IL-17C may therefore be beneficial in both psoriasis and AD patients: antibody-dependent blockade of IL-17C inhibited cutaneous inflammation in the IL-23-induced psoriasis model and even in AD-like inflammation in mice^56–59 To date, brodalumab is the only anti-IL-17 treatment that affects not only IL-17A and IL-17F, but also IL-17C, since it blocks the shared IL-17 receptor A. In this sense, brodalumab could have beneficial effects not only for psoriasis but also for atopic dermatitis. It may also represent a therapeutic alternative in patients who develop paradoxical eczematous reaction or atopic-like dermatitis during treatment with other anti-IL-17A therapies (secukinumab, ixekizumab) Figure 1.

Figure 1.

IL-17A and IL-17C are involved in a mutual relationship wherein IL-17A strongly induces IL-17C in keratinocytes and IL-17C is capable of synthesizing IL-17A in T lymphocytes. IL-17C may also play a role in other skin inflammatory diseases; inhibiting IL-17C may therefore be beneficial in both psoriasis and AD patients: antibody-dependent blockade of IL-17C inhibited cutaneous inflammation in the IL-23-induced psoriasis model and even in AD-like inflammation in mice.

Abbreviations: AD, atopic dermatitis; DC, dendritic cell; IL, interleukin; Th, lymphocyte T helper.

In the new era of anti-IL23p19 drugs, we are unable to state whether these will be superior to anti-IL17 treatments in reality. Some scientists suggest there are advantages to blocking IL-17 instead of IL-23. This is because several pathways converge towards a unique cytokine: IL-17. Furthermore, by blocking IL-17, not only IL-23 induced cytokine is neutralized, but also the one induced by IL-1β, and by blocking IL-17, proteic autoantigen production and AMP, and thus the activation of pDCs, are inhibited. Other scientists claim it may be more beneficial to reduce Th17 clonal expansion with IL-23 blockers, one potential benefit of which is the low dosing frequency and a sustained drug effect. Inhibition of IL-23 may be more effective and the effects longer-lasting due to an upstream effect in which the expression of several downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by Th17 cells (eg IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22) is reduced. One possible explanation is impaired survival or a phenotype change in pathogenic Th17 cells, or the restoration of altered T-reg function. This is important since Th17 cells are long-lived and metabolically active, even after the skin is healed. It could therefore be beneficial to inhibit the initial production of these cells. Due to its broader mechanism of action, brodalumab could certainly be superior to the anti-IL17A treatment, with an efficacy more similar to anti-IL23p19 therapies.

The availability of a variety of psoriasis treatment options could enable the best treatment to be chosen for each patient in view of factors such as comorbidities (hypertension, liver disorders, and cardiovascular diseases), patient age and patient needs (work activities, social life, fear/anxiety of injections, etc.). As well, psoriasis is a chronic condition and wider array of therapies would also allow psoriasis to be managed more safely, effectively and satisfactorily, not only for an immediate response, but also in the long term. Psoriasis consists of several clinically similar diseases that are genetically different and likely operate under different pathogenetic mechanisms, so it is to be expected that varied responses to therapies are seen in both the short and long terms.

Despite the increase in therapeutic alternatives to treat psoriasis, some unanswered questions remain, such as the side-effect profile, immunogenicity, and initial lack or later loss of efficacy. The effectiveness of one biologic is not necessarily determined by the failure of another, and clinicians must be ready to quickly modify the treatment if the clinical goals remain unmet. Indeed, these drugs have a relatively high diminishing response to treatment: between 10% and 25% of patients report loss of efficacy. Significant expenses can potentially be avoided by reducing the number of failed treatments with biologics. Precision medicine and pharmacogenomics are therefore the targets of much research to uncover biomarkers that can guide clinicians when prescribing treatments, allowing them to predict the likelihood of efficacy and side effects and thereby shifting into an era of real tailored, patient-centered therapy.^60–63

In this context, stratified medicine can potentially optimize psoriasis management. The response of psoriasis patients to different drugs should be compared in clinical practice and various clinical, genetic, and immune biomarkers should be identified to predict said responses, thereby leading to tailored therapy, the new goal for biologic drugs in psoriasis.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.