Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants and self‐reported medical conditions
| Characteristic | Median (5th–95th percentile) or percentages | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Finland (n = 287) | Denmark (n = 873) | ||
| Age (years) | 18.7 (18.5–19.1) | 19.1 (18.4–23.1) | <0.001a |
| Height (m) | 1.80 (1.70–1.91) | 1.81 (1.70–1.92) | 0.003a |
| Weight (kg) | 73.3 (58.5–99.4) | 73.2 (60.3–96.9) | 0.65a |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.6 (18.4–30.5) | 22.4 (18.8–28.7) | 0.07a |
| Tanner stage of pubic hair | |||
| IV | 3.5% | 0.8% | 0.01b |
| V | 11.2% | 12.1% | |
| VI | 85.3% | 87.1% | |
| Testis size by orchidometer (ml)e | 24 | 21 | <0.001a |
| Year of examination (%) | |||
| 2008 | 0.0% | 15.3% | <0.001b |
| 2009 | 44.4% | 35.4% | |
| 2010 | 29.9% | 35.5% | |
| 2011 | 25.7% | 13.7% | |
| Season of examination (%) | |||
| Spring | 31% | 34% | <0.001b |
| Summer | 17% | 8% | |
| Autumn | 22% | 46% | |
| Winter | 30% | 12% | |
| Duration of education (years) | 11.6 | 12.6 | <0.001d |
| Cigarette smokers (%)f | 45.0% | 49.5% | 0.19b |
| Smoking (cigarettes/day), all men (mean (SD)) | 3.3 (5.7) | 4.2 (6.5) | 0.12d |
| Smoking (cigarettes/day), only smokers (mean (SD)) | 7 (1–20) | 10 (1–20) | 0.52a |
| Duration of smoking (years)g | 2.0 (0.0–6.0) | 2.0 (0.0–7.0) | 0.56a |
| Alcohol consumption during past week (units) | 6 (0–36) | 11 (0–42) | <0.001a |
| Diagnosed as having | |||
| Asthma (%) | 9.8% | 10.9% | 0.66c |
| Diabetes (%)h | 0.7% | 0.0% | 0.06c |
| Thyroid disease (%) | 1.0% | 0.0% | 0.02c |
| Varicocele (%) | 0.3% | 0.7% | 1.00c |
| Hydrocele (%) | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.00c |
| Testicular torsion (%) | 1.0% | 1.5% | 0.77c |
| Hypospadias (%) | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.34c |
| Epididymitis/orchitis (%) | 0.3% | 0.9% | 0.47c |
| Cystitis (%) | 4.4% | 4.0% | 0.82c |
| Prostatitis (%) | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.14c |
| Sexually transmitted diseasesi (%) | 2.1% | 10.7% | <0.001c |
| Pregnancy history | |||
| Maternal smoking during pregnancyj (%) | 11.9% | 24.1% | <0.001b |
| Paternal smoking during pregnancy (%) | 31.9% | 42.5% | 0.01b |
| Preeclampsia (%) | 2% | 2.3% | 0.62b |
| Hypertension during pregnancy (%) | 4.4% | 4% | 0.95b |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (%) | 1.6% | 0.4% | 0.11c |
| Clinical examination | |||
| Testicular position (%) | 0.64c | ||
| Scrotal | 100% | 99.2% | |
| Inguinal (one testis or both) | 0% | 0.3% | |
| Non‐palpable (one testis or both) | 0% | 0.5% | |
| Epididymis abnormality (%) | 2.1% | 1.6% | 0.60c |
| Varicocele (%) | 20.6% | 12.8% | 0.004c |
| Hydrocele (%) | 0.7% | 0.7% | 1.000c |
| Treated for | |||
| Testicular cancer | 0.0% | 0.1% | 1.00c |
| Varicocele | 0.3% | 0.3% | 1.00c |
| Hydrocele | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.00c |
| Cryptorchidismk | 1.0% | 1.9% | 0.44c |
a
Student's t‐test.
b
Chi‐squared test.
c
Fisher's exact test.
d
Mann–Whitney U‐test.
e
Average size of both testes.
f
Including both current smokers and ex‐smokers.
g
Duration of smoking among cigarette smokers.
h
Type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
i
Included gonococcal and chlamydial infection.
j
Including maternal cigarette smoking of any duration.
k
Treatment for cryptorchidism were either surgery or hormones.