Table 1.
Baseline clinical, laboratory, and angiographic characteristics of the study subjects.
| Variables | Healthy Subjects (n = 10) |
CAD (n = 30) |
p Value Healthy Subjects vs. CAD °° | CAD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SA (n = 10) |
NSTEMI (n = 10) |
STEMI (n = 10) |
ANOVA p Value ° | ||||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 61.5 ± 10 | 63.8 ± 12.1 | 0.5927 | 70.3 ± 7.2 | 61.0 ± 11.9 | 60.0 ± 14.8 | 0.1660 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 5 (50) | 26 (86.7) | 0.0290 ‡ | 8 (80) | 9 (90) | 8 (80) | 0.8179 ‡ |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 1.6 | 29.3 ± 4.6 | 0.0004 | 28.0 ± 4.5 * | 28.1 ± 3.7 * | 32.3 ± 4.6 * | 0.0002 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||
| Current smoking, n (%) | 0 | 18 (60) | 0.0010 ‡ | 7 (70) | 6 (60) | 5 (50) | 0.5884 ‡ |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0 | 16 (53.3) | 0.0030 ‡ | 5 (50) | 5 (50) | 6 (60) | 0.6593 ‡ |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 0 | 16 (53.3) | 0.0030 ‡ | 7 (70) | 5 (50) | 4 (40) | 0.4704 ‡ |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0 | 14 (46.7) | 0.0070 ‡ | 4 (40) | 5 (50) | 5 (50) | 0.9004 ‡ |
| Family history of CAD, n (%) | 0 | 17 (56.7) | 0.0020 ‡ | 4 (40) | 9 (90) # | 4 (40) | 0.0149 ‡ |
| LVEF (%) | NA | 50.1 ± 8.8 | 48 ± 9.3 | 51.3 ± 9.8 | 51.0 ± 7.7 | 0.7510 | |
| Laboratory data | |||||||
| WBC (× 109/L) | 7.6 ± 2.9 | 9.2 ± 3.9 | 0.2537 | 8.9 ± 2.4 | 9.1 ± 5.1 | 9.7 ± 4.0 | 0.6852 |
| RBC (× 1012/L) | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 2.0 | 0.3917 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 3.6 | 0.4330 |
| Neutrophil count (× 109/L) | 4.8 ± 2.3 | 6.2 ± 3.5 | 0.2585 | 5.8 ± 2.3 | 6.1 ± 4.7 | 6.9 ± 3.4 | 0.6249 |
| Lymphocyte count (× 109/L) | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 0.7190 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 0.6889 |
| Eosinophil count (× 109/L) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.6303 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.6123 |
| Monocyte count (× 109/L) | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.1398 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.3176 |
| Basophil count (× 109/L) | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.0072 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.03 * | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.0343 |
| Platelets (× 109/L) | 248 ± 61.9 | 230.8 ± 83.4 | 0.5714 | 213.7 ± 49.8 | 252.2 ± 106.0 | 223.7 ± 85.6 | 0.6549 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.9 (1.4–2.3) | 4.9 (2.0–21.0) | 0.0141 † | 2.1 (1.6–2.1) ǂ # | 6.7 (1.6–17.0) * | 38.6 (6.0–75.0) * | 0.0003 § |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.9372 | 0.8 ± 0.3 # | 0.8 ± 0.3 # | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.0015 |
| Glycaemia (mg/dL) | 93.5 ± 12.2 | 140.2 ± 42.8 | 0.0017 | 116.4 ± 27.1 # | 130.3 ± 33.4 # | 178.8 ± 43.7 * | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 187.7 ± 22.1 | 204.4 ± 42.6 | 0.2438 | 181.1 ± 34.1 # | 207.9 ± 42.8 | 226.1 ± 41.7 | 0.0417 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 112.6 ± 26 | 122.4 ± 41.9 | 0.4924 | 102.0 ± 23.5 | 130.4 ± 47.5 | 135.2 ± 46.2 | 0.1890 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 41.1 ± 5.3 | 48.83 ± 14.9 | 0.0242 | 61.6 ± 16.7 *,ǂ,# | 44.5 ± 10.5 | 43.3 ± 9.3 | 0.0004 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 143.8 ± 31.6 | 161.2 ± 55.5 | 0.3333 | 117.9 ± 42.7 ǂ# | 176.7 ± 59.6 | 190.3 ± 32.2 | 0.0034 |
| Peak TnI (μg/dL) | NA | 1 (0.0–29.4) | NA | 1.2 (0.5–1.4) # | 29.7 (25.0–163.0) | <0.0001 § | |
| Peak CK-MB (μg/dL) | NA | 11.1 (2.1–110.0) | 2.1 (1.5–2.1) | 12.3 (2.5–28.0) # | 281 (110.0–521.0) # | <0.0001 § | |
| Angiographic data | |||||||
| Culprit or treated vessel, n (%) | 0.1489 ‡ | ||||||
| LAD | NA | 14 (46.7) | 3 (30) | 8 (80) | 3 (30) | ||
| LCX | NA | 10 (30.3) | 4 (40) | 1 (10) | 5 (50) | ||
| RCA | NA | 6 (20) | 3 (30) | 1 (10) | 2 (20) | ||
| Multivessel disease, n (%) | NA | 17 (56.7) | 8 (80) | 4 (40) | 5 (50) | 0.3276 ‡ | |
| Admission therapy | |||||||
| ASA, n (%) | 0 | 11 (36.7) | 0.0380 ‡ | 3 (30) | 5 (50) | 3 (30) | 0.3192 ‡ |
| Beta-Blockers, n (%) | 0 | 8 (26.7) | 0.1650 ‡ | 2 (20) | 5 (50) | 1 (10) | 0.2319 ‡ |
| ACE-inhibitors, n (%) | 0 | 9 (30) | 0.0810 ‡ | 5 (50) | 2 (20) | 2 (20) | 0.3192 ‡ |
| Statins, n (%) | 0 | 10 (30.3) | 0.0430 ‡ | 5 (50) | 2 (20) | 3 (30) | 0.3459 ‡ |
SA: Stable angina; CAD: Coronary artery disease; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; WBC: White blood cells; RBC: Red blood cells; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: High-sensitive C-reactive protein: TnI: Troponin-I; CK-MB: Creatine phosphokinase-MB; LAD: Left anterior descending; LCX: Left circumflex; RCA: Right coronary artery; ASA: Aspirin; ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors; NA: Not assessed. Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median and interquartile range. * p < 0.05 vs. healthy subjects; ǂ p < 0.05 vs. NSTEMI; # p < 0.05 vs. STEMI; ° by ANOVA test, except: § Kruskal–Wallis Test, ‡ Fisher exact test; °° by Independent t-test, except: † Wilcoxon rank-sum test, ‡ Fisher exact test.