Figure 1.

Proportion of men classified as having low, intermediate, or high semen quality based on unadjusted sperm concentration, progressive sperm motility, and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa. Low semen quality is defined as sperm concentration <15 million/mL or progressive (A+B) sperm motility <32% or morphologically normal spermatozoa <4% or as any combination of these. High semen quality is defined as sperm concentration >40 million/mL and progressive (A+B) sperm motility >50% and morphologically normal spermatozoa >9%. Other semen quality results are classified as ‘intermediate semen quality’. p‐values are the between‐country differences tested by chi‐squared test.