Table 1.
Herbs and spices selected for screening for anti-quorum sensing (AQS) potential.
| Species Name | Family Name | Common Name | Medicinal Use | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allium sativum | Amaryllidaceae | Garlic | Treatment of various disorders such as respiratory ailments, asthma, pneumonia, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders and rheumatism | [22,23] |
| Apium graveolens | Apiaceae | Celery | Treat toothache, diarrhea, hypertension and-pulmonary disease. Used as stimulant, cardiac tonic, carminative, diuretic and antiseptic | [24,25] |
| Armoracia rusticana | Brassicaceae | Horse-radish | Cough, lung and heart disease, diuretic, digestion, wounds, shortness of breath, stomach problems, bronchitis, headache, high blood pressure and rheumatism | [26] |
| Capsicum annuum | Solanaceae | Cayenne pepper | Use in traditional medicine to alleviate gastric ulcers, rheumatism, alopecia, toothache and diabetes | [27,28] |
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum | Lauraceae | Cinnamon | Benefit for common cold, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases and gastrointestinal disorders | [4] |
| Curcuma longa | Zingiberaceae | Turmeric | Anti-inflammatory and for the treatment of jaundice, menstrual difficulties, hematuria, hemorrhage, and colic. Applied topically for urticaria and skin allergy, viral hepatitis, inflammatory conditions of joints, sore throat and wounds | [29] |
| Glycyrrhiza glabra | Fabaceae | Liquorice | Used in medicines for its unique and diverse pharmacological properties viz., antiviral, anticancer, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immuno-stimulant, anti-allergenic | [30] |
| Melissa officinalis | Lamiaceae | Lemon balm | Treat infections of Herpes simplex | [31] |
| Mentha piperita | Lamiaceae | Peppermint (wild) | Used to treat coughs, bronchitis, inflammation of oral mucosa and throat, pulmonary tuberculosis, digestive complaints such as colic in infants, flatulence, diarrhea, indigestion, nausea, morning sickness and anorexia | [32] |
| Rosmarinus officinalis | Lamiaceae | Rosemary | Relief pain in renal colic and dysmenorrhoea, and as antispasmodic diuretic, antipyretic and as a mood stabilizer | [33] |
| Syzygium anisatum | Myrtaceae | Aniseed | Sedative and stimulant in cough medicines | [34] |
| Syzygium aromaticum | Myrtaceae | Cloves | Used to treat indigestion, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, infertility, warts, hernias, ringworm, wounds, toothaches, athletes foot and other fungal infections | [34,35,36] |
| Thymus vulgaris | Lamiaceae | Thyme | Bronchial asthma, inflammatory affection, hepatotoxicity, atherosclerosis, ischaemic heart disease, cataracts, cancer, insufficient sperm mobility | [37] |
| Zingiber officinale | Zingiberaceae | Ginger | Used for cold-induced diseases, nausea, asthma, cough, colic, heart palpitation, swelling, dyspepsia, less appetite and rheumatism | [38] |