Abstract
Immunoglobulin like transcript (ILT) 4, a negative regulator of immune response in allograft rejection, autoimmunity and infectious diseases, has recently been determined to serve important roles in tumor development. In the present study, the co expression of ILT4 and human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) in tissues of human primary colorectal cancer (CRC) was revealed, and its association with older age, advanced stage, regional lymph node involvement and poor overall survival time was identified. In CRC cell lines, ILT4 and HLA-G co expression and their autocrine regulation was demonstrated. ILT4 interference affected HLA-G expression and regulated the cell proliferation, invasion and migration of CRC. HLA-G fusion protein treatment also increased ILT4 expression in a dose dependent manner, thereby activating protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, and facilitating the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells. Additionally, the AKT and ERK activation, and CRC cell malignant characteristics induced by HLA-G may be suppressed by blocking ILT4. The present results indicated that the interaction of ILT4 and its ligand HLA-G promotes CRC progression through AKT and ERK signal activation, providing a novel strategy of blocking ILT4/HLA-G for the treatment of CRC.
Keywords: CRC, tumor progression, ILT4, HLA-G, prognostic biomarker
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancy types and the fourth most common cause of tumor associated mortality globally in 2008 (1). Despite improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC, the efficacy of surgery and chemotherapy remains unsatisfactory, and the 5 year survival rate of patients with CRC with metastasis remains <10% in 2012 globally (2-4). Therefore, further investigation on the molecular mechanisms of CRC progression is urgently required, which may help to elucidate novel therapeutic strategies for CRC.
Immunoglobulin like transcript (ILT) 4, which is also termed lymphocyte immunoglobulin like receptor 2, belongs to the ILT family. It is an immune inhibitory receptor expressed in macrophages, monocytes, myeloid and dendritic cells (DCs) (5,6). ILT4 binds to classical [(human leukocyte antigen A) HLA A and B] and non classical (HLA-G, E and F) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, and has been identified to induce inhibitory signaling via immunoreceptor tyrosine based inhibitory motifs, which is considered to recruit protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) 1 or SHP 2 (7,8). Our previous studies determined that ILT4 was aberrantly expressed in breast cancer and non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and its expression was correlated with poor prognosis (9-11). However, the expression of ILT4 has not been investigated in CRC to date.
HLA-G is a non classical MHC class I molecule with four membrane bound (HLA-G 1-4) and three soluble (HLA-G 5-7) isoforms (11). Binding with the receptors ILT2 and ILT4, HLA-G serves a crucial role in regulating immune activities (12-14). Additionally, HLA-G expression has been demonstrated to be involved in viral infection, organ transplantation, inflammatory reactions, autoimmune diseases and cancer, primarily serving an immune inhibitory function. Up to now, numerous researchers reported that the presence of HLA-G in numerous cancer types, including NSCLC and leukemia, is correlated with poor prognosis (15-17). ILT4/HLA-G has been investigated as an inhibitory axis in simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections, recurrent implantation failure and systemic lupus erythematosus (18-20). In a previous study, the co expression of ILT4/HLA-G in NSCLC and its correlation with a reduced overall survival (OS) time in patients with NSCLC was revealed, and also its activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling was demonstrated.
The present study investigated the co expression of ILT4/HLA-G in human CRC tissues, and analyzed the association between ILT4/HLA-G and the clinicopathological characteristics and survival time of patients with CRC. The co expression of ILT4/HLA-G was detected in CRC cell lines, in addition to its effect on cell proliferation, invasion and migration; furthermore, the potential signaling mechanism of protein kinase B (AKT) and ERK activation underlying ILT4/HLA-G induced CRC progression was investigated.
Materials and methods
Patients
A total of 88 tumor tissues were obtained from patients with CRC who underwent surgery between January 2013 and December 2014 at Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Jinan, China). Prior to the surgery, the patients had not received chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapy. Among the patients, 77.27% (68/88) were male and 22.73% (20/88) were female. Patients were aged from 20-90 years old with a mean age of 67.17 years. Follow up data were summarized on April 14th 2018, with a median follow-up time of 60 months. Tumor tissues were classified according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer Cancer Staging Manual (21). The present study was supported by the Institutional Review Boards of Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Immunohistochemistry
Human CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were fixed in 10% formalin (Phygene, Fuzhou, China; cat. no. PH0996) for 24 h at room temperature. Subsequently, it was dehydrated with different concentrations of ethanol (70, 85, 95 and 100%) and xylene, embedded in paraffin and cut to a thickness of 4 μm. When the sections had been de-paraffinized by xylene and rehydrated by different concentrations of ethanol (100, 95 and 75%), antigen retrieval was performed by heating the specimens in Tris EDTA buffer (Wuhan Sanying Biotechnology, Wuhan, China; cat. no. B600011) for 10 min in a microwave oven (Guangdong Galanz Group Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China; P70D20TL D4) at medium heat. Following naturally cooling the sections, they were incubated in 3% H2O2 at room temperature for 10 min and blocked in 10% goat serum (OriGene Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA; cat. no. ZLI 9021) at room temperature for 1 h. The sections were incubated with rabbit polyclonal anti ILT4 anti body (1:100; OriGene Technologies, Inc.; cat. no. TA349368) and mouse monoclonal anti HLA-G antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK; cat. no. ab52455) at 4°C overnight, followed by detection with an Elivision Plus Polymer
Horseradish Peroxidase (mouse/rabbit) IHC kit (25 min) and streptavidin conjugated peroxidase (25 min). The sections were visualized using 3,3′ diaminobenzidine solution (Fuzhou Maixin Biotech Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, China) and counterstained with hematoxylin at room temperature. Normal mouse IgG (1:20,000; Abcam; cat. no. ab205719) and rabbit IgG (1:10,000; OriGene Technologies, Inc.; cat. no. 17502-0.2mG) were used instead of the primary antibody as a negative control.
A total of two independent researchers analyzed the immunohistochemistry results. The stained cell percentages in at least five fields were recorded at ×400 magnification under a light microscope (NIKON ECLIPSE TI SR; Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The sections were scored as positive or negative by a previously described method (11).
Cell lines and cell culture
The human colon epithelial cell line FHC was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). The HCT1116, HT29, SW480 and SW620 cell lines were obtained from the Institutes of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Shanghai, China), and originated from the ATCC. All cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (HyClone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Logan, UT, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences). All cells were cultured in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 at 37°C.
Cell transfection
Downregulation of ILT4 expression was performed by transfecting plasmid pGPU6/GFP/Neo short hairpin (sh)ILT4-1 (shILT4; Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) in to HCT116 and SW620 cells. Non targeting plasmid [sh negative control (NC); Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd.] was used as a negative control. Plasmid Pez lv105 ILT4 (ILT4) (GeneCopoeia, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) was added to HT29 and SW480 cells to upregulate the level of ILT4, plasmid Pez lv105 (NC; GeneCopoeia, Inc.) was used as negative control. When the cells had reached 40-60% confluence in 6-well plates, plasmids and X-treme GENE HP reagents (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) were added to the cells at a ratio of 2 μg/6 μg according to the manufacturer’s protocols. The level of mRNA were detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT qPCR) after 24 h and the level of protein was detected by western blot assays after 48 h following transfection. The interference sequences of ILT4 are listed in Table I. The overexpression sequences of ILT4 are listed in Fig. S1.
Table I.
Interference sequences of ILT4.
| Name | Sequence (5′-3′) |
|---|---|
| shILT4 | GAAGAAGAACACCCACAATGC |
| shNC | GTTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT |
ILT4, immunoglobulin like transcript 4; sh, short hairpin; NC, nega tive control.
Protein extraction and western blotting
Total proteins were extracted from CRC and FHC cells. Following washing in ice cold PBS for 1 min, cell lysates were lysed in radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer containing a protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Proteins were quantified using a Pierce bicinchoninic acid assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). A mass of 30 μg protein/lane was separated via 10% SDS PAGE and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) using semidry transfer apparatus. Following blocking in TBS with 0.1% Tween 20 and 5% non fat milk for 1 h at room temperature, the PVDF membranes were incubated with mouse monoclonal anti HLA-G antibody (1:1,000; Abcam; cat. no. ab52455), rabbit polyclonal anti ILT4 antibody (1:500; Abcam; cat. no. ab128349), rabbit monoclonal anti phospho AKT antibody (1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA; cat. no. 4060), rabbit monoclonal anti AKT antibody (1:1,000; Epitomics; Abcam; cat. no. 2957-1), rabbit monoclonal anti phospho ERK antibody (1:1,000; Abcam; cat. no. ab201015) and rabbit monoclonal anti ERK antibody (1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.; cat. no. 4695) at 4°C overnight. The blots were incubated in horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary goat anti mouse (1:10,000; Wuhan Sanying Biotechnology; cat. no. SA00001-1) or goat anti rabbit antibodies (1:10,000; Wuhan Sanying Biotechnology; cat. no. SA00001-2) for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, the blots were developed in Enhanced Chemiluminescence reagent (EMD Millipore) and exposed using a ChemiDoc™ XRS+ system (Bio Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). GAPDH (1:10,000; Wuhan Sanying Biotechnology; cat. no. 10494-1 AP) antibody was used as the loading control. Image J 1.8.0 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was employed to quantify protein levels.
RT-qPCR analysis
Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The cDNAs were synthesized from 2 μg total RNA using a Thermo Scientific RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). RT-qPCR was performed using a Fast Start Universal SYBR® Green RT PCR kit (Roche Diagnostics) and ABI 7500 Fast Real Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.; 50°C for 2 min, 95°C for 10 min and 95°C for 15 sec for 40 cycles). The forward and reverse primer sequences are listed in Table II. The mRNAs were normalized to GAPDH. The 2-∆∆Cq method was used to evaluate the relative expression levels of the genes (22).
Table II.
Primers used in reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
| Name | Forward (5′-3′) | Reverse (5′-3′) |
|---|---|---|
| ILT4 | GCATCTTGGATTACACGGAT | CTGACAGCCATATCGCCCTG |
| HLA-G | GGCAGCCTATGACATTCCCC | GTCTTGGAGCCTTCTCCCTC |
| GAPDH | AGAAGGCTGGGGCTCATTTG | AGGGGCCATCCACAGTCTTC |
ILT4, immunoglobulin like transcript 4; HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G.
Treatment of HLA-G fusion protein and anti-ILT4 blocking antibody
HT29 cells were plated at a concentration of 1×105 cells/ml in 6 well plates, each well containing 2 ml RPMI 1640 medium with 10% FBS, and cultured at 37°C. When the cells had reached 60-70% confluence in 6 well plates, HLA-G fusion protein (Wuhan Sanying Biotechnology; cat. no. Ag10839) at concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 ng/ml was added according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Each well contained 2 ml RPMI 1640 medium with 10% FBS. The cells were incu bated at 37°C, and then analyzed at 24 h with an RT-qPCR assay and at 48 h by western blotting according to the afore mentioned protocols.
HT29 cells were treated with 0.5 μg/ml anti ILT4 blocking antibody (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA; cat. no. MAB2078) in 6-well plates at 37°C, using 0.5 μg/ml IgG (R&D Systems, Inc.; cat. no. 1-001 A) and PBS as negative controls. After 12 h, cells were treated with 200 ng/ml HLA-G fusion protein at 37°C, and after 48 h the total protein levels were detected by western blotting, according to the aforementioned protocol. The peptide sequence of the HLA-G fusion protein was as follows: SHSMRYFSAAVSRPS RGE PRFIAMGYVD DTQFVRFDSDSACPRMEPRAPWVEREGPEYWEEETRN TKAHAQTDRMNLQTLRGYYNQSEASSHTLQWMIGC DLGSDGRLLRGYEQYAYDGKDYLALNEDLRSWTAAD TAAQISKRKCEAANVAEQRRAYLEGTCVEWLHRYLEN GKEMLQRADPPKTHVTHHPVFDYEATLRCWALGFYP AEIILTWQRDGEDQTQDVELVETKPAGDGTFQKWAAV VVPSGEEQRYTCHVQHEG LPEPLMLRWKQSSLPTIPI (26-308aa encoded by BC021708).
Cell proliferation assay
Cells were plated in 96 well culture plates at a concentration of 3×103 cells/well, each well containing 100 μl RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS. After incubation for 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h at 37°C, cells were treated with 10 μl Cell Counting Kit-8 (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Kumamoto, Japan) solution and incubated at 37°C for 4 h, and subsequently measured at 450 nm. All assays were performed at least three times.
Wound-healing assay
CRC cells (HCT1116, HT29, SW480 and SW620) were plated at a concentration of 1×105 cells/ml in 6 well plates, each well containing 2 ml RPMI 1640 medium with 10% FBS, and cultured at 37°C for 24 h. Subsequently, the cells were scratched with a sterile 200 μl pipette tip. PBS was used to wash the cell debris. Images were acquired at 0 and 24 h in the same location under a light microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany; magnification, ×40). The scratch wound widths were calculated in three random fields of view.
Transwell migration assay
Cell migration was assessed using Transwell insert chambers with a pore size of 8 μm (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA). Approximately 1×105 cells in RPMI 1640 without FBS were cultured in the upper chamber. RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS was added to the bottom chamber as a chemoattractant. Subsequently, the cells were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The migrated cells were fixed with 20% methanol for 20 min at 37°C and stained with 0.1% crystal violet (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 15 min at 37°C. The number of cells in three fields of each sample was counted under a light microscope (Carl Zeiss AG; magnification, ×100). Cell numbers were calculated from five random fields.
Matrigel invasion assay
Cell invasion was determined using Matrigel invasion chambers (BD Biosciences; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The upper chambers were covered with Matrigel, which was diluted in cold PBS and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. Approximately 1×105 cells were suspended in RPMI 1640 medium without FBS and transferred into the upper chambers. RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS was added to the bottom chamber as a chemoattractant. Subsequently, the cells were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The migrated cells were fixed with 20% methanol for 20 min at 37°C and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 15 min at 37°C. The number of cells in three fields of each sample was counted under a light microscope (Carl Zeiss AG; magnification, ×100). Cell numbers were calculated from five random fields.
Statistical analysis
All data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) were selected to perform the statistical analysis. OS curves were generated via the by Kaplan Meier method and compared by means of the log rank test. The associations between ILT4, HLA-G and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with CRC were analyzed with the χ2 test. The correlation between ILT4 and HLA-G expression in CRC tissues was analyzed by Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The differences in characteristics between two groups were examined by Student’s t test. The differences in characteristics between three or more groups were examined by one way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Co-expression of ILT4 and HLA-G is detected in human CRC tissues
ILT4 and HLA-G positive expression was detected in the cell cytoplasm and in some cancer stromal cells (Fig. 1A). In adjacent normal colorectal tissues, ILT4 and HLA-G expression was too weak to be observed (Fig. 1B). In total, 68.18% (60/88) of the tissue samples exhibited overexpression of ILT4 and 59.09% (52/88) of the tissue samples exhibited overexpression of HLA-G. There was a notable positive correlation between ILT4 and HLA-G expression, and positive ILT4 expression had an increased probability of being observed in HLA-G positive tissues, compared with HLA-G negative tissues (P<0.001; Fig. 1C).
Figure 1.
Expression of ILT4 and HLA-G protein in tumor tissues from patients with CRC. (A) The co expression of ILT4 and HLA-G protein detected in CRC tissues by immunohistochemistry (magnification, ×200 and ×400). (B) In adjacent normal colorectal tissues, ILT4 and HLA-G expression was too weak to be observed (magnification, ×200 and ×400). (C) Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that ILT4 expression was positively correlated with HLA-G expression (n=88, P<0.001). (D) Overall survival time curves of patients with CRC in the four groups, generated via Kaplan Meier survival analysis. CRC, colorectal cancer; HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; ILT4, immunoglobulin like transcript 4.
Co-expression levels of ILT4/HLA-G are associated with the clinicopathological factors and prognosis of patients with CRC
Firstly, the correlation of ILT4 and HLA-G expression was analyzed with various clinicopathological characteristics. ILT4 expression was positively correlated with males and increased lymph node metastasis (Table III; P=0.002 and P=0.002, respectively). Additionally, increased expression of HLA-G was correlated with increased CRC Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) staging (P=0.030).
Table III.
Association between the expression of ILT4 and HLA-G and clinicopathological characteristics in human CRC tissues.
| ILT4
|
HLA-G
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical parameters | N | + | − | χ2 | P1 | + | − | χ2 | P2 |
| Age (year) | |||||||||
| ≤65 | 36 | 24 | 12 | 0.064 | 0.800 | 22 | 14 | 0.103 | 0.748 |
| >65 | 52 | 36 | 16 | 30 | 22 | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 68 | 52 | 16 | 9.475 | 0.002b | 42 | 26 | 0.885 | 0.347 |
| Female | 20 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 10 | ||||
| Primary tumor localization | |||||||||
| Right sided | 24 | 16 | 8 | 0.040 | 0.980 | 15 | 9 | 0.159 | 0.924 |
| Left sided | 38 | 26 | 12 | 22 | 16 | ||||
| Rectum | 26 | 18 | 8 | 15 | 11 | ||||
| Tumor size (cm) | |||||||||
| ≤5 | 52 | 37 | 15 | 0.518 | 0.472 | 33 | 19 | 1.004 | 0.316 |
| >5 | 36 | 23 | 13 | 19 | 17 | ||||
| Tumor differentiation | |||||||||
| Mediate low/low | 41 | 27 | 14 | 0.192 | 0.661 | 21 | 20 | 1.968 | 0.161 |
| High/mediate | 47 | 33 | 14 | 31 | 16 | ||||
| Lymph node metastasis | |||||||||
| − | 48 | 26 | 22 | 9.561 | 0.002b | 28 | 20 | 0.025 | 0.874 |
| + | 40 | 34 | 6 | 24 | 16 | ||||
| TNM stage groupings | |||||||||
| I/II | 44 | 28 | 16 | 0.838 | 0.360 | 21 | 23 | 4.701 | 0.030a |
| III/IV | 44 | 32 | 12 | 31 | 13 | ||||
Tumor tissues were classified according to the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (21).
P<0.05 and
P<0.01. ILT4, immunoglobulin like transcript 4; HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; TNM, tumor node metastasis; P1, P-value for the significance between ILT4+ and ILT4-; P2, P value for the significance between HLA-G+ and HLA-G-.
According to ILT4 and HLA-G expression levels, patients were divided into 4 groups to further examine the association between ILT4/HLA-G co expression and various clinicopathological factors. As presented in Table IV, compared with the ILT4 /HLA-G group, ILT4/HLA-G co expression in the ILT4+/HLA-G+ group was significantly associated with males (P=0.025) and increased lymph node metastasis (P=0.041). Additionally, compared with the ILT4+/HLA-G group, ILT4/HLA-G co expression was associated with advanced TNM staging (P=0.001). Older age (P=0.042), males (P=0.001), increased lymph node metastasis (P=0.038) and advanced TNM staging (P=0.030) were associated with ILT4/HLA-G co expression, compared with the ILT4 /HLA-G+ group.
Table IV.
Association between the co expression of ILT4/HLA-G and clinicopathological characteristics in human CRC tissues.
| ILT4+/HLA-G+ | ILT4 /HLA-G−
|
ILT4+/HLA-G−
|
ILT4 /HLA-G+
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical parameters | N | n | χ2 | P1 | n | χ2 | P2 | n | χ2 | P3 |
| Age (year) | ||||||||||
| ≤65 | 16 | 6 | 0.247 | 0.619 | 8 | 0.909 | 0.340 | 6 | 4.140 | 0.042a |
| >65 | 28 | 14 | 8 | 2 | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 39 | 13 | 5.042 | 0.025a | 13 | 0.554 | 0.457 | 3 | 11.396 | 0.001b |
| Female | 5 | 7 | 3 | 5 | ||||||
| Primary tumor localization | ||||||||||
| Right sided | 11 | 4 | 0.283 | 0.868 | 5 | 1.316 | 0.518 | 4 | 4.326 | 0.115 |
| Left sided | 18 | 8 | 8 | 4 | ||||||
| Rectum | 15 | 8 | 3 | 0 | ||||||
| Tumor size (cm) | ||||||||||
| ≤5 | 29 | 11 | 0.698 | 0.403 | 8 | 1.256 | 0.262 | 4 | 0.739 | 0.390 |
| >5 | 15 | 9 | 8 | 4 | ||||||
| Tumor differentiation | ||||||||||
| Mediate low/low | 17 | 10 | 0.728 | 0.394 | 10 | 2.700 | 0.100 | 4 | 0.363 | 0.547 |
| High/mediate | 27 | 10 | 6 | 4 | ||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | ||||||||||
| − | 21 | 15 | 4.156 | 0.041a | 5 | 1.297 | 0.255 | 7 | 4.309 | 0.038a |
| + | 23 | 5 | 11 | 1 | ||||||
| TNM stage groupings | ||||||||||
| I/II | 15 | 10 | 1.462 | 0.227 | 13 | 10.484 | 0.001b | 6 | 4.705 | 0.030a |
| III/IV | 29 | 10 | 3 | 2 | ||||||
Tumor tissues were classified according to the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (21).
P<0.05 and
P<0.01. TNM tumor node metastasis, ILT4 immunoglobulin like transcript 4, HLA-G human leukocyte antigen G; P1, P-value for the significance between the ILT4+/HLA-G+ and ILT4-/ HLA-G groups; P2, P-value for the significance be-tween the ILT4+/HLA-G+ and ILT4+/HLA-G- groups; P3, P-value for the significance between the ILT4+/HLA-G+ and ILT4 /HLA-G+ groups.
As depicted in Fig. 1D, patients with ILT4+/HLA-G+ had a decreased survival time, compared with the ILT4 /HLA-G (P=0.032) and ILT4+/HLA-G (P=0.043) groups. However, no significant difference in OS was observed, compared with the ILT4 /HLA-G+ group (P=0.395).
Co expression of ILT4 and HLA-G is also detected in CRC cells. The expression levels of ILT4 and HLA-G were examined in FHC and CRC cells (HCT1116, HT29, SW480 and SW620 cells) by western blotting (Fig. 2A) and RT qPCR (Fig. 2B and 2C). CRC cells exhibited increased levels of ILT4 and HLA-G expression, compared with normal cells. Additionally, increased levels of ILT4 and HLA-G were detected in HCT116 cells, and reduced levels in HT29 cells, indicating that the proteins ILT4 and HLA-G may be co expressed in CRC cells.
Figure 2.
Co expression of ILT4 and HLA-G in human CRC cells. (A) CRC cells (HCT116, HT29, SW480 and SW620 cells) exhibited increased pro tein levels of ILT4 and HLA-G expression, compared with normal cells (FHC). (B) CRC cells (HCT116, HT29, SW480 and SW620 cells) exhibited increased mRNA levels of ILT4 expression, compared with normal cells (FHC). (C) CRC cells (HCT116, HT29, SW480 and SW620 cells) exhibited increased mRNA levels of HLA-G expression, compared with normal cells (FHC). GAPDH served as a loading control. The results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. the corresponding expression level of FHC. CRC, colorectal cancer; HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; ILT4, immunoglob ulin like transcript 4.
Interference of ILT4 expression affects the levels of HLA-G and regulates CRC cell proliferation, invasion and migration
To investigate the regulatory effects of ILT4 on the expression of HLA-G in CRC cells, ILT4 was overexpressed in HT29 and SW480 cells via an ILT4 plasmid (ILT4 vector), and ILT4 expression was inhibited in HCT116 and SW620 cells via ILT4 shRNA (shILT 4). Western blotting and RT qPCR assays were performed to examine HLA-G expression. The overexpression of ILT4 in HT29 (Fig. 3A and B) and SW480 cells (Fig. 3C and D) upregulated the expression of HLA-G.
Figure 3.
Upregulation of ILT4 induces HLA-G expression. In HT29 cells, when ILT4 expression was overexpressed, HLA-G expression was increased at the (A) protein level and (B) mRNA level. In SW480 cells, when ILT4 expression was overexpressed, HLA-G expression was increased at the (C) protein level and (D) mRNA level. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. the corresponding NC. The results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. CRC, colorectal cancer; HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; ILT4, immunoglobulin like transcript 4; NC, negative control.
Simultaneously, the present study assessed whether ILT4 influenced CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The results demonstrated that ILT4 overexpressing HT29 and SW480 cells had a notably increased capacity for proliferation, migration and invasion, compared with the negative control (Fig. 4).
Figure 4.
Upregulation of ILT4/HLA-G expression promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells. (A) Effects of ILT4/HLA-G overexpression on proliferation were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit 8 assays. The effects of ILT4/HLA-G overexpression on migration were investigated by (B) wound healing assay (magnification, ×40) and (C) Transwell migration assay (magnification, ×100) (D) The effects of ILT4/HLA-G overexpression on invasion were measured by Matrigel invasion assays. Magnification, ×100. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. the corresponding NC. The results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; ILT4, immunoglobulin like transcript 4; NC, negative control.
Similarly, HLA-G expression was notably downregulated when ILT4 expression was reduced in HCT116 (Fig. 5A and B) and SW620 cells (Fig. 5C and D). Additionally, downregulation of ILT4 notably reduced the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCT116 and SW620 cells (Fig. 6). These results indicated that ILT4 promotes an increased proliferative, migratory and invasive phenotype in CRC cells.
Figure 5.
Downregulation of ILT4 inhibits HLA-G expression. In HCT116 cells, when ILT4 expression was inhibited, HLA-G expression was decreased at the (A) protein level and (B) mRNA level. In SW620 cells, when ILT4 expression was overexpressed, HLA-G expression was increased at the (C) protein level and (D) mRNA level. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. the corresponding NC. The results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; ILT4, immunoglobulin like transcript 4; NC, negative control; sh, short hairpin.
Figure 6.
Downregulation of ILT4/HLA-G expression inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells. (A) The effects of ILT4/HLA-G knockdown on proliferation were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit 8 assays. The effects of ILT4/HLA-G knockdown on migration were investigated by (B) wound-healing assay (magnification, ×40) and (C) Transwell migration assay (magnification, ×100). (D) The effects of ILT4/HLA-G knockdown on inva sion were measured by Matrigel invasion assays. Magnification, ×100. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. the corresponding NC. The results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; ILT4, immunoglobulin like transcript 4; NC, negative control; sh, short hairpin.
HLA-G fusion protein upregulates the ILT4 level in CRC cells in a dose-dependent manner
The effects of HLA-G expression on ILT4 expression were assessed in CRC cell lines. HT29 cells, which express a low level of ILT4/HLA-G, were treated with different concentrations (10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 ng/ml) of HLA-G fusion protein. In the range of 10-200 ng/ml concentration, HLA-G fusion protein notably upregulated the expression of ILT4 at the mRNA and protein levels in a dose dependent manner (Fig. 7).
Figure 7.
HLA-G FP upregulates ILT4 expression in CRC cells in a dose dependent manner. (A) Protein expression of ILT4 in HT29 cells following adding different concentrations (10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 ng/ml) of HLA-G FP was increased, compared with cells with 0 ng/ml HLA-G FP. (B) The expression of ILT4 mRNA in HT29 cells following adding different concentrations (10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 ng/ml) of HLA-G FP was increased, compared with cells with 0 ng/ml HLA-G FP. The results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. cells with 0 ng/ml HLA-G FP. HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; ILT4, immunoglobulin like transcript 4; FP, fusion protein.
HLA-G fusion protein induces the activation of AKT and ERK protein and promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells through binding with ILT4
To identify the underlying molecular mechanisms of ILT4/HLA-G in CRC progression, HT29 cells were treated with 200 ng/ml HLA-G fusion protein, and the expression levels of ERK1/2 and AKT were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the levels of phospho ERK1/2 and phospho AKT were notably enhanced, while the total ERK and AKT levels did not change significantly (Fig. 8A). Simultaneously, following stimulation by HLA-G, HT29 cells exhibited an increased capacity for proliferation, migration and invasion (Fig. 8B E).
Figure 8.
Addition of HLA-G FP activates AKT and ERK signaling, and promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of HT29 cells. (A) Protein expres sion of ILT4, AKT, p AKT, ERK, p ERK and GAPDH in HT29 following the addition of HLA-G FP. PBS served as a negative control. (B) The effects of HLA-G FP on proliferation were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit 8 assays. The effects of HLA-G FP on migration were detected by (C) wound healing assay (magnification, ×40) and (D) Matrigel invasion assay (magnification, ×100). (E) The effects of HLA-G FP on invasion were measured by Matrigel invasion assays. Magnification, ×100. The results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001 vs. cells with 0 ng/ml HLA-G FP. HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; ILT4, immunoglobulin like transcript 4; FP, fusion protein; p , phospho ; ERK, extracellular signal regulated kinase; AKT, protein kinase B.
The present study sought to block the ILT4 expression in HT29 cells via anti ILT4 antibody to identify its function in the cellular malignant behaviors promoted by HLA-G. Notably, the upregulation of phospho ERK1/2 and phospho AKT expression induced by HLA-G was no longer significantly altered (Fig. 9A), and the cell proliferation, invasion and migration of HT29 were notably reduced (Fig. 9B E).
Figure 9.
Anti ILT4 antibody can reduce the signal activation and malignant cellular behaviors promoted by HLA-G. (A) The protein expression of AKT, p AKT, ERK, p ERK and GAPDH in HT29 cells following treatment with anti ILT4 antibody and HLA-G FP. (B) Following blocking ILT4, the effects of HLA-G FP on proliferation were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, the effects on migration were measured by (C) wound-healing assay (magnification, ×40) and (D) Transwell migration assay (magnification, ×100), and the effects on invasion were measured by (E) Matrigel invasion assays (magnification, ×100). The same volume of IgG and PBS were used as negative controls. The results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. cells with PBS+HLA-G FP. HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; ILT4, immunoglobulin like transcript 4; FP, fusion protein; p , phospho ; ERK, extracellular signal regulated kinase; AKT, protein kinase B.
Discussion
ILT4 is a predominantly immunosuppressive molecule and the majority of researchers have focused on its function on DCs (23-26). Our previous studies identified ILT4 overexpression in breast cancer and NSCLC tissues (9-11). However, the expression level of ILT4 in human CRCs and its underlying role in CRC tumorigenesis have not been reported. HLA-G has been reported to be able to upregulate the expression of ILT2, ILT3 and ILT4 in antigen presenting cells (13), and our previous study demonstrated the interaction of HLA-G with ILT4 in NSCLC (11). Previously, researchers have investigated the HLA-G/ILT interaction as an immune checkpoint, and it has been deduced that the use of anti HLA-G or anti ILT antibodies may be considered as a novel immunotherapy strategy (16,26-28). Studies have also detected the expression of HLA-G in CRC, but its associated mechanisms remain to be investigated (29,30).
The present study demonstrated the high expression of ILT4 and HLA-G in human CRC tissues, and the co expression of the two proteins was associated with the pathological characteristics (age, sex, lymph node metastasis and TNM staging) and survival time of patients with CRC. Furthermore, the expression of ILT4 in men is increased, compared with women. Compared with other groups, patients with CRC in the ILT4+/HLA-G+ group had larger tumor sizes, increased TNM stages, increased lymph node metastasis and reduced survival times, which indicated that ILT4 and HLA-G could be prognostic factors to predict poor clinical response and survival time in patients with CRC. A number of studies analyzed the association between HLA-G and the OS of patients with CRC, but have not reported consistent conclusions (29,31). The present data, analyzed by Kaplan Meier, demonstrated that the high expression of HLA-G and ILT4 was statistically associated with the survival time of patients with CRC.
Additionally, the expression of ILT4/HLA-G and their interaction in CRC cell lines were detected, at the mRNA and protein levels. The interference of ILT4 expression was positively associated with HLA-G expression; however, the administration of HLA-G fusion protein increased the expression of ILT4 in a dose dependent manner. The present study confirmed that the interaction between ILT4/HLA-G in CRC cells may be mediated in an autocrine manner, which has been demonstrated in NSCLC (11). Furthermore, it was elucidated that the ILT4/HLA-G interaction notably enhanced cell proliferation, migration and invasion, which confirmed the potential of ILT4/HLA-G overexpression as a tumor indicator. Additionally, the present study sought to reveal the underlying molecular mechanism of ILT4/HLA-G in tumor promotion. It was demonstrated that HLA-G induced the activation of AKT and ERK1/2 signaling by binding with ILT4, accounting for the promoted cell proliferation, invasion and migration of HT29 cells.
In conclusion, the present study identified the ILT4 and HLA-G overexpression in CRC tissue samples and its association with poor prognosis in patients with CRC. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the ILT4/HLA-G interaction facilitated the cell proliferation, invasion and migration of CRC by activating AKT and ERK signaling. Therefore, it may be considered that ILT4 HLA-G may function as a beneficial checkpoint in the prevention and treatment of CRC. Further research is necessary to provide in vivo data and determine other factors involved in ILT4/HLA-G signaling.
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- CRC
colorectal cancer
- HLA-G
human leukocyte antigen G
- ILT4
immunoglobulin like transcript 4
- AKT
protein kinase B
- ERK
extracellular signal regulated kinase
- DC
dendritic cell
- MHC
major histocompatibility complex
- SHP
protein tyrosine phosphatase
- NSCLC
non small cell lung cancer
- OS
overall survival
- RT qPCR
reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Funding
The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81372334), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (grant no. ZR2010HM105) and the Clinical Medical Innovation Project of Jinan City (grant no. 201805064).
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Authors’ contributions
ZC, LW and YH performed the cell experiments and wrote this original manuscript. WG and XW analyzed the clinical data and collected the human CRC tissue samples. RG and MZ performed the statistical analysis. YS and SY designed the research and modified the manuscript. All authors read the final manuscript and approved the publication.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Jinan, China) and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Patient consent for publication
All patients involved in this study gave consent for the publica tion of the clinical and pathological data.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.