Abstract
Background/Aims
The risk of herpes zoster (HZ) among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear in terms of age and metabolic comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. We conducted a nationwide population-based study to investigate the risk of HZ in patients with IBD.
Methods
From 2010 to 2013, a retrospective study was performed using claims data in Korea. We compared the incidence of HZ between 30,100 IBD patients (10,517 Crohn’s disease [CD] and 19,583 ulcerative colitis [UC] patients) and 150,500 non-IBD controls matched by age and sex.
Results
During a mean follow-up of 5.0 years, incidence rates of HZ (per 1,000 person-years) were 13.60, 14.99, and 9.19 in the CD, UC, and control groups, respectively. The risk of HZ was significantly higher in patients with CD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.13; p<0.001) and UC (adjusted HR, 1.40; p<0.001) than in the controls. The impact of CD on developing HZ was significantly more prominent in younger patients (adjusted HR, 2.61 for age <15, whereas 1.39 for age ≥60; interaction p=0.001) and in patients without metabolic comorbidities (adjusted HR, 2.24, whereas 1.59 in those with metabolic comorbidities; interaction p=0.015). Moreover, the impact of UC on developing HZ significantly increased in younger patients (adjusted HR, 2.51 in age <15, whereas 1.22 in age ≥60; interaction p=0.014) and patients without metabolic comorbidities (adjusted HR, 1.49 whereas 1.16 in those with metabolic comorbidities; interaction p<0.001).
Conclusions
IBD was associated with an increased risk of HZ, especially in younger patients without metabolic comorbidities.
Keywords: Claims data, Herpes zoster, Inflammatory bowel disease
INTRODUCTION
Herpes zoster (HZ), also known as shingles, is caused by the reactivation of the latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which resides in the sensory ganglia and dorsal nerve roots after varicella infection. The disease manifests as painful vesicular eruptions usually limited to one to three dermatomes, and neurological complications may persist for months or years, resulting in functional debilitation and poor quality of life.1–3 Previous studies indicated an incidence of HZ of 1.2 to 4.9 cases per 1,000 person-years worldwide,4,5 while a recent population-based study in Korea reported an HZ incidence of 10.4 per 1,000 person-years in the general population,6 indicating an incidence relatively higher than that observed in other countries.
Risk factors for HZ include old age, cancer, immune-compromised conditions such as organ transplantation or human immunodeficiency virus infection, and metabolic comorbidities including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus (DM).7–10 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is also known as a risk factor for HZ. To date, epidemiological data have shown that in Western countries, the risk of HZ is higher patients with IBD than in the general population. Data from the General Practice Research Database in the United Kingdom showed that the incidence of HZ was higher in patients with CD and UC than in non-IBD controls (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.6 in CD and 1.2 in UC).2,11 A retrospective cohort analysis of insurance data collected in the United States demonstrated an IRR of 1.8 for HZ in CD patients versus those in the general population.12 However, the incidence of HZ among Asian patients with IBD remains unclear. Moreover, whether the risk of HZ varies among patients with IBD according to the presence of known HZ risk factors, such as age and metabolic comorbidities, has not yet been evaluated. The aim of this nationwide population-based study was to determine the incidence and risk of HZ in Asian patients with IBD, especially in terms of age and metabolic comorbidities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Data source
The Korean government runs a National Health Insurance (NHI) service wherein all health care use information is compiled as part of a comprehensive database that enrolls almost all citizens in Korea (approximately 51 million individuals).13 Within this system, the NHI service has established a registration program for rare intractable diseases (RIDs) for a copayment reduction system. To be registered in the RID program, specific diagnostic criteria must be fulfilled and physician-certified.14 Thus, the RID program in the NHI database allows us to calculate events that occur in unselected patient populations in Korea so that the whole spectrum and severity of the disease extent in the country is represented.
This study used data from the NHI, from which data related to patient demographics and medical treatment claims for inpatient and outpatient care, including diagnoses, prescriptions, and procedures, can be obtained. Diagnosis statements were defined by the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) and the RID database of the NHI.
2. Patient identification
Patients with IBD and no history of HZ during a washout period from January 2005 to December 2009 were identified, and their data were extracted from the NHI database from January 2010 to December 2013 to create the IBD cohort. To identify patients with IBD, ICD-10 codes and the RID database were utilized. Patients with CD were defined as patients with both the ICD-10 code K50 and the RID code V130, while patients with UC were defined as those with both the ICD-10 code K51 and the RID code V131. Patients newly diagnosed with IBD between 2010 and 2013 were defined as the “incident” group, whereas patients previously diagnosed with IBD and coded accordingly from January 2010 to December 2013 were defined as the “prevalent” group. Patients who were diagnosed with IBD before January 2010 but not coded between January 2010 and December 2013 were removed from the NHI database dataset. Thus, 30,100 IBD patients (10,517 CD patients and 19,583 UC patients) were identified from the NHI database. To validate the authenticity of patient selection via ICD-10 and RID codes, we retrospectively reviewed medical charts at Seoul National University Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital in Korea. Patients diagnosed with IBD by both ICD-10 and RID codes between January 2010 and December 2013 were identified, and their medical records were reviewed to evaluate the accuracy of the diagnoses. The sensitivities of a diagnosis of CD or UC obtained using ICD-10 and RID codes were 94.5% (312/330) and 96.4% (482/500), respectively. In the non-IBD control cohort, 150,500 age- and sex-matched controls were randomly selected from non-IBD individuals at a 5:1 ratio. Randomization was performed using an algorithm within the SAS program (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
3. Endpoint
The primary endpoint was newly diagnosed HZ, which was defined as a diagnosis with an ICD-10 code for HZ (B02) with either a prescription for an oral antiviral medication for at least 5 days or the prescription of more than one antiviral injection administered between 2010 and 2015. Patients without HZ during the follow-up period were censored at the date of dropout (due to death or emigration) or at the end of follow-up, whichever came first.
4. Covariates
The ICD-10 codes used for the identification of covariates in this study included DM (E11–14), hypertension (I10–13, I15), dyslipidemia (E78), cancer (C00-96), patient income, and living area (rural vs urban). Metabolic comorbidities were defined as the presence of at least one of the followings: DM, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. Information on the medication(s) used for IBD, which include steroids; immunomodulators, including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate; and anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents, including infliximab and adalimumab, were also collected.
5. Statistical analysis
Continuous variables are presented as the means±standard deviations, and categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentages. To compare characteristics between cohorts, the Student t-test was used for continuous variables, and the chi-square test was used for binary and categorical variables. The incidence rates of HZ were calculated per 1,000 person-years. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the risk of new-onset HZ associated with baseline characteristics. The cumulative incidence of HZ for each group was plotted with Kaplan-Meier curves and compared using the log-rank test. The results are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Interactions between variables were evaluated. All statistical tests were two-tailed, and the significance level was set at p<0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using the R program version 3.4.3 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
6. Ethical considerations
This study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. As the database used in this study did not include personal identifiers and this study had a retrospective observational nature, informed consent was waived, and ethical approval was given by the Seoul National University Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB number: H-1703-107-840).
RESULTS
1. Baseline characteristics of the study population
From 2010 to 2013, a total of 30,100 patients with IBD (10,517 CD and 19,583 UC) were included in the present study. In the CD cohort, 7,592 patients (72.2%) were male, and the mean age was 29.0±13.3 years old. In the UC cohort, 11,548 patients (59.0%) were male, and the mean age was 41.9±15.3 years old. As the controls for the CD and UC cohorts, 52,585 and 97,915 non-IBD individuals, respectively, matched by age and sex were included in this study. The baseline characteristics of both groups are summarized in Table 1. Compared with the non-IBD controls, the age- and sex-matched patients with IBD included significantly lower proportions of residents in rural areas (p<0.001), those in the lowest income quintile (p<0.001), and individuals with cancer (p<0.001). In addition, patients with UC (but not those with CD) had significantly lower prevalences of DM (p<0.001) and hypertension (p<0.001) than were found in the age- and sex-matched controls.
Table 1.
Comparisons of Demographic Characteristics and Comorbidities in Patients with and without IBD
| Characteristics | IBD | CD | UC | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Non-IBD cohort (n=150,500) | IBD cohort (n=30,100) | p-value | Non-CD cohort (n=52,585) | CD cohort (n=10,517) | p-value | Non-UC cohort (n=97,915) | UC cohort (n=19,583) | p-value | |
| Age, yr | 37.4±15.8 | 37.4±15.8 | - | 29.0±13.3 | 29.0±13.3 | - | 41.9±15.3 | 41.9±15.3 | - |
| <15 | 5,545 (3.7) | 1109 (3.7) | 3,925 (7.5) | 785 (7.5) | 1,620 (1.7) | 324 (1.7) | |||
| 15–29 | 49,100 (32.6) | 9,820 (32.6) | 27,925 (53.1) | 5,585 (53.1) | 21,175 (21.6) | 4,235 (21.6) | |||
| 30–44 | 47,790 (31.8) | 9,558 (31.8) | 14,180 (27.0) | 2,836 (27.0) | 33,610 (34.3) | 6,722 (34.3) | |||
| 45–59 | 32,995 (21.9) | 6,599 (21.9) | 4,680 (8.9) | 936 (8.9) | 28,315 (28.9) | 5,663 (28.9) | |||
| ≥60 | 15,070 (10.0) | 3,014 (10.0) | 1,875 (3.6) | 375 (3.6) | 13,195 (13.5) | 2,639 (13.5) | |||
| Male sex | 95,700 (63.6) | 19,140 (63.6) | - | 37,960 (72.2) | 7,592 (72.2) | - | 11,548 (59.0) | - | - |
| Rural area | 80,320 (53.4) | 14,940 (49.6) | <0.001 | 27,990 (53.2) | 5,143 (48.9) | <0.001 | 52,330 (53.4) | 9,797 (50.0) | <0.001 |
| Lowest income quintile | 34,647 (23.0) | 5,964 (19.8) | <0.001 | 12,121 (23.1) | 2,220 (21.1) | <0.001 | 22,526 (23.0) | 3,744 (19.1) | <0.001 |
| Underlying diseases | |||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 5963 (4.0) | 1,006 (3.3) | <0.001 | 954 (1.8) | 176 (1.7) | 0.321 | 5,009 (5.1) | 830 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 15,432 (10.3) | 2,846 (9.5) | < 0.001 | 2,360 (4.5) | 429 (4.1) | 0.063 | 13,072 (13.4) | 2,417 (12.3) | 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 8,876 (5.9) | 1,732 (5.8) | 0.334 | 1,451 (2.8) | 260 (2.5) | 0.098 | 7,425 (7.6) | 1,472 (7.5) | 0.749 |
| Cancer | 1,928 (1.3) | 531 (1.8) | <0.001 | 296 (0.6) | 108 (1.0) | <0.001 | 1,632 (1.7) | 423 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| IBD medications | |||||||||
| Steroid | 45,723 (30.4) | 17,104 (56.8) | <0.001 | 14,452 (27.5) | 6,140 (58.4) | <0.001 | 31,271 (32.0) | 10,964 (56.0) | <0.001 |
| Immunosuppressant | 394 (0.3) | 8,605 (28.6) | <0.001 | 97 (0.2) | 6,012 (57.2) | <0.001 | 297 (0.3) | 2,593 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| Anti-TNF agent | 24 (0.0) | 1,737 (5.8) | <0.001 | 11 (0.0) | 1,405 (13.4) | <0.001 | 13 (0.0) | 332 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Follow-up period, yr | 4.8±1.3 | 4.7±1.4 | <0.001 | 4.9±1.3 | 4.7±1.4 | <0.001 | 4.8±1.4 | 4.8±1.4 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean±SD or number (%).
IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; CD, Crohn’s disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
2. Incidence of herpes zoster
During a mean follow-up of 5.0 years, 2,071 patients (6.9%) in the IBD group and 6,672 individuals (4.4%) in the control group developed HZ. The incidence rates for HZ (per 1,000 person-years) were 14.51 and 9.19 in the IBD and control group, respectively, with an adjusted HR of 1.58 (95% CI, 1.50 to 1.66; p<0.001). Among IBD patients, the incidence rates for HZ (per 1,000 person-years) were 13.60 and 14.99 in the CD and UC groups, respectively. Compared to the controls, CD and UC patients had a significantly higher risk of HZ after multivariate adjustment for age, sex, and income (for CD patients: adjusted HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.95 to 2.33; p<0.001; and for UC patients: adjusted HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.48; p<0.001) (Table 2). The cumulative incidences of HZ in both the CD and UC patient groups were significantly higher than those found in the controls (log-rank test p<0.001) (Fig. 1). The cumulative incidences of HZ in patients with CD were 1.4%, 4.0%, and 6.7% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. The cumulative incidences of HZ in patients with UC were 1.4%, 4.4%, and 7.2% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively.
Table 2.
Incidence and Adjusted HR of Herpes Zoster in IBD Patients versus Non-IBD Controls
| HZ event | HZ incidence (per 1,000 person-years) | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total IBD | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-IBD cohort (n=150,500) | 6,672 | 9.19 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Total IBD cohort (n=30,100) | 2,071 | 14.51 | 1.58 (1.50–1.66) | 1.58 (1.50–1.66) | |
| Subgroup analysis | <0.001 | ||||
| Incident IBD group (n=12,800) | 688 | 13.80 | 1.53 (1.41–1.65) | 1.68 (1.55–1.81) | |
| Prevalent IBD group (n=17,300) | 1,383 | 14.88 | 1.61 (1.52–1.70) | 1.53 (1.44–1.62) | |
| CD | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-CD cohort (n=52,585) | 1,645 | 6.44 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Total CD cohort (n=10,517) | 676 | 13.60 | 2.11 (1.93–2.31) | 2.13 (1.95–2.33) | |
| Subgroup analysis | <0.001 | ||||
| Incident CD group (n=4,614) | 227 | 12.80 | 2.02 (1.76–2.32) | 2.21 (1.92–2.54) | |
| Prevalent CD group (n=5,903) | 449 | 14.04 | 2.17 (1.95–2.40) | 2.09 (1.88–2.32) | |
| UC | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-UC cohort (n=97,915) | 5,027 | 10.69 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Total UC cohort (n=19,583) | 1,395 | 14.99 | 1.40 (1.32–1.49) | 1.40 (1.32–1.48) | |
| Subgroup analysis | <0.001 | ||||
| Incident UC group (n=8,186) | 461 | 14.36 | 1.37 (1.24–1.51) | 1.50 (1.36–1.65) | |
| Prevalent UC group (n=11,397) | 934 | 15.33 | 1.42 (1.33–1.53) | 1.35 (1.26–1.45) |
HR, hazard ratio; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; HZ, herpes zoster; CI, confidence interval; CD, Crohn’s disease; UC, ulcerative colitis.
Multiple analysis including age, sex, and income.
Fig. 1.
Cumulative incidence comparison of ulcerative colitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Cumulative incidence comparison of herpes zoster between patients (A) with Crohn’s disease (CD) and (B) with ulcerative colitis (UC).
3. Subgroup analysis
The results of an interaction analysis of age, sex, metabolic comorbidities, and cancer are shown in Table 3. The impact of UC on the development of HZ was significantly more pronounced in male patients with UC (adjusted HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.41 to 1.66) than in female patients with UC (adjusted HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.38; interaction p=0.002), but this relationship was not present in the CD group. All age subgroups in both the CD and UC patient groups had higher risks of HZ than were found int he controls, but the risk of HZ was significantly higher in younger patients (interaction p=0.001 and p=0.014 in CD and UC, respectively) (Fig. 2). Furthermore, the impact of CD was significantly more enhanced in patients without metabolic comorbidities (adjusted HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 2.03 to 2.46) than in those with metabolic comorbidities (adjusted HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.06; interaction p=0.015). The impact of UC was also significantly higher in patients without metabolic comorbidities (adjusted HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.39 to 1.60) than in those with metabolic comorbidities (adjusted HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.31; interaction p<0.001).
Table 3.
Subgroup Analysis of the Impact of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis on Herpes Zoster
| Crohn’s disease | Ulcerative colitis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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|
|
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| Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | Interaction p-value | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | Interaction p-value | |
| Age, yr | 0.001 | 0.014 | ||
| <15 | 2.61 (1.74–3.93) | 2.51 (1.13–5.59) | ||
| 15–29 | 2.53 (2.20–2.92) | 1.70 (1.44–2.02) | ||
| 30–44 | 2.16 (1.83–2.55) | 1.37 (1.22–1.55) | ||
| 45–59 | 1.62 (1.30–2.02) | 1.44 (1.31–1.58) | ||
| ≥60 | 1.39 (1.00–1.93) | 1.22 (1.08–1.39) | ||
| Sex | 0.176 | 0.002 | ||
| Male | 2.23 (2.00–2.49) | 1.53 (1.41–1.66) | ||
| Female | 1.96 (1.68–2.28) | 1.27 (1.16–1.38) | ||
| Metabolic comorbidities† | 0.015 | <0.001 | ||
| No | 2.24 (2.03–2.46) | 1.49 (1.39–1.60) | ||
| Yes | 1.59 (1.23–2.06) | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) | ||
| Cancer | 0.386 | 0.181 | ||
| No | 2.14 (1.96–2.35) | 1.41 (1.33–1.50) | ||
| Yes | 1.46 (0.63–3.39) | 1.11 (0.80–1.56) | ||
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Multiple analysis including age, sex, and income;
Presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemia.
Fig. 2.
Subgroup analysis of the impact of Crohn’s disease (A) and ulcerative colitis on herpes zoster (B).
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
In terms of medication for IBD, the results showed that steroids, immunomodulators, and anti-TNF agents significantly increased the risk of HZ in patients with CD and UC (all p-values <0.001) (Table 4). In patients with CD, the risk of HZ was increased 1.40-, 1.45-, and 1.55-fold (95% CI, 1.20 to 1.64, 1.26 to 1.71, and 1.26 to 1.90) in patients who received steroids, immunomodulators, and anti-TNF agents, respectively. In patients with UC, the risk of HZ was 1.43-, 1.35-, and 2.09-fold higher (95% CI, 1.28 to 1.60, 1.17 to 1.56, and 1.47 to 2.97) in patients who received steroids, immunomodulators, and anti-TNF agents, respectively.
Table 4.
Risk of Herpes Zoster According to Medication Use in Patients with Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
| Crohn’s disease | Ulcerative colitis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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|
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| HZ event | HZ incidence (per 1,000 person-years) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | p-value | HZ event | HZ incidence (per 1,000 person-years) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | p-value | |
| Steroids | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 4,377 | 11.32 | 1 (reference) | 8,619 | 12.068 | 1 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 6,140 | 15.39 | 1.40 (1.20–1.64) | 10,964 | 17.4096 | 1.43 (1.28–1.60) | ||
| Immunomodulators | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 4,505 | 12.39 | 1 (reference) | 16,990 | 14.574 | 1 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 6,012 | 14.52 | 1.45 (1.26–1.71) | 2,593 | 17.7299 | 1.35 (1.17–1.56) | ||
| Anti-TNF agents | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 9,112 | 13.02 | 1 (reference) | 19,251 | 14.8599 | 1 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1,405 | 17.46 | 1.55 (1.26–1.90) | 332 | 24.2333 | 2.09 (1.47–2.97) | ||
HZ, herpes zoster; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
Multiple analysis including age, sex, residence, income, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia.
DISCUSSION
Our study has several strengths related to its study design and the claims data. First, it included all patients who were newly diagnosed with IBD in Korea from 2010 to 2013, thus minimizing selection bias. Second, the medication records were comprehensive and accurate, and results did not rely on patient recollection or medical records because the nationwide database provides complete data on all billed in- and outpatient prescriptions. In this nationwide population-based study, in which claims data from the NHI service were used, patients with IBD had a significantly higher risk of HZ than was found in the general population. Patients with IBD are vulnerable to HZ not only due to the innate immune dysregulations associated with chronic intestinal inflammation but also because of the use of immunosuppressive agents for the treatment of IBD.15,16 Hence, understanding the epidemiology of HZ and identifying groups at high risk of HZ are both essential for physicians to predict and monitor the presentation of comorbid HZ in patients with IBD.
Several population-based studies have reported an increased risk of HZ in IBD. A nationwide population-based study performed in Taiwan reported a significantly increased risk for HZ in patients with CD and UC.17 Furthermore, a retrospective cohort study and retrospective nested case-control study conducted in the United Kingdom found an increased risk of HZ in IBD patients, with increased relative risks of 1.61 for CD patients and 1.21 for UC patients. That study revealed that CD patients had a significantly higher risk of HZ than was found in UC patients. 11 Finally, a retrospective cohort study performed in the United States showed that the risk of HZ was higher in patients with IBD than in controls and that the risk of HZ was higher in CD patients than in UC patients (814 per 100,000 person-years vs 670 per 100,000 person-years).18 Our study demonstrated that the risk of HZ is higher in both CD and UC patients than in non-IBD controls. The increased risk of HZ in IBD is related to the following multifactorial factors. First, IBD is associated with both cellular and humoral immune dysfunctions, which lead to susceptibility to viral infection and reactivation. Effector T cells, which normally show intrinsic plasticity and adaptability to the surrounding environment, are biologically “stiff” in patients with IBD. A general activation of the humoral immune response with various alterations in immunoglobulin subclass production was detected in both CD and UC patients, and this may influence the host response to HZ.19–21 Second, the risk of HZ increases in patients with IBD because of the use of medications for IBD, which include steroids, immunomodulators, and anti-TNF agents, consistent with our results. Third, psychological stress and chronic fatigue may contribute to the immunocompromised state associated with the increased risk of HZ in patients with IBD.17 In addition, our study revealed that the adjusted HR of HZ was higher in patients with CD than in those with UC or non-IBD controls. These findings are consistent with the results of previous studies performed in Western countries. Patients with CD may have a higher risk of developing HZ than do those with UC, even though the analysis of non-IBD controls versus the UC group revealed more risk factors for HZ that were based on old age and the proportion of metabolic comorbidities and steroid use than were found in the comparison of the control group and the CD group in this study.
Considering the relationship between age and the risk of HZ in IBD, the results of this study show that younger patients with IBD are significantly more vulnerable than the general population to HZ. Although all age groups with IBD had a higher risk of HZ than was found in the controls, the risk of developing HZ was significantly more prominent in younger patients with IBD. Previous studies have highlighted the notion that there is an increased risk of HZ in younger patients with other comorbidities. A retrospective study performed using claims data in the Unites States illustrated that the risk of HZ was higher in younger patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.22 A single-center retrospective study also showed that the risk of HZ was higher in younger patients who received liver transplantations, and this supports the need for vaccination among younger patients.23 A retrospective population-based study performed in Taiwan reported a high risk of HZ in patients with psoriasis who were aged between 20 and 39 years old.24 Taken together, these data indicate that younger patients with chronic inflammatory disorders that require systemic immunosuppressive therapy have a relatively higher risk than the general population of developing HZ. Therefore, even young patients with IBD should be made aware of their possible risk for developing HZ.
In terms of metabolic comorbidities, several previous studies have demonstrated that the risk of HZ is higher in patients with DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The pathogenesis of HZ in patients with metabolic comorbidities can be explained by impaired cellular immunity. Decreased VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity specific to VZV was observed in patients with DM.8–10 In this study, however, we found that the risk of HZ was relatively higher in IBD patients without metabolic comorbidities. Indeed, such finding may indicate a confounding factor as younger patients have been found to have an increased risk of HZ. However, a subgroup analysis performed after individuals were divided into two groups, patients younger than or equal to/older than 30 years old, also showed that in each age group, patients without comorbidities had a higher risk than the general population of developing both CD and UC (Supplementary Table 1). Hence, it is sufficient to conclude that being metabolically healthy independently increases the risk of HZ. Considering the potential risk of HZ in variable chronic inflammatory disorders, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,22,24–26 in patients with IBD who are metabolically healthy, the presence of IBD itself may raise the risk of HZ compared to the general population.
Additionally, our study reveals that the risk of HZ is increased in patients with IBD who were treated with steroids, immunomodulators, or anti-TNF agents. This finding is consistent with the results of previous reports performed in patients with IBD. A retrospective cohort study performed using administrative data obtained in the Unites States showed that IBD medications, including steroids, thiopurines, and anti-TNF agents, were independently associated with an increased risk of HZ.18 A retrospective cohort study performed using the national administrative database from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs also illustrated that medication use, such as glucocorticoids, methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclosporine, and anti-TNF agents, increased the risk of HZ.27 These medications, which are used for the treatment of IBD, contribute to the presentation of HZ via various pathways. Glucocorticoids are potent immunosuppressive drugs that induce lymphopenia, resulting in a superimposed risk of HZ in patients with systemic inflammatory diseases.28 Immunomodulators have been shown to increase the risk of HZ in several studies involving patients with rheumatoid arthritis.25,27 Lastly, there is some debate concerning the effect of anti-TNF agents on the development of HZ. Some previous studies have shown that treatment with anti-TNF agents was not associated with an increased risk of HZ,15 while others have reported an increased risk of HZ in patients with anti-TNF treatment, suggesting that TNF plays a critical role in the control of viral infection.25,29–32 TNF-α is produced by macrophages and T-lymphocytes and induces the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, neutrophil recruitment, and granuloma formation. 33–35 The molecular effects of TNF-α are essential to cell-mediated immune responses and the defense mechanisms activated in response to viral infection.
Recently, a nationwide population-based study showing that the risk of HZ was higher in Korean IBD using claims data obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) service, which reviews health insurance claims in Korea.36 Compared to the NHI, the HIRA databases offer a maximum of 5 years of data due to the limited storage period of the claims data.37 Thus, the washout period is insufficient in that it may not completely remove all prevalent cases from the incident case group for IBD. In addition, some information related to demographics, such as income and resident area, is not available from the HIRA database, and the results of an analysis of crude standardized incidence ratios of HZ obtained from a previous study were not adjusted for underlying comorbidities, including metabolic diseases and cancers, and concurrent medication for IBD, which are well-known risk factors for HZ infection. Our findings are highly valuable because they should that the risks associated with HZ in patients with IBD are significant even after all considerable risk factors were adjusted.
This study has several limitations. First, the database available from the NHI does not provide information on serum laboratory results or endoscopic findings and therefore allows only a limited evaluation of IBD disease activity. Because the database also does not provide information on some possible confounding variables, such as alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, or family history of systemic diseases, these variables could not be adjusted for to better calculate the risk of HZ in this study population. Second, information on vaccinations for VZV is not available in the NHI database. Thus, the impact of vaccination for VZV on the development of HZ could not be evaluated. Previous studies have shown that the VZV vaccination is effective in reducing the incidence of HZ and postherpetic neuralgia in adults older than 60 years old.3,38–40 Further prospective studies are needed to determine whether vaccination for VZV prevents the development of HZ in IBD, especially in younger patients without any metabolic comorbidities.
In conclusion, the risk of HZ is higher in patients with IBD than in the general population. Therefore, even young patients without any metabolic comorbidities should be carefully monitored for the development of HZ if they are taking immunosuppressive therapy for IBD.
Supplementary Material
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author contributions: Study concept and design: H.S., K.H. Acquisition of patient data: H.S., S.P., G.C., K.H., J.K., J.L. Analysis and interpretation of data: H.S., K.H., J.C. Drafting of the manuscript: H.S., J.C. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: H.S., S.P., G.C., J.H., J.K., J.L., J.C., J.P.I., J.S.K. Statistical analysis: K.H. Study supervision: J.C., J.P.I., J.S.K. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Footnotes
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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