Long-term progression-free survival of apatinib monotherapy for relapsed ovarian cancer: a case report and literature review

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy, which poses a great threat to female health. Anti-angiogenic therapy could bring clinical benefit for patients with ovarian cancer. Apatinib, an oral small-molecule vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 inhibitor, has shown notable therapeutic effect in a wide variety of tumors. We report a woman with advanced ovarian cancer who received apatinib at 250 mg/day after failure of multiple-line treatment regimens, followed by discussion through review of literature. The patient has quite a long progression-free survival time of 24 months, with a satisfactory quality of life. Apatinib monotherapy may provide an additional option for advanced ovarian cancer，but it still needs further observation and exploration.

Introduction

Ovarian cancer, a female reproductive system malignancy, is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer deaths. In 2018, approximately 22,240 patients were diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 14,070 deaths were connected with this disease in the United States.¹ Since the clinical symptoms of early-stage ovarian cancer are nontypical, nearly 70% patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage (III and IV). According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for advanced and metastatic ovarian cancer, platinum-based chemotherapy following debulking surgery is the standard regimen.² Nevertheless, the recurrence rate is 70–80% and subsequent line therapies are needed for relapsed patients. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies after recurrence are limited and the 5-year overall survival rate is 40–50%.^3,4 Considering unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes, it is imperative to explore more favorable treatments.

In recent years, targeted therapies have been a highlight in studies of ovarian cancer.^5–8 Angiogenesis plays an essential important role in tumor growth, proliferation, progression and metastasis.⁹ The VEGF/VEGFR signaling pathway is the most important regulatory pathway inducing tumor angiogenesis.¹⁰ The VEGF family proteins include VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D and placental growth factor (PlGF) and bind three different tyrosine kinase receptors of VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3.^11,12 Among them, VEGFR2 is the major mediator and plays vital roles in the regulation of cell mitosis, angiogenesis and VEGF diffusion.^13,14 Increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated the roles of anti-VEGF antibodies and VEGFR inhibitors in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Apatinib is a novel oral small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that highly selectively targets VEGFR-2. It could block the migration and proliferation of VEGFR-induced endothelial cells and reduce the tumor microvascular density. Apatinib has shown favorable efficacy as a subsequent-line treatment for advanced or metastatic chemo-resistant gastric cancer and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the People’s Republic of China.^15–19 Furthermore, apatinib has demonstrated encouraging anti-tumor activities and tolerable toxicities in several solid tumors, including lung carcinomas, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and osteosarcoma cancers, among other tumor.^20,21

Up to now, there has been limited data on the clinical efficacy and toxicity of apatinib monotherapy for ovarian cancer. Herein, we report a patient with ovarian cancer who was treated with apatinib following failure of the multi-line therapy and achieved a good clinical efficacy.

Case report

In August 2012, a 47-year-old woman discovered a pelvic mass by a physical examination, and then underwent cytoreductive surgery. Postoperative pathological confirmed that it was a bilateral ovarian serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma, poorly differentiated. A malignant nodule was found on the left side of the primary tumor. A total of eight lymph nodes on parametrium, omentum, epityphlon, bilateral iliac para-vessels and bilateral pelvic were biopsied and no tumor infiltration was found. Postoperative staging was pT1cN0M0, Ic. The patient received six cycles of first-line chemotherapy with TC (paclitaxel 120 mg d1, d8 + carboplatin 0.5 g d2 in every 28 days) regimen. After twenty months (In September 2014), positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) showed multiple metastases, including hepatic and incision implantation metastasis. GP regimen (gemcitabine + cisplatin) (a specific treatment is not clear) was then administered for six cycles as a second-line therapy.

In March 2015, the patient came to our hospital for the first time. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed progression of hepatic metastases (Figure 1A1–A3). One cycle of DC/CIK + docetaxel regimen followed by one cycle of DP regimen (docetaxel 120 mg d1 + oxaliplatin 200 mg d2) and two cycles of TP regimen (liposome paclitaxel 210 mg d1+ lobaplatin 50 mg d2) was administrated, but the disease progressed continuously. Then she received six cycles of PP regimen (pemetrexed 0.8 g d1+ nedaplatin 120 mg d1) as subsequent therapy. In February 2016, the patient received targeted therapy with icotinib at home without doctors’ permission. After four months, the CT scan showed new metastatic lesions in the pelvic peritoneal, omentum and glisson’s capsule, and retroperitoneal lymph node metastases. Besides, hepatic and incision implantation metastasis lesions were also enlarged (Figure 1B1, B2, C1, C2). The CA125 level increased to 328.40 U/mL. The therapeutic evaluation indicated PD and the clinical stage was stage IV (rT0N1M1). From June 2016, four cycles IF regimen (irinotecan 120 mg d1+ capecitabine 80 mg d8) were administered. The response after two cycles was stable disease (SD) but went PD after four cycles (Figure 2A1, B1). The CA125 level was 408.9 U/mL and the CA15-3 level was137.5 U/mL.

Figure 1.

Hepatic metastases and incision implantation metastasis before apatinib treatment. Metastatic lesions when the patient first attended our hospital on March 2015 (A1, A2, A3); During the treatment of icotinib, the metastatic mass became bigger (C1, C2, June 2016), compared to two months earlier (B1, B2, April 2016). Red arrows indicate the hepatic metastasis and incision implantation metastasis.

Figure 2.

Hepatic metastasis and incision implantation metastasis change during apatinib treatment. Hepatic metastatic mass and incision implantation metastasis lesion before the treatment of apatinib (A1, B1, October 2016) and after two months of apatinib treatment (A2, B2); From March 2017 to August 2018, the metastatic lesions showed no obvious change (A3–A6, B3–B6). Red arrows indicate the hepatic metastasis and incision implantation metastasis.

Considering the patient had a good performance status, apatinib (250 mg p.o. daily) was administered as the subsequent-line treatment from October 2016. Blood pressure, liver function, kidney function and blood routine were tested regularly during the administration. After two months of apatinib treatment, the first therapeutic evaluation was stable disease (SD) (Figure 2 A2, B2). The CA19-9 level and the CA15-3 level showed a downward trend after the first rise (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Timeline of treatment and trend in level of CA 125 and CA 15–3 during treatment. Green color indicates time without treatment.

Abbreviations: TC, paclitaxel/carboplatin; GP, gemcitabine/cisplatin; DC/CIK, dendritic cell/cytokine induced killer biological cell immunotherapy; DTX, docetaxel; TP, liposome paclitaxel/lobaplatin; PP, pemetrexed/nedaplatin; IF, irinotecan/capecitabine; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease.

Similar CT scan results were achieved after four months treatment (Figure 2 A3, B3). At the same time, the CA125 level decreased significantly from 563.2 U/mL to 131.6U/mL, and the CA15-3 level also declined sharply from 245.9 U/mL to 64.12U/mL. After eight months treatment (In June 2017), the level of CA125 and CA15-3 went up again (Figure 3), but the therapeutic evaluation on tumor volume exhibited SD. From August 9, 2017, to August 8, 2018, the CT scan showed no obvious changes (Figure 2 A4-A6, B4-B6), the CA125 level was maintained between 158.1 U/mL and 229.2 U/mL, the CA15-3 level was maintained between 88.0 U/mL and 107.9 U/mL (Figure 3). In October 2018, the PET-CT showed disease progression (Figure 4). The level of CA125 and CA15-3 also increased. The therapeutic evaluation was PD and progression-free survival (PFS) for apatinib monotherapy was 24 months. The patient is still alive.

Figure 4.

Positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan showed that the disease had progressed, metastatic lesions in liver, lung and the pelvic peritoneal had progressed and multiple lymph node metastases (include left lower neck, left superior clavicle, left internal breast area, anterior costal diaphragm angle, abdominal cavity and retroperitoneum) (A–F).

During the apatinib treatment, the main treatment-related adverse events (AEs）were Grade 1 hypertension and Grade 1 hand-foot syndrome according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) (Version 4.0). All side effects were tolerable and well managed.

Discussion

Ovarian cancer accounts for 2.5% of all malignancies among female but 5% of female cancer death, which pose a threat to the life of female patients.¹ Because of the high relapse rate and poor prognosis of advanced ovarian cancer, new effective regimens are urgently needed. Currently, targeted therapies for ovarian cancer have produced significant breakthroughs, including antiangiogenic agents, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors and signaling pathway inhibitors.²² Among them, antiangiogenic agents have the potential advantages of low toxicity and less acquired resistance in cancer treatment.^23,24

Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting VEGF, was the first targeted antiangiogenic agent approved for ovarian cancer by the American Food and Drug Administration.^25,26 The combination therapy of bevacizumab and chemotherapy was approved by the European Medicines Agency for the first-line treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer and for the treatment of recurrent platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian cancer.^25,27 Antiangiogenic agents targeting VEGFR (such as cediranib, pazopanib, nintedanib and sorafenib) have also been frequently investigated for ovarian cancer in clinical trials,²⁸ but none of them are available in mainland China^29–33 (Table1). The NCCN panel encourages to participate in ongoing clinical trials, in order to investigate the role of anti-angiogenesis agents in the treatment of ovarian cancer, both in primary disease and recurrence settings.²

Table 1.

Clinical trials using anti-angiogenesis agents for ovarian cancer

Study	Drug	Stage	Population	n	Arm	PFS		OS		ORR(%)	ORR(%)
months	HR (95% CI)	months	HR (95% CI)
G0218 (Burger et al, 2013)47	BEV	III/IV	Primary,maintain	1873	A:BEV + CP→ BEV B:PL + CP→ PL	14.1 vs 10.3	0.77 (0.68–0.87)	39.7 vs 39.3	0.885 (0.775–1.04)	74 vs 52	74 vs 52
ICON7 (Stark et al, 2013)48	BEV	I-IV	Primary, maintain	1528	A:BEV+CP→ BEV B:CP	19.98 vs 17.4	0.93 (0.83–1.05)	58 vs 58.6	0.99 (0.85–1.14)	67 vs 48	67vs48
GOG0213 (Husain et al, 2016)49	BEV	NR	Recurrent, platinum-sensitive	674	A:CP B: BEV+CP→ BEV	10.4 vs 13.8	0.614（0.522–0.722）	37.3 vs 42.2	0.827 (0.683–1.005)	58.4 vs 78.8	58.4vs78.8
OCEANS (Aghajanian et al, 2012; Aghajanian et al, 2015)50,51	BEV	NR	Recurrent, platinum-sensitive	484	A:BEV+CG→ BEV B:PL+CG→PL	12.4 vs 8.4	0.484 (0.388–0.605)	33.4 vs 33.7	0.96 (0.76–1.2)	78.5 vs 57.4	78.5 vs 57.4
AURELIA (Pujade-Lauraine et al, 2014)52	BEV	NR	Recurrent, platinum-resistant	361	A:BEV+CT B:CT	6.7 vs 3.4	0.48 (0.38–0.60)	16.6 vs 13.3	0.85（0.66–1.08）	27.3 vs 11.8	27.3vs11.8
ICON6 (Ledermann et al, 2016)31	cediranib	NR	Recurrent, platinum-sensitive	456	A:PL+CT→ PL B:cediranib+CT→cediranib	8.7 vs 11.0	0.56 (0.44–0.72)	21.0 vs 26.3	0.77 (0.55–1.07)	NR	NR
TRIAS (Chekerov et al, 2018)5	sorafenib	NR	Recurrent, platinum-resistant	172	A:topotecan+ sorafenib B: topotecan + PL	6.7 vs 4.4	0.60 (0.43–0.83)	17.1 vs 10.1	0.65 (0.45–0.93)	31 vs 12	31vs12
MITO 11 (Pignata et al, 2015)33	pazopanib	Ic-IV	Recurrent, platinum-resistant	73	A:P+ pazopanib B: P	6.35 vs 3.49	0.42 (0.25–0.69)	19.1 vs 13.7	0.60 (0.32–1.13)	56 vs 25	56vs25
NCT00710762 (Ledermann et al, 2011)30	nintedanib	I-IV	Recurrent	83	A:CT→nintedanib B:CT→PL	NR	0.65 (0.42–1.02)	NR	0.84 (0.51–1.39)	NR	NR
SWOG S0904 (Coleman et al, 2014)53	vandetanib	NR	Recurrent	129	A: D+ vandetanib B: D	3.0 vs 3.5	0.99 (0.69–1.42)	14 vs 18	1.25 (0.93–1.68)*	NR	NR
A Phase II study by Mial et al (Miao et al, 2018)40	apatinib	NR	Recurrent platinum-resistant	29	apatinib monotherapy	5.1 (3.8–6.5)	NR	14.5	12.4–16.4	41.4	41.4
AEROC (Lan et al, 2018)41	apatinib	NR	Recurrent, platinum-resistant	35	apatinib+etoposide	8.1 (2.8–13.4)	NR	NR	NR	19	19

Note: *80% CI was used here.

Abbreviations: PFS, progression-free survival time; OS, overall survival; HR, hazard radio; ORR, objective response; CI, confidence interval; BEV, bevacizumab; C, carboplatin; P, paclitaxel; D, docetaxel; PL, placebo, G, gemcitabine; CT, chemotherapy; CP, carboplatin plus paclitaxel; CG, carboplatin plus gemcitabine; NR, not research.

Apatinib, also known as YN968D1, is a potent VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor that can inhibit the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells and can circumvent cancer cell resistance to other antineoplastic agent.³⁴ By specifically binding to VEGFR-2, apatinib blocks VEGF binding and subsequent VEGFR-2 autophosphorylation and inhibits downstream phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases.^20,35 Compared with bevacizumab, apatinib is cheaper and easier to administer.³⁶ Phase I–III clinical trials showed that apatinib improved PFS and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma for whom standard chemotherapy had failed. Furthermore, apatinib has demonstrated encouraging anti-tumor activities and manageable toxicities in multiple solid tumors, both as a monotherapy and in combination with other drugs.^16,37–40

There are already several explorations about the effect of apatinib in ovarian cancer. Mingming Miao et al conducted a Phase II to investigate effect apatinib monotherapy (250 mg/day) for patients with recurrent, platinum-resistant, pre-treated epithelial ovarian cancer. A total of 29 patients were included in this study and 28 patients were eligible for response evaluations. No complete response was observed, 12 patients achieved partial response and 8 patients experienced SD, with obejective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) of 41.4% (95% CI, 23.3–59.4) and 68.9% (95% CI, 52.1–85.8). 17 patients were still alive at the last follow-up. The median PFS was 5.1 months (95% CI, 3.8 months–6.5 months) and median OS was 14.5 months (95% CI, 12.4 months–16.4 months), respectively. Regarding safety of apatinib, the main treatment-related AEs were hand-foot syndrome (51.7%), hypertension (34.6%), nausea and vomiting (31.0%). Most of the AEs were mild and tolerated, with 58.6% of grade 1 and grade 2 AEs and no grade 4 AEs.⁴⁰ Chun Yan Lan et al evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of apatinib (500 mg/day) combined with etoposide (50 mg/day) in patients with platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory recurrent ovarian cancer. The results showed favorable efficacy of an oral combination, with an mPFS of 8.1 months (95% CI, 2.8 months–13.4 months). In the intention-to-treat and per-protocol populations, the ORRs were 54% (95% CI, 36.6–71.2) and 61% (95% CI, 42.2–78.2), respectively. In their study, the toxicities of apatinib were controllable. Common AEs included hypertension (32%), proteinuria (41%) and hand-foot syndrome (29%), similar to previously reported studies.⁴¹

In the present case, the patient started to receive apatinib monotherapy after failure of almost all considerable regimens. Extraordinarily, the mass lesions were well controlled and the comprehensive therapeutic evaluation constantly indicated SD. The PFS of this patient was up to 24 months, which is much longer than ever reported cases with apatinib monotherapy. According to the research of Scott et al, apatinib could reverse the P-glycoprotein ABCB1-and ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance in drug-resistant solid tumor cells by inhibiting their transport function, so as to circumvents cancer cell resistance to other anti-tumor drugs.²⁰ In addition, apatinib can also inhibit JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, and subsequently inhibit ovarian cancer cell motility, invasion and EMT.⁴² The deeper mechanism underlying the effects of apatinib on ovarian cancer remains unclear, which still warrants further investigation.

Although this is an individual case, apatinib monotherapy exhibited its efficacy in patient with advanced ovarian cancer. However, there are still several unclear points. Firstly, the level of CA125 and CA15-3 of this patient presented a double peak curve after apatinib monotherapy. It has been demonstrated that the decrease of the CA125 level predicts good prognosis.^43,44 Whether there is an intrinsic link between this phenomenon and long-term stable state of disease deserves further discussion. Secondly, it has been previously reported that some toxicities could be predictive biomarkers for the good treatment efficacy of VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.⁴⁵ In the AEROC study, exploratory analysis showed that hand-foot syndrome might be related to improved PFS.⁴¹ Xinyang Liu et al found that the presence of hypertension and hand-foot syndrome in the first four weeks was associated with increased mOS, mPFS and DCR.⁴⁶ This case was in line with this conclusion. Whether similar results could be found in ovarian cancer still needs further validation. Finally, what is the appropriate dose and best time to use apatinib in ovarian cancer patients? To answer these questions, more clinical studies are needed; and furthermore, these questions could offer guidelines for clinical treatment.

Conclusion

We reported a patient with relapsed ovarian cancer who had experienced extraordinary response to apatinib after failed multi-line therapy. This case indicated that apatinib could be a feasible option for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. However, as a single case report, it also has some limitations. Therefore, further observation and exploration are needed to validate its efficacy and safety in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Ethical approval

The patient provided written informed consent for the case details and images to be published. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.