Abstract
Background
Surgical emergencies account for a major part of the surgeon's workload. Evaluation of pattern of surgical emergencies will assist in developing concrete proposals for improved care. The aim was to assess the pattern of surgical emergencies in our center.
Methods
We undertook one-year prospective study of all the emergency surgical admissions at Federal Medical Centre Makurdi from January to December 2011.
Results
There were 575 surgical emergencies which constituted 56.8% of surgical admission, and 27.2% of allemergency hospital admissions. The commonest trauma cases were soft tissue injuries (30.3%), while the commonest non-trauma case was acute abdomen (41.6%). The mean age of the patients was 33.7 ± 17.2 years. Multiple injuries and traumatic brain injuries requiring intensive care monitoring, and malignancies were associated with higher mortality rates (p = 0.001). The 1-year mortality rate was 7.8% and the preventable death rate (PDR) for the trauma-related emergencies was 71.4%.
Conclusion
There is a wide spectrum of surgical emergencies in our setting with trauma accounting for a substantial proportion of cases. Improved trauma care, neurosurgical services and intensive care facilities may improve the outcome of surgical emergencies in our environment.
Keywords: Surgical emergencies, Pattern, tertiary hospital, Nigeria
Introduction
Surgical diseases contribute significantly to global health burden1. Many of these conditions present as either life or limb-threatening surgical emergencies. Surgical emergencies have been shown to account for over 50% of all surgical admissions and represent a major part of the surgeon's workload in most parts of the world2.
There are indications that emergency surgical admissions have been on the increase in the recent years3,4. This increasing burden of surgical emergencies places considerable strain on health care facilities and personnel, particularly in resource-poor countries3. In low and middle income countries (LMICs) with limited resources and access to surgical care, delays before treatment of surgical emergencies may have profound impact on potential disability and chance of survival5,6.
Globally, trauma and acute abdominal pain are the leading causes of emergency surgical admissions in many countries7,8,9. Acute appendicitis, acute intestinal obstruction and acute urinary retention are the leading causes of non-trauma surgical emergencies10,11. On the other hand, road traffic injuries (RTI), gunshot injuries (GSI), burns and falls are the most common traumatic causes of emergency surgical admissions7,11.
The pattern of surgical emergencies may be influenced by geographical, socio-demographic and environmental factors10. The various patterns of surgical emergencies have implications for surgical training, workforce planning and provision of adequate healthcare services. There is paucity of reports on the spectrum and burden of surgical emergencies in our environment. This knowledge may be useful to hospital administrators and public health experts in planning for a more adequate and appropriate emergency care and ultimately improve outcome. The aim of this study was to describe the spectrum and pattern of presentation of surgical emergencies in our environment.
Methods
A one year prospective cohort study of all emergency surgical admissions at the accident and emergency (A&E) department of Federal Medical Centre Makurdi, Nigeria from January to December 2011 was conducted. A study questionnaire was designed for data collection. The questionnaire was pre-tested for reliability and validity. Federal Medical Centre Makurdi is a referral tertiary hospital in North-Central Nigeria. It is a 350-bed hospital that has three functional theatres and a three-bed intensive care unit (ICU), and serves a population of over five million people.
The research and ethics committee of the hospital approved the study protocol and written informed consent was obtained from all the patients. Only patients admitted as emergencies into the following specialties of the department of Surgery were included in the study: general surgery, urology, orthopaedic/trauma surgery, paediatric surgery, neurosurgery, plastic and reconstructive surgery, ophthalmology and cardiothoracic surgery. Patients with and obstetric and gynaecological emergencies were excluded from the study.
Patients with emergency surgical conditions are received at the accident and emergency unit of the hospital where the initial resuscitation is done. Those with minor conditions requiring emergency surgical procedure are taken to the emergency theatre and may be discharged home from the A & E unit. Others are admitted to the surgical wards for either pre-operative work up or non-operative treatment from where they are discharged home. After discharge, all patients were seen at the surgical out-patient clinic for follow up care for at least one year.
Data such as patients' demographics, diagnosis at presentation, aetiology, injury-arrival interval for trauma cases, duration of symptoms for non-trauma cases and co morbidity were collected at presentation. While data on treatment given, duration of hospital stay and outcome of treatment were collected after treatment from patients' medical records. For each trauma patient, the injury severity score (ISS) and trauma injury severity score (TRISS) were calculated using the trauma score parameters from the case notes. Permanent disability in this study refers to a sequela of a disease or injury which impairs the physical and/or mental ability of a person to perform his/her normal work or non-occupational activities such as loss of limb, loss of vision, paralysis etc.
Data collection and analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago IL USA). For descriptive statistics we used frequencies, means and standard deviations, ranges and 95% confidence interval (CI) where appropriate. Test of significance was done using chisquare. Comparison of means was done with independent t-test. Statistical significance was set at pvalue < 0.05.
Results
There were a total of 2115 emergency hospital admissions and 1012 surgical admissions within the study period. Of the surgical admissions, 575 were emergency admissions. Therefore, surgical emergencies constituted 56.8% of all surgical admissions and 27.2% of all emergency hospital admissions. Majority (337, 58.6%) were trauma patients while 238 (41.4%) were non-trauma patients. The age of the patients ranged from 2 weeks to 90 years with a mean of 33.7 ± 17.2 years. Males were 383 (66.6%) while females were 192 (33.4%), giving a male to female ratio of 2:1. The mean ages of the trauma and non-trauma patients were 30.3 ± 8.2 years and 40.1 ± 10.5 years respectively. Table 1 shows the age distribution of the patients.
Table 1.
Age distribution of the patients
| Age group (years) | Trauma | Non-trauma | Total (%) |
| 0–10 | 31 | 12 | 43 (7.5) |
| 11–20 | 39 | 43 | 82 (14.3) |
| 21–30 | 109 | 40 | 149 (25.9) |
| 31–40 | 84 | 13 | 97 (16.9) |
| 41–50 | 46 | 43 | 89 (15.5) |
| 51–60 | 15 | 34 | 49 (8.5) |
| 61–70 | 6 | 42 | 48 (8.3) |
| 71–80 | 6 | 7 | 13 (2.3) |
| > 80 | 1 | 4 | 5 (0.9) |
| Total | 337 | 238 | 575 (100) |
The spectrum of non-trauma surgical emergencies is shown in table 2. Acute abdomen (99,41.6%) was the most common non-trauma surgical emergency. This was followed by acute urinary retention (57, 23.9%). Acute appendicitis (46), acute intestinal obstruction (31), colicky abdominal pain (12) and typhoid peritonitis (10) were the causes of acute abdomen amongst our patients. Altogether, 472 injuries were recorded amongst the 337 trauma patients. A total of 82 (24.3%) patients sustained multiple injuries. Soft tissue injuries such as bruises, lacerations and abrasions (143,30.3%), long bone fractures (92,19.5%) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) (69, 14.6%) were the most common traumatic injuries as shown in table 3.
Table 2.
Distribution of non-trauma surgical emergencies
| Non-trauma emergencies | No | % |
| *Acute abdomen | 99 | 41.6 |
| Acute urinary retention | 57 | 23.9 |
| Enterocutaneous fistula | 8 | 3.4 |
| Acute testicular torsion | 5 | 2.1 |
| Acute low back pain | 12 | 5.0 |
| Limb gangrene | 20 | 8.4 |
| Malignancy | 22 | 9.2 |
| Upper GI bleeding | 5 | 2.1 |
| Others | 10 | 4.2 |
| Total | 238 | 100 |
Acute appendicitis = 46, Acute intestinal obstruction = 31, Colicky abdominal pain = 12, Typhoid peritonitis = 10; GI = Gastrointestinal
Table 3.
Distribution of injuries
| Injury | No | % |
| Traumatic brain injury | 69 | 14.6 |
| Burns/Scald | 18 | 3.8 |
| Spine injury | 18 | 3.8 |
| Pelvic fractures | 14 | 3.0 |
| Long bone fractures | 92 | 19.5 |
| Soft tissue injuries | 143 | 30.3 |
| Hip fractures | 17 | 3.6 |
| Dislocations | 8 | 1.7 |
| Chest injuries | 28 | 5.9 |
| Abdominal injuries | 34 | 7.2 |
| Crush injuries | 6 | 1.3 |
| Sprain | 13 | 2.8 |
| Facial injuries | 7 | 1.5 |
| Ophthalmicinjuries | 5 | 1.1 |
| Total | 472 | 100 |
The injury severity score (ISS) of the trauma patients ranged from 1 to 24 with a mean of 8.4. Seventy patients (20.8%) presented with ISS of greater than 15.
Certain diagnoses were significantly associated with certain age groups of the patients. Traumatic injuries (193, 57.3%) were common amongst young adults, 21–40 years (95% CI, 1.07–3.32; p = 0.02); diabetic foot gangrene with sepsis (15, 75%) was predominantly seen amongst middle aged patients, 41–60 years (95% CI, 2.16–18.27; p = 0.001). Acute urinary retention (50, 87.7%) was common amongst middle-aged and elderly men 51–70 years (95% CI, 1.70–6.87; p = 0.001). Hip fractures and haematuria secondary to prostate cancer (25, 83.3%) were common amongst elderly patients 61–80 years (95% CI, 2.63–21.78; p = 0.001).
The aetiology of injuries is shown in table 4. Motor-vehicular accident (138, 41%) was the leading cause of traumatic injuries followed by motor-bike accidents (66, 19.6%) and falls (44, 13.1%). There was a significant correlation between aetiology of injuries and the age of the patients (95% CI, 1.02–4.54; p =0.001). While fall was predominantly seen in the first decade of life and amongst elderly patients; road traffic injuries and gunshot injuries were common amongst young adults. The injury-arrival interval of trauma patients ranged from 1 hour to 10 days with a mean of 1.2± 0.7 days while the duration of symptoms prior to presentation of non-trauma patients ranged from 1hour to 2 weeks with a mean of 2.3± 1.2 days. The difference in mean injury-arrival interval was significant (p = 0.01).
Table 4.
Aetiology of injuries
| Aetiology | No | % |
| Burns | 18 | 5.3 |
| RTA | ||
| Motor vehicular accident | 138 | 41.0 |
| Motorbike | 66 | 19.6 |
| Pedestrian | 23 | 6.8 |
| Gunshot | 11 | 3.3 |
| Fall | 44 | 13.1 |
| Assault | 19 | 5.6 |
| Industrial | 10 | 2.9 |
| Sports | 8 | 2.4 |
| Total | 337 | 100 |
Of all the emergency surgical admissions, 254 (44.2%) patients required operative intervention, while 321 (55.8%) patients were treated non-operatively. Only 121 (35.9%) of the trauma patients were treated operatively, while more than half (133, 55.9%) of the non-trauma surgical emergency admissions required operative intervention. The most common surgical procedures were primary wound closure (80, 31.5%), appendectomy (42,16.5%) and laparotomy (39,15.4%).
The length of hospital stay ranged from 1 day to 90 days with a mean of 15.2 ± 10.5 days. The mean length of hospital stay for the trauma patients was 12.7 + 4.2 days while that of non-trauma patients was 21.5 + 8.6 days (p = 0.001). The mean durations of hospitalization of patients who had surgical intervention and those that were treated conservatively were 16.9 + 6.7 days and 12.1 + 3.8 days respectively. The difference in the duration of hospitalization between the two groups was not significant (p=0.41).
Majority of the patients (383, 66.6%) were treated and discharged home without any permanent disability; while 54(9.4%) were discharged home with permanent disabilities. Twenty two (3.8%) patients were referred to other hospitals while, 71 (12.3%) patients left against medical advice. Forty five patients died during the study period, giving a 1-year mortality rate of 7.8% (table 5). The patients who died were predominantly those with multiple injuries, TBI and malignancies (p = 0.001); while discharge against medical advice was common amongst patients with long bone fractures (p =0.001).
Table 5.
Outcome of treatment
| Outcome | Trauma | Non-trauma | Total (%) |
| Died | 28 | 17 | 45 (7.8) |
| Discharged home without disability | 203 | 180 | 383 (9.4) |
| Discharged home with permanent disability | 44 | 10 | 54 (9.4) |
| Left against medical advice | 50 | 21 | 71 (3.8) |
| Referred | 12 | 10 | 22 (3.8) |
| Total | 337 | 238 | 575 (100) |
Among the 28 patients with trauma-related deaths, 20 had a greater than 50% probability of survival, using the trauma injury severity score (TRISS) giving a preventable death rate (PDR) of 71.4%.
Discussion
Emergency surgical admissions in our study were 56.8% of all surgical admissions and 27.2% of all emergency hospital admissions. A study in Northern Nigeria by Agbo et al.12 reported that emergency surgical admissions constituted 11% of all emergency hospital admissions. In Ethiopia, Belaynew et al noted that surgical emergencies constituted 24.1% of all emergency admissions in a hospital-based study13. Armon et al in Nottingham UK reported that emergency surgical admissions represented 69% of emergency room admissions amongst children aged 0–15 years14. A retrospective study of emergency surgical admissions in Bangladesh reported a prevalence of 36.8%15 while Gale et al in a nationwide 10-year analysis in United States reported a prevalence of 7.1% of non-trauma surgical emergencies16. The variations noted in these studies support previous reports that the pattern and prevalence of surgical emergencies may be affected by geographical, socio-demographic and environmental factors10.
Majority of our patients were in the 3rd and 4th decade of life. This is usually the most active and productive age group in most societies and may result in huge economic losses. Similar trend has been observed in most published series12,17,18. The peak age incidence of the trauma-related emergencies was in the 3rd decade while the non-trauma emergencies had a double peak incidence in the 2nd and 5thdecades. This pattern is in consonance with earlier reports on the incidence of trauma-related7,11 and non-trauma10,11 surgical emergencies. The mean age in our study was 33.7 ± 17.2 years. This is similar to other Nigerian studies by Ekere et al.17 and Akinpelu et al.18 who reported 33 years and 32 years respectively. However, in the reports by Campbell et al.19 in UK and Gale et al.16 in US the mean ages were 47.9 years and 58.7 years respectively. The predominance of non-trauma surgical emergencies in the latter studies may explain the higher mean ages of the patients. There was a significant difference in the mean ages of trauma and non-trauma patients. Trauma patients were predominantly young adults, while non-trauma patients were mostly either middle aged and elderly.
There was a predominance of trauma-related emergencies in our series. This may be due to the rising incidence of road traffic injuries reported globally17,20,21. Solagberu et al.9 and Verma et al.8 also reported a similar pattern in their studies. However, reports by some authors showed a predominance of non-trauma surgical emergencies2,12,16,17,18. This may be due to the setting in some tertiary hospitals where there is a dedicated trauma centre that caters for traumatic emergencies, thus taking a large chunk of surgical emergencies from the emergency room. Overall, soft tissue injuries (lacerations, bruises and abrasions) were the commonest surgical emergencies which was followed by acute abdomen. Verma et al.8 and Solagberu et al.9 reported a similar findings. However, this is in contrast to reports by Davies et al.23 and Agbo et al.12 who noted that acute abdomen and traumatic brain injury were the commonest emergencies in their studies. The hospital setting as well as the pattern of surgical diseases at study locations may be responsible for this difference. Amongst, the trauma patients, soft tissue injuries, long bone fractures and traumatic brain injury (TBI) were the most common injuries. While acute abdomen and acute urinary retention were the most common non-trauma conditions. Our study corroborates other series that reported acute abdomen as the most common non-trauma surgical emergency10,11,17,22. Urological emergencies such as acute urinary retention was second to acute abdomen in our study and in many other reports6,9,11. This may be attributed to our ageing population with increasing incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia, a common cause of acute urinary retention22. These findings provide useful information for workforce planning, surgical training and provision of healthcare services.
Road traffic accidents were the leading cause of injuries in our study. This may be due to rising incidence of road traffic injuries reported globally21,24. This pattern has been reported in earlier studies17,18,20. Motor-vehicular and motorbike accidents were the leading causes of road traffic injuries. Lack of adherence to traffic rules and the use of motorbikes as a common means of transportation in the study location may explain this observation. The injury-arrival interval of trauma patients was significantly shorter than the duration of symptoms in non-trauma patients. The urgent need for pain relief, wound care and fluid resuscitation in many trauma patients usually make them present to hospital earlier than the non-trauma patients. The causes of limb gangrene in this study were mainly diabetic foot and peripheral vascular disease. This observation corroborates earlier studies in Nigeria where diabetic gangrene overtook trauma as a major cause of limb gangrene25,26. However, two patients who had crush injuries of the lower limbs on admission subsequently developed limb gangrene in the course of the treatment and were offered amputation.
The emergency operation rate (44.2%) was similar to 43.5% reported by Mai-Phan et al;2 and much higher compared to 30.3% reported in other studies27. This could be due to the higher proportion of trauma patients in our study and the referral status of our hospital. More than half (52.4%) of emergency operations carried out during the study period were for non-trauma conditions although there were more trauma-related admissions. This shows that majority of non-trauma surgical emergencies are only amenable to operative intervention, a trend which has been reported by same authors10.
Primary wound closure (31.5%) was the most common emergency surgical procedure. This was followed by appendectomy (16.5%) and laparotomy (15.4%). Our findings differ from the previous studies in which appendectomy was the most common emergency procedure11,23. Laparotomy was the most common emergency surgical procedure reported by Verma et al8, while incision and drainage of abscess was reported by Mai-Phan et al2. Our finding may be due to the preponderance of soft tissue injuries among our patients as well as differences in the patterns of presentation in the various studies.
The length of hospital stay was significantly shorter amongst trauma patients than non-trauma patients. Most traumatic injuries are usually acute in nature and have quick resolution unlike non-trauma emergencies that may have a chronic background and thus will requires longer hospitalization. Mai-Phan et al.2 also made a similar observation. Patients with non-trauma surgical emergencies were significantly older compared to the trauma patients and the presence of co morbidities may also explain the longer hospital stay amongst these patients. The mortality rate of emergency surgical admission in this study was 7.8%. About 62.2% of the deaths were from trauma-related conditions. The mortality rate is higher than 6.3% and 6% reported by Masiira-Mukasa et al.28 in Kenya and Ahmed3 in Zaria Nigeria respectively. Multiple injuries, traumatic brain injury and malignancy were associated with high mortality rates. The poor state of neurosurgical services and intensive care facilities in our hospital may have contributed to the higher mortality rate.
Limitations of the study
Data collection for this study ended in 2011 and there may have been significant changes within the last 6 years. This is therefore, a limitation to our study. The obstetric and gynaecological surgical emergencies were excluded from this study. We think that their inclusion will bring in confounding variables since they are received and managed by the gynaecologists using a different departmental protocol in our hospital.
Conclusion
Majority of surgical admissions in our centre were emergency admissions with a predominance of trauma-related surgical emergencies. Road traffic injuries contributed significantly to the total volume of surgical emergencies seen in our hospital. Multiple injuries, traumatic brain injury and malignancies were associated with high mortality rates. The 1-year mortality rate of emergency surgical admissions in our study was 7.8%. The preventable death rate (PDR) of the trauma-related emergencies is high. Provision of improved neurosurgical services and intensive care facilities will improve the outcome of trauma-related surgical emergencies in our environment. Early detection of cancers and improved oncology services may reduce the mortality arising from non-trauma surgical emergencies. The results of our study may be helpful in the planning and provision of better emergency surgical services to improve outcomes.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-forprofit sectors.
Ethical approval
The study was approved by the research and ethics committee of Federal Medical Center Makurdi.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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