Abstract
Background
Krummhübel (after 1945, Karpacz) in the Sudety Mountains (now SW Poland) was called “the village of pharmacists”. At the end of the seventeenth century, there were 57 households, of which about 40 were inhabited by herbalists. Krummhübel herbalists were the first in the Sudety region who applied medicinal mixtures for the treatment of various diseases (using, among others, plants, oils, minerals and even viper venom) in contrast to previous herbalists who only indicated the use of individual plant species for specific diseases. Riesengebirge (in Polish Karkonosze) potions were sold in Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland and Russia, and some of them could even be purchased in Scandinavia and England. The purpose of this paper is an ethnopharmacological analysis of historical texts of herbalists from Krummhübel. Based on their recipes, we analysed the use reports of drugs. Recently, research on ethnobotany and ethnopharmacological analyses of historical materials or egodocuments related to formulations used in folk medicine have become an important source of acquiring knowledge about new medicines.
Methods
Based on 46 recipes of Krummhübel herbalists re-written by Reitzig (1943), we analysed the use reports of drugs which included plant taxa and other constituents such as animal formulations, fungi, inorganic and organic substances and minerals as well as tinctures (with alcohol/spirit) and elixirs (without alcohol/spirit). For each usage mentioned in the text, we recorded (i) the putative botanical identity of the taxon; (ii) the plant family or origin of other than the plant constituent; (iii) the reported plant part; (iv) the number of the recipe; (v) the name of the recipe; (vi) the vernacular name of ingredient; (vii) the described symptom, ailment or specific use; (viii) our modern (viz. biomedical) interpretation of the described symptom or ailment; (ix) the mode of administration; and (x) the category of use under which we filed the specific use. We also cross-checked the medicinal plants of Krummhübel herbalists with the species described in old manuscripts and regional surveys and compared their use with contemporary plant use.
Results
The paper introduces the generated database comprising 348 use reports of 46 drugs based on 70 plant taxa and other constituents. Besides, we address patterns such as the frequent recommendation of Fabaceae herbs for respiratory system issue and gynaecology and Asteraceae for respiratory system and cardiovascular problems. Gastrointestinal use reports are based on Asphodelaceae, Burseraceae and Rosaceae species.
Conclusions
Remedies that lost importance over time as well as drugs used for diseases now controlled by conventional medicine may be interesting starting points for research on herbal medicine and drug discovery. It seems to be important to attempt to reproduce therapeutic mixtures from the preserved recipes of Krummhübel herbalists, which offers an opportunity to learn more about the real effects of the former medicines and their therapeutic activity. The obtained data can also be used to search for new drugs.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s13002-019-0298-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, Mixtures, Folk medicine, Phytotherapy history, Phytopharmacy, Ethnobotany
Background
Caspar Schwenckfeld, a municipal doctor from Hirschberg (after 1945, Jelenia Góra), was one of the first medicinal plant explorers operating in the Silesia region. Two monographs of great value are the result of his scientific work. Chronologically, his scientific work describing resorts in Warmbrunn (after 1945, Cieplice), Landeck (after 1945, Lądek-Zdrój), Flinsberg (after 1945, Świeradów) and Salzbrunn (after 1945, Szczawno) appeared first [1, 2], and 7 years later, another monograph was released. It describes 50 species of plants that were used in phytotherapy at the turn of the seventeenth century in health resorts in the Sudety Mountains (in German, Sudeten), SW Poland, mainly in Warmbrunn [3]. Many species of medicinal plants formerly used in phytopharmacy now have scientifically demonstrated medicinal properties based on their diverse chemical compositions (e.g. [4–8]).
The purpose of the work is an ethnopharmacological analysis of historical texts of the so-called Krummhübel laboratory workers, who were active in the Sudetes (Central Europe) from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. Our research will contribute to a better understanding of treatments for diseases in this region prior to the development of the pharmacological industry. It will also provide in-depth insight into old methods of treatment. So far, no research has been carried out on ethnopharmacological activities of the herbalists from Krummhübel. In particular, this study may guide research on novel phyto-therapeutic agents, inform safety evaluations and help to prove the tradition of use in terms of drug regulations [9, 10].
We also cross-checked the medicinal plants of Krummhübel herbalists with the species described in five manuscripts and regional surveys, including Matthioli (1563) [11], Schwenckfeld (1607) [3], Mattuschka (1779) [12], Kneipp (1892) [13], Fischer (1930s) [14] and Madaus (1938) [15]. Besides, we compared their uses with those of other contemporary plants.
Recently, research on ethnobotany and ethnopharmacological analysis of historical materials or egodocuments, related to preparations used in folk medicine, has become an important source of acquiring knowledge about new medicines [10, 16]. Our study may constitute a part of this trend.
Karpacz (formerly Krummhübel) is a town located in Silesia in Poland. Until the mid-sixteenth century, this region belonged to the Kingdom of Bohemia, and in 1526, it became a part of the Habsburg Empire. As a result of the Silesian wars in the years 1740–1742, Silesia came under the rule of the Kingdom of Prussia and remained within the German borders until 1945. After World War II, under the terms of the agreements at the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Agreement (both in 1945), German Silesia, east of the rivers Oder (now Odra) and Lusatian Neisse (now Nysa Łużycka), was transferred to Poland. This region included Krummhübel (after 1945 renamed Karpacz), the area of the herbalists’ activities described in this article [17, 18].
The beginnings of the production of herbal medicinal mixtures in the Sudety Mountains are related by multiple sources. One of them speaks of two protestants, well-known medics from Prague, who fled to the town of Krummhübel in the Sudety Mountains in the late seventeenth century to avoid punishment for participation in a bloody duel. Niclaus and Solomon found refuge in the house of Melchior Grossmann, where they established the first pharmacy in Krummhübel and introduced their saviour and his friend Jonas Exner to the art of producing herbal ointments, powders and tinctures [19–24]. At the end of the seventeenth century, Krummhübel had 57 households, of which about 40 were inhabited by herbalists, also known as “Laboranten” (in German). For this reason, Krummhübel was called “the village of pharmacists” [23–30]. The herbalists’ houses were log cabins with pitched roofs, timber framing and very distinctive interiors. The largest room on the ground floor, built of granite stones, was a laboratory with a large kitchen oven and distillation equipment (Fig. 1).
In the adjacent room, the medicinal raw material was produced and portioned. A side chamber, where cabinets, barrels, crates and shelves were located, served as a warehouse for storing products, and an airy loft served as a drying room for herbs. The dried products were stored in small free-standing structures due to the danger of fire [23, 31]. Next to the laboratory building, there was a backyard with medicinal plants, where, among others, the following plants were grown: Plantago lanceolata L., Pimpinella anisum L., Menyanthes trifoliata L., Artemisia absinthium L., Centaurium erythraea Rafn. subsp. erythraea, Verbascum densiflorum Bertol., Carum carvi L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Valeriana officinalis L., Achillea millefolium L., Linum usitatissimum L., Alcea rosea L. var. nigra Cav., Taraxacum spp., Calendula officinalis L., Althaea officinalis L., Polygonum aviculare L., Rosa canina L., Ruta graveolens L., Salvia officinalis L. and Thymus pulegioides L. Shrubs were also popular: Viburnum opulus L. and Sambucus nigra L. The most widespread plant, used for the production of many medicines, was Digitalis purpurea L., which still commonly grows on the slopes of the Sudety Mountains [23, 25, 32–34]. The other most popular plants used to manufacture medicaments were Carlina acaulis L., Primula elatior (L.) Hill, Arnica montana L., Lilium martagon L., Rhodiola rosea L. and Crocus sp., i.e. probably C. sativus L. There are no voucher specimens associated with this study, so precautions in the identification of plant taxa in old written documents discussed by Łuczaj [35] were taken. Herbalists from Krummhübel enriched many drugs with powder roots of Mandragora officinarum L. [23], a plant species from the Solanaceae family, originating from the Mediterranean area and the Middle East and also grown in Krummhübel [36]. The following raw materials were used in therapeutics of the Mediterranean countries: the root Mandragorae radix and the herb Mandragorae herba, both of which contain tropane alkaloids. The root has anaesthetic and hypnotic properties, while the herb, with a lower content of alkaloids, is used in homoeopathy as a drug of analgesic properties for rheumatic diseases. Mandragora officinarum is one of the plants with the longest history of use in phytotherapy. It has already been mentioned in Egyptian papyri from 3000 years BC [4, 37, 38]. In the Middle Ages, a great cult developed around this plant as a panacea for any disease and a magical agent. At the end of the sixteenth century, the species disappeared from most of the drug stores and were obtained from the official European herbal market [36]. However, herbalists from Krummhübel used it until the end of the seventeenth century [25]. They were also the first in central Europe to use the herb Drosera rotundifolia L.—Droserae herba as a medicinal agent that had already been confirmed by Rittman [25]. Earlier, alchemists had examined the secretions of this plant’s glandular hairs that digest insects as they searched for preparations that could produce gold or a youth elixir. It also belonged to the group of so-called sacred herbs. Nowadays, this species is strictly protected by law in Poland, and the material for medicinal use comes from import only. Extracts of Droserae herba include derivatives of naphthoquinone, flavonoids and organic acids, which have antibacterial and antispastic properties [6, 7, 39]. The herbalists from Krummhübel also introduced Rhodiola rosea to phytotherapy in the Sudety region [25]. In medical practice, the rhizome of this species is now used, Rhizoma Rhodiolae, which has stimulating properties and enhances concentration and increases physical activity. It is used to treat tiredness, neurosis and anaemia [5, 39]. For these disorders, it was used in the form of mixtures by the Krummhübel herbalists [25].
To describe medicines, the herbalists used notes, armorials and prescriptions. Latin names were used to protect their trade secrets. Knowledge of Latin was required during the masters exam for herbalists, which was introduced around the year 1700. It was then that herbalists from Krummhübel and the surrounding area formed the common herbalists’ guild, one of the first in Central Europe. Medicinal knowledge was usually kept in secret by family members and passed from one generation to another. In the eighteenth century, Krummhübel herbalists manufactured more than 200 proprietary medicines [22–25, 40]. We confirmed that they were the first in the Sudetes who applied medicinal mixtures to the treatment of diseases (using, among others, plants; oils; powdered minerals, including rock crystal and amethyst; and animal formulations—adder venom, deer horns, toads, salamanders and frogs), and they left their medical legacy in writing [23] in contrast to previous herbalists, who only indicated the use of individual plant species for specific diseases. (The first researcher who published data on the distribution of medicinal plants and their therapeutic properties from the described area was the renaissance physicist Caspar Schwenckfeld from Hirschberg. The naturalist, however, did not provide and did not use any medicinal mixtures [1].) Medications from Krummhübel were mixed with water, wine, honey, oils, salts, acids and alcohol distilled in local or domestic distilleries [31, 37]. For instance, the tincture of Arnica montana was used as a painkiller and anti-inflammatory drug against digestive system disorders as well as used externally for bruises, frostbite and open wounds [23].
However, not all of these plants can be found in the recipes that have survived to this day (e.g. Arnica montana, Rhodiola rosea or Mandragora officinarum) [23]. Nevertheless, it was confirmed that specimens of these species so far are stored within the collections of the Museum of Sports and Tourism in Karpacz, and they certainly were used by the herbalists from Krummhübel.
The reign of the House of Hapsburg in Hirschberg brought no restrictions on the herbalists’ activities. However, the situation changed after 1740, when the area came under the rule of Prussia. As the popularity of the goods produced by the herbalists of Krummhübel increased, resentment and jealousy of doctors and pharmacists rose as well, since they considered them charlatan family clans who made fortunes from human illnesses [23, 31]. The desire to limit their activities also resulted from the Prussian administration’s wish to organise, e.g. health care, on a national level. The office of the Collegium Medicum et Sanitatis (Royal Council of Physicians and Pharmacists) intervened to limit the activity of the herbalists, and the production of herbal medicines by so-called laboratory workers was then only possible with an official license, and not based on the rules of the guild. The Act of 1740, issued by the Prussian government, reduced the number of legally operating herbalists to 30 persons only. To obtain a license, one had to wait for the death of a guild member and go through a long official procedure. In 1796, the herbalists’ guild comprised 27 members [23, 24]. The leaders of the guild were Christian Ignatius Exner (guild master), Benjamin Gottlieb Exner (guild chief) and Johannes Christoph Grossmann (guild chief assistant). The oldest known book by Krummhübel herbalists was produced in 1792 [22–25] and contained 150 recipes for mixtures made from local medicinal plants. From the late eighteenth century onwards, the herbalists encountered more and more difficulties. In 1796, the Prussian government allowed them to produce and sell only 46 medicines [23, 24]. Junker [24] provides a full list of them: (1) Aqua apoplectica alba s. pauperum, weißes Schlagwasser; (2) Aqua apoplectica rubra, rotes Schlagwasser; (3) Balsamus anglicus, englischer Haupt- und Universalbalsam; (4) Balsamus embryonum liquidus, stärkender Kinderbalsam; (5) Balsamus sulpburis; (6) Balsamus vitae, Lebensbalsam; (7) Elixir pectorale; (8) Elixir proprietatis Paracelsi; (9) Elixir vitrioli Mynsichti; (10) Elixir uterinum; (11) Essentia absynthii composita; (12) Essentia alexipharmaca; (13) Essentia amara; (14) Essentia antidysenterica, Ruhrtropfen; (15) Essentia carminativa; (16) Essentia castorei; (17) Essentia corticum aurantiorum; (18) Essentia dulcis; (19) Essentia lignorum; (20) Essentia myrrhae; (21) Essentia rhei amara; (22) Essentia stomacbica composita, stärkende Gall- und Magentropfen; (23) Essentia succini; (24) Essentia absynthii simplex; (25) Liquor anodynus mineralis Hofmanni; (26) Mixtura symplex; (27) Morsuli anthelmintici; (28) Pulvis anthelminticus; (29) Pulvis bezoardicus; (30) Pulvis dentifriticus, Zahnpulver; (31) Pulvis marchionis, Marggrafenpulver; (32) Pulvis sternutatorius viridis, Hauptpulver; (33) Pulvis vitae; (34) Species zum Brust- und Blutreinigungsthee; (35) Spiritus comu cervi; (36) Spiritus matricalis; (37) Spiritus melissae compositus; (38) Spiritus nitri dulcis; (39) Spiritus salis ammoniaci aromatica; (40) Spiritus salis ammoniaci volatilis; (41) Spiritus tartari; (42) Spiritus theriacalis; (43) Tinctura bezoardica; (44) Tinctura coralliorum; (45) Tinctura laxans; and (46) Tinctura antimonii tartarisata.
All 46 known recipes were provided by Reitzig [23], because he was studying the original manuscripts and recipes of the herbalists from Krummhübel, located in the then pre-war museum [41]. These manuscripts have not survived—they were lost in the war turmoil, which was confirmed directly by the Museum of Sports and Tourism in Karpacz and by the local libraries.
In 1797, licensed pharmacists persuaded the Prussian government to withdraw the privilege of selling the so-called drop of Krummhübel at fairs; it was one of the best-known medicines produced by the herbalists [31, 37]. In 1799, information was provided about a complementary treatment in the Warmbrunn spa by an anonymous relation of the practitioner. A herbalist with the initials P.I. was described, and during his presence at the spa, he was offering medicinal herbal mixtures to patients on request [23].
Despite the growing administrative difficulties, the popularity of medications from Krummhübel continued to increase. Among others, the eminent writer and representative of German Romanticism, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, took an interest in medicinal herbs [42, 43]. Riesengebirge (in Polish Karkonosze, in the Western Sudetes) potions were sold in Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland and Russia, and at the turn of the nineteenth century, some of them could also be purchased in Scandinavia and England. In 1810, in the Sudetes, a company named W. Koerner & Co. was founded, which specialised in the production of liqueurs and tinctures prepared from Sudetic herbs [23, 24]. In subsequent years, the pharmacist herbalists of Krummhübel were affected by further restrictions. They were suspected of practicing black magic, secret cults, alchemy and possessing devil’s knowledge. In 1809, the authorities of Legnica Province (in German Kreis Liegnitz) banned the herbalists from conducting door-to-door trade. In the period from 1831 to 1832, a cholera epidemic raged in Central Europe, also reaching the Sudetes [31]. Fears of the disease were so great that the government decided to reach out for help from the Krummhübel herbalists. Carl Traugott Ende, who came from a family with a long tradition of herbalists, prepared medications for patients and was a member of the anti-cholera epidemic committee [23]. Despite this, the administrative restrictions on herbalists were restored after the end of the plague [42, 43]. In 1843, a royal edict was issued to limit the allowable number of simple Riesengebirge (Karkonosze) herbal medicines from 46 to 21. The list of 21 medicinal preparations approved in 1845 by the district doctor Dr. Schaeffer is as follows [23]: (1) Aqua apoplectica alba s. pauperum; (2) Aqua apoplectica rubra (Schlagwasser); (3) Balsamum anglicus, englischer Haupt- und Universalbalsam; (4) Balsamum vitae, Lebensbalsam; (5) Elixir pektorale, brustelixir; (6) Essentia amara; (7) Essentia carminativa; (8) Essentia corticum aurantiorum; (9) Essentia dulcis; (10) Essentia lignorum; (11) Essentia rhei Amara, bittere Rhabarber Tinktur; (12) Essentia stomacbica composita, stärkende Gallund Magentropfen; (13) Liquor anodynus, mineralis Hoffmanni Hoffmannsche Tropfen; (14) Pulvis sternutatorius viridis, Hauptpulver; (15) Pulvis Vita, Lebenspulver; (16) Species pectorales, Brust- und Blutreinigungsthee; (17) Spiritus melissae compositus, Karmelitenwasser; (18) Spiritus salis ammoniaci, aromaticus sive Spirit. volatilis oleosus Sylvii; (19) Spiritus salis ammoniaci volatilis; (20) Spiritus nitri dulcis; and (21) Tinctura Coralliorum, Corallen Tinktur.
For the preparation of medicaments, only 24 strictly specified types of fruits and barks, 20 types of roots, 16 species of herbs (= aerial parts), 10 seeds and flowers and 2 species of timber were allowed [23]. In 1843, the Prussian government stopped issuing new licenses for herbal practices, which was the beginning of the end of the herbalists’ activity. In the Riesengebirge (Karkonosze), the herbalists’ art began to fade away in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was still possible to find some isolated cases of treatment using local herbs in later years, albeit only on a small scale. The last herbalist of the herbalists’ guild died on 28 March 1884 [23, 44].
The heritage of the herbalists from Krummhübel, regarding the use of medicinal plants and their mixtures, remained, mainly in the Sudety Mountains, until the beginning of the twentieth century, especially in folk medicine. Drosera rotundifolia may be presented as an example. It was used in the form of infusions for poor digestion, whooping cough and sclerosis by the residents of the Masyw Ślęży Mountains (in German Zobten-Gebirge) until the beginning of the twentieth century, although the species has not been found in the area so far [45].
The good reputation of Krummhübel herbalists and their gardens with medicinal plants is evidenced by the fact that they were visited by famous German botanists, including Max von Uechtritz [46].
Research on the activities of herbalists of Krummhübel was conducted by Will Erich Peuckert (1895–1969), a world-famous German ethnographer and ethnologist. In 1934, Peuckert became a professor at the Universität Breslau (University of Wrocław) and created a museum dedicated to the Krummhübel herbalists [23], which was, however, closed in the 1950s. Nowadays, an exhibition on pharmacist workers, including numerous exhibits, is held by the Museum of Sports and Tourism in Karpacz, which is the successor of the pre-war museum [47, 48].
Material and methods
Based on 46 recipes by Krummhübel herbalists, re-written by Reitzig [23], we performed the analysis of use reports of drugs, which included plant taxa and other constituents such as animal formulations, fungi, inorganic and organic substances, minerals and tinctures (with alcohol/spirit) and elixirs (without alcohol/spirit). For each usage mentioned in the text, we recorded (i) the putative botanical identity of the taxon; (ii) the plant family or origin of other than the plant constituent; (iii) the reported plant part; (iv) the number of the recipe; (v) the name of the recipe; (vi) the vernacular name of the ingredient; (vii) the described symptom, ailment or specific use; (viii) our modern (viz. biomedical) interpretation of the described symptom or ailment; (ix) the mode of administration; and (x) the category of use under which we filed the specific use. Each recorded combination of the variables was counted as one individual (therapeutic) use report.
The following 10 plant parts or products were differentiated: barks, exudates (incl. gums, resins and saps), flowers (incl. inflorescences and parts thereof), fruits (incl. parts thereof), herbs (= aerial parts, incl. branches and shoots), leaves, oils (e.g. linseed oil), seeds, subterranean parts (incl. bulbs, rhizomes, roots and tubers) and wood. If there was no information on which plant part was used, it was qualified as an herb. The modes of administration were divided into two groups: internal (e.g. drops, many tinctures) and external (e.g. ointments and poultices). Use reports were classified into organ-, symptom- and ailment-defined categories of use, largely following the bioprospecting-oriented classification scheme proposed by Staub et al. [10]. The applied 15 categories of use citations comprise the following: andrology (incl. male fertility and venereal diseases: gonorrhoea, syphilis), antidotes (internally applied), cardiovascular problems, dermatology (e.g. tumours, injuries and wounds), fever, gastroenterology (e.g. appetite, intestinal obstruction, lithiasis liver and tympanites), gynaecology (incl. female fertility and venereal diseases: gonorrhoea, syphilis), musculoskeletal ailments (e.g. cramps, gout, rheumatism, scurvy and spasms), neurology (incl. psychosomatic ailments), oral cavity (e.g. dentistry and stomatitis), others (“internal wounds” and “for breast” but others than connected with respiratory system), parasites (e.g. anthelmintics), respiratory system (e.g. cleansing lungs and the upper respiratory tract, plague, tuberculosis) and urology (e.g. diuretics, lithiasis and kidneys).
This work also aimed at recalling the activities of Krummhübel herbalists and their input into the medical use reports of plants at that time. Taking this into account, we present selected species of medicinal plants and mixtures used by them, based on their recorded recipes. We selected the plant species that were most often used in mixtures and which were simultaneously growing in the medicinal plant gardens of Krummhübel herbalists. To achieve all these goals, we translated available source texts, including books, articles from magazines and guides as well as press notes on the activity of Krummhübel herbalists, from German.
We compared the medicinal plants of Krummhübel herbalists with the medicinal plant lists of Europe by cross-checking the species used in manuscripts and regional surveys, including Matthioli [11], Schwenckfeld [3], Mattuschka [12], Kneipp [13], Fischer (1930s) [14] and Madaus [15]. Matthioli’s book [11] is one of the most popular ethnobotanical studies and describes medicinal species; it was translated into a few languages. Schwenckfeld’s publication [3] constitutes the fullest analysis of therapeutic properties of the warm springs in Warmbrunn (Cieplice) as well as the plants used in spa and healing treatments [49]. Mattuschka is known for the work on the natural history of plants native to Silesia, in which he indicates species with medicinal properties [12]. Kneipp, one of the founders of the naturopathic medicine movement, developed his “Nature Cure” form of therapy based on subalpine plants from the Allgäu in Bavaria, which were used in folk medicine, and based on those, he cultivated in the garden [50, 51]. Fischer’s data (1930s) comprise the most complete information on folk botany, with nearly 250 plant species, used in the folk culture in the whole area of pre-World War II, Poland, which also includes the present Western Ukraine and parts of Belarus and Lithuania [14]. In his book, a German medical doctor, Madaus [15], discusses homoeopathic products and their use as therapeutic agents.
The paper follows the newest guidance referring to the analysis of historical texts [52]. Plant identifications were established by cross-checking the names and descriptions in the Flora Europaea [53] with the confirmed data that the individual species were growing in the area at that time [32, 33] or/and were cultivated in Krummhübel herbalists gardens [46] or/and are stored within the collections of the Museum of Sports and Tourism in Karpacz; thus, they certainly were used by the Krummhübel herbalists. Species names were checked against The Plant List 1.1 [54], and family names follow the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV [55].
Results
Patterns of the diversity of drugs
In total, among 46 drugs, 70 plant taxa were recorded. Of these, 52 taxa, included in 29 drugs, could be identified to the species and 18 taxa in 13 drugs were identified to the genus level. For 3 ingredients of plant origin, which were included in 5 drugs, no taxa identification was possible. Besides herbal, other constituents were used, including animal formulations (e.g. castoreum, corals, deer antlers, earthworms, scorpions, snakes), fungi, inorganic and organic substances (e.g. calcium, Sp[iritus] Vitrioli, Sp. Nitri dulcis, Sp. Nitri, Sp. Tartari, wax) and minerals (e.g. potash, pumice, salt) as well as elixirs and tinctures. These components were exclusively used in 13 drugs.
Overall, 348 use reports (i.e. unique combinations of a specific taxon or another origin of a constituent, plant part, route of administration and specific use in individual recipes) were recorded. Internal applications, mainly as drops in tea or water (283 use reports), prevail over external applications such as ointments or poultices (69 use reports) (Fig. 2). Seventy-four records have no reported uses, i.e. when Reitzig’s [23] original did not clearly state the ailment they were used. The same remark applies to the lacking mode of administration (61 records). A full dataset of the recorded plant taxa, plant parts and other constituents used, as well as the therapeutic uses, is presented in Additional file 1: Table S2 and at the end of this paper.
More than 45% of drugs stemmed from herbs (= aerial parts) (118), while the remaining percentage consisted of exudates (41), subterranean organs (29), flowers (25) and other less frequent plant parts (Fig. 3). The drugs were derived from members of 32 vascular plant families, with Asteraceae (9 taxa; 22 drugs), Fabaceae (8 taxa; 33 drugs) and Apiaceae (7 taxa; 26 drugs) being the most frequent ones.
To characterise the therapeutic preferences, the associations between taxonomy, plant part or other constituent origins and categories of use were analysed (Figs. 4 and 5). The most frequently cited constituents were those obtained from animals and minerals. Animal formulations were recommended for neurology (12), gynaecology (4) and fever (4), while minerals were suggested for musculoskeletal ailments (7), oral cavity (6), neurology (5) and dermatology (5). Among the plant families, Fabaceae species were relatively frequently cited for respiratory system (10) and gynaecology (4), as well as Asteraceae for respiratory system (10) and cardiovascular problems (5).
The use citations for respiratory system issues are the most frequent ones (67; Fig. 2) and cover ailments concerning the lungs (21) and the upper respiratory tract (21) as well as plague (17). The remedies for these conditions are taxonomically diverse, including 7 different drugs derived from 34 plant taxa. Herbs of the families Asteraceae and Fabaceae account for a comparably high number of use reports in this category (8 and 6, respectively; Fig. 5) and include Achillea spp., Cyanus segetum Hill. (= Centaurea cyanus L.), Matricaria spp., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Hedysarum spp. and Ononis spinosa L.
The category of nervous system and psychosomatic disorders (52; Fig. 2) includes plague (17), stroke (9), pain of the body (5), headache (3), brain disease (3) or postpartum discomfort (3). The most frequently used constituents were those not obtained from plants, but from animals (12), or were elixirs (6) and minerals (5).
Gastrointestinal use reports (41; Fig. 2) mainly comprise stomach and intestine problems (29) but also refer to appetite (9). Apart from the prevalence of elixirs (6) and minerals (4) in drugs, some use citations are based on Asphodelaceae (3), Burseraceae (3) and Rosaceae (3) species such as Aloë spp., Commiphora spp., Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. and Rosa spp.
Dermatology is the fourth largest category of use reports (39; Fig. 2) and mainly covers injuries and wounds (19) as well as applications for cleaning the head (5) and drying out feet (5). Organic substances (7) and elixirs (6) were the most frequently mentioned drugs. Among the plant families, Lauraceae oils (3) and Oleaceae exudates (3), including species such as Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl and Olea europaea L., were mostly recommended for uses.
The drugs mentioned for cardiovascular problems (6) are mainly remedies for blood purification (3), while 2 are recommended against oedema (i.e. wood of Guaiacum officinale L. and Sp. Tartari (= Weinstein-Geist)) and flowers of Rosa spp. as a heart tonic.
Sample recipes and plant species
The extract of Gentiana lutea L.—Essentia Gentianae was recommended in the absence of appetite and for stomach pains. This plant was confirmed to be cultivated by the Krummhübel herbalists in their pharmaceutical gardens [46]. The original recipe was as follows: “Nimm 2 Loth gröblich gestossene Enzian-Wurzel, 1 Qv. starken Branntwein, halte es in der Wärme bis es sich gefärbet, hernach seige sie durch grau Pappier.—Dienet in Schwachheit des Magens, bey allen 3 und 4 tägigten Fiebern 30 bis 40 Tropfen gebraucht” ([23]; explanation of abbreviations in the caption of Fig. 6) [Take 2 spoons of coarsely minced [great yellow] gentian root (Gentiana lutea), 250 ml of strong spirit, and keep it in a warm place until it is dyed; afterwards, seep it through grey paper—serve it in weakness of the stomach, using 30 to 40 drops on all 3 and 4 days of fever.]
An extract from Crocus (probably) sativus was used by Riesengebirge (Karkonosze) herbalists as a spice and a dye (saffron). The extract also helped against digestive system diseases and circulatory problems. When dosed appropriately, it was considered an aphrodisiac and even a hallucination-inducing agent. Some quantitative recipes for this plant are also preserved (Fig. 6, from Reitzig [23]).
A tincture made from the root of Carlina acaulis (a common plant in the area), recommended for digestion, was also appreciated for its antibacterial and antipyretic properties (Fig. 7). Sulphuric acid, manufactured in the Sudetes until the early nineteenth century, was of great importance to the production of herbal potions [22–25]. In the valley of the Kamienna river, there was a facility that produced sulphuric acid from pyrite shale. The term “vitriol” was the essence of the alchemical formulas, contained in the motto: visita interiorem terrae rectificando invenies operae lapidem (i.e. descend into the belly of the Earth, and in distilling you will find the stone of the work) [38, 56].
Discussion
By using a systematic data extraction technique, we elucidated several salient therapeutic patterns in preserved recipes of Krummhübel herbalists. These include the importance of Fabaceae plants for respiratory system diseases and gynaecology, as well as Asteraceae for respiratory system and cardiovascular problems. Generally, the use citations for respiratory system issues are the most frequent ones and cover ailments concerning the lungs and the upper respiratory tract as well as plague. The remedies for these conditions are taxonomically diverse, including 7 different drugs derived from 34 plant taxa. Gastrointestinal use reports mainly comprise stomach and intestine problems but also refer to appetite and are based on Asphodelaceae, Burseraceae and Rosaceae species. Moreover, animal formulations were recommended for neurology, gynaecology and fever, while minerals were suggested for musculoskeletal ailments, oral cavity, neurology and dermatology.
This confirms that medicinal plants were commonly used in ethnomedicine for centuries, because they were the only drugs available to residents of many regions. Knowledge about their healing properties was passed down orally from generation to generation [57]. The past importance of mountain species and the frequent uses against envenomations and intoxications mirror the closer interaction of past societies with their biological environment and different ecological, epidemiological and hygienic conditions.
In the fifteenth century, the first herbaria and also herbals, written by doctors or other professionals, began to appear in Europe [57]. These items, however, do not take into account knowledge about medicinal plant mixtures provided by folk therapists. The phenomenon of herbalists from Krummhübel is connected with the fact that these unprofessional therapists left their knowledge on plant mixtures in a written form to be used for centuries in traditional folk medicine in the Sudety region.
The history of herbalists from Krummhübel shows that historical events, in this case, the disappearance of a well-established knowledge, has a lot to teach us now, such as regulations and restrictions kill traditions, which can also happen nowadays. An example may be the Kneipp phytotherapy method, recognised and currently used in health resort treatments. This method was known in the folk medicine of the Allgäu region in Southern Germany, and in the nineteenth century, it was not allowed as a therapy for a relatively long time (e.g. [58–61]).
The systematic analysis of herbal texts offers unique insights into past herbal medicine [10]. Thus, we also confirm the suggestion of Staub et al. [10] that those drugs with discontinued use might represent interesting starting points for drug discovery and the evaluation of old herbal medicine, especially that the information on this subject was strictly protected and included in the professional secrecy of the Krummhübel herbalists’ guild, not available to outsiders for centuries.
Medicinal plants of Krummhübel herbalists used in other ethnobotanical studies
The highest share of the flora documented as medicinal plants by Krummhübel herbalists was recorded in Madaus [15] and Matthioli [11] and constituted 76.4 and 66.7%, respectively. This indicates that many plants used in medical treatment by Krummhübel herbalists were also known in other regions and in different periods. The medicinal plants, documented in all publications considered, included Angelica spp., Carlina acaulis L., Gentiana spp., Juniperus spp., Rosa spp. and Veronica spp. (Table 1). All of them are native or indigenous plants occurring in Central Europe. Additionally, Gentiana spp., Juniperus spp. and Rosa spp. were used for medicinal purposes through all other time periods in Switzerland [62]. While Polish inhabitants of the Carpathians, among others, valued Angelica archangelica L. and Carlina acaulis L. [57]. In the contemporary literature, only the use of Veronica officinalis is mentioned, but the use of Veronica chamaedrys and V. beccabunga is documented in ethnobotanical studies [62], and different Veronica species were cultivated in local Silesian gardens [46].
Table 1.
Krummhübel herbalists, seventeenth to nineteenth centuries | Matthioli (1563) [11] | Schwenckfeld (1607) [3] | Mattuschka (1779) [12]a | Kneipp (1892) [13] | Fischer (1930's) [14]b | Madaus (1938) [15] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achillea spp. | + (as Ptarmica) | − | + (as A. millefolium, A. ptarmica) | + | + (mainly as A. millefolium L., rare A. ptarmica L.) | + (as A. ptarmica, A. millefolium*, A. moschata) |
Actaea racemosa L. = Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt. | − | − | − | − | + (as A. spicata L.) | + |
Aloë spp. | + | + (as Aloes Balsam) | − | + | + (as A. succotrina Lam.) | + (many species*) |
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. = Anacyclus officinarum Hayne | − | − | − | − | − | +* |
Angelica spp. | + (as Angelica maior, A. minor) | + (as A. erratica) | + (as A. syluestris) | + | + (as A. archangelica L., A. sylvestris L.) | + (many species*) |
Artemisia vulgaris L. | + (as Artemisia) | − | + | + | + | +* |
Bellis perennis L. | + (as Bellis minor) | + (as B. minima) | + | − | + | +* |
Carlina acaulis L. | + (as Chamaeleon albus) 261 | + | + | + | + | + |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | + (as camphora) | − | − | − | + | +* |
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | − | − | − | − | + | + (as C. zeylanicum*) |
Citrus × aurantium L. | + | − | − | − | − | +* |
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck | + | − | − | − | − | + (as C. limonum) |
Citrus spp. | + (as Citria malus) | − | − | − | − | + (many other species) |
Cochlearia officinalis L. | − | − | + | + | − | +* |
Commiphora spp. | − | − | − | − | − | + (as C. abyssinica, C. mukul, C. myrrha) |
Copaifera officinalis L. | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Coriandrum sativum L. | + (as Coriandrum) | − | − | − | − | + |
Crocus (probably) sativus L. | + (as Crocus florens) | − | − | − | + | − |
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | + | − | − | − | − | +* |
Cyanus segetum Hill. = Centaurea cyanus L. | + (as Cyanus minor) | − | + | − | − | +* |
Dictamnus albus L. | + | − | − | − | − | + |
Dorstenia contrajerva L. | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Echium vulgare L. | + (as Echium) | − | − | − | − | − |
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton | + (as C. minus, C. medium, C. maius) | − | − | − | − | + |
Ferula assa-foetida L. | + (as Ferula = Nathex) | − | − | − | − | +* |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | + (as Foeniculum) | − | − | + | + | +* |
Gentiana spp. | + (as Gentiana minor = cruciata, Gentiana (probably lutea)) | + (as G. major cœruleo flore, G. minor punctato flore) | + (as G. lutea, G. centaurium, G. amarella) | + | + | + (many species*) |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | + (as Glycyrrhiza liquiritia) | − | − | − | − | +* |
Guaiacum officinale L. | + (as Lignum guaiacum) | − | − | − | − | +* |
Guaiacum sanctum L. or G. officinale L. | + (as Lignum guaiacum) | − | − | − | − | − |
Hedysarum spp. | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Helleborus niger L. | + | − | + | − | − | +* |
Indigofera spp. | − | − | − | − | − | + |
Inula helenium L. | + (as Elenium) | − | + | − | + | +* |
Juniperus spp. | + (as Juniperus, as Sabina) | + | + (as I. communis) | + | + (as J. communis L.) | + (many species*) |
Laurus nobilis L. | + (as Laurus) | + (as L. Alexandrina Matthioli) | − | + | − | +* |
Lavandula spp. | + | − | − | + | − | +* |
Linum usitatissimum L. | + (as Linum) | − | + | + | + | +* |
Matricaria spp. | + (as Camomilla) | − | + (as M. chamomilla, M. parthenium) | + | + (as M. chamomilla L.) | + (as M. chamomilla*, M. discoidea*) |
Melissa officinalis L. | + (as Melissa) | − | + (as M. calamintha) | + | + | +* |
Mentha aquatica L. var. crispa (L.) Benth. | + (as Mentha aquatica) | − | − | + | + (as Mentha spp.) | + |
Myristica fragrans Houtt. | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms | − | − | − | − | − | +* |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | + (as Nasturcium aquaticum) | − | − | + | + | +* |
Olea europaea L. | + (as Olea domestica) | − | − | + | − | − |
Ononis spinosa L. | + (as Ononis) | − | + (as O. aruensis) | − | + | +* |
Origanum majorana L. | + (as Maiorana) | − | − | − | − | +* |
Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp. = Polygonum bistorta L. | + (as Bistorta) | − | + | − | + | − |
Petasites sp. | + (as Petasites falso dieta) | + | + (as Tussilago petasites) | − | − | + (many species*) |
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss. | + (as Pertoselinum vulgare) | − | − | − | − | + (as P. sativum*) |
Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J. Koch = Imperatoria ostruthium L. | − | − | + | − | − | + |
Pimpinella anisum L. | + (as Anisum) | + (as P. major L. Huds, P. minorcrispa) | − | + | + | +* |
Piper longum L. | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. | + (as Tormentilla) | − | + (as Tormentilla erecta) | − | − | + (as P. tormentilla*) |
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Pyrus sp. | + | − | − | − | + (as P. communis L.) | + (as P. malus*) |
Rheum rhabarbarum L. | + | − | − | − | − | − |
Rosa spp. | + | + (as R. alpina, R. rubra) | + (as R. canina, R. alba) | + | + | + (many species*) |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | + (as Rosmarinus coronaria) | + (as R. sylvaticus) | − | + | + | +* |
Sassafras spp. | − | − | − | − | − | +* |
Scabiosa spp. | + (as Scabiosa minor) | − | + (as Scabiosa succisa and S. aruensis) | − | + (as Succisa pratensis Moench = Scabiosa succisa L.) | + (different species*) |
Senna spp. | + (as Sena) | − | − | − | − | +* |
Silene baccifera (L.) Roth = Cucubalus baccifer L. | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis = Betonica officinalis L. | + (as Betonica) | − | + | − | + | + |
Styrax spp. | + | − | − | − | − | − |
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. | − | − | + | + | + (as V. myrtillus L.) | +* |
Veronica spp. | + (as Veronica mas, V. foemina) | + | + (as V. officinalis, V. beccabunga) | + | + | + (many species*) |
Viola spp. | + (as Viola purpurea) | − | + (as V. odorata) | + | + | + (many species*) |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | + (as Zinziber) | − | − | − | + | +* |
Σ = 72 | Σ = 48 | Σ = 11 | Σ = 25 | Σ = 24 | Σ = 33 | Σ = 55 |
On the other hand, in therapeutic mixtures of Krummhübel herbalists, eight taxa were exclusive, including mainly exotic plants such as Copaifera officinalis L., Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Hedysarum spp., Myristica fragrans Houtt., Piper longum L., Silene baccifera (L.) Roth and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry. Although they originate from various parts of the world, they were quite frequently used in several remedies by Krummhübel herbalists and are still highly important herbs in modern folk medicine. The oleoresin of Copaifera trees has been widely used in Neotropical regions for thousands of years and remains a popular treatment for a variety of ailments [63]. One of the most ancient and valuable spices of the Orient is clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry), which has a wide spectrum of biological activity [64]. The exotic plants used by Krummhübel herbalists may also refer to the scholarly origin of their knowledge. This, and the considerable overlap of the nomenclature with the old herbals, indicates that the recipes might have been originated (even if later modified) from the monastic tradition dating back to at least the sixteenth century [65, 66], and they may go back even to antiquity. For example, by producing and marketing drugs to the public, Italian Renaissance nuns both augmented the medical resources available in urban society and acquired roles of public significance beyond the spiritual realm [66](Table 2).
Table 2.
Plant taxon | Family or origin | Part | No. of reci–pe | Name of recipe | Vernacular | Ailment | Ailment_interpretation | Mode | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | Animal | – | 1 | Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwurm-Spiritus | Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) | – | – | – | – |
– | Tinctura | – | 1 | Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwurm-Spiritus | Sp. Vini | – | – | – | – |
– | Animal | – | 2 | Sp. Cornu Cervi, Hirschhorn-Geist | Hirschhorn | – | – | – | – |
– | Tinctura | – | 3 | Mixtura siplex | Oli acris | – | – | – | – |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | Lauraceae | OIL | 3 | Mixtura siplex | Sp. Camphor | – | – | – | – |
– | Mineral | – | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Pottasche (potash) | verdorbenen Magen | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
– | Mineral | – | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Pottasche | führet die Unreinigkeiten ab | Detoxifies the body | INT | ANTI |
– | Mineral | – | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Pottasche | zem Heilen in ellen Schäden | Good for healing of any injuries | EXT | DERM |
– | Mineral | – | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Pottasche (potash) | macht Appetit zum Essen | Increases appetite | INT | GAST |
Aloë spp. | Asphodelaceae | HERB | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Aloe | verdorbenen Magen | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Aloë spp. | Asphodelaceae | HERB | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Aloe | führet die Unreinigkeiten ab | Detoxifies the body | INT | ANTI |
Aloë spp. | Asphodelaceae | HERB | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Aloe | zem Heilen in ellen Schäden | good for healing of any injuries | EXT | DERM |
Aloë spp. | Asphodelaceae | HERB | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Aloe | macht Appetit zum Essen | Increases appetite | INT | GAST |
Commiphora spp. | Burseraceae | EXUD | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Myrrhen | verdorbenen Magen | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Commiphora spp. | Burseraceae | EXUD | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Myrrhen | führet die Unreinigkeiten ab | Detoxifies the body | INT | ANTI |
Commiphora spp. | Burseraceae | EXUD | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Myrrhen | zem Heilen in ellen Schäden | Good for healing of any injuries | EXT | DERM |
Commiphora spp. | Burseraceae | EXUD | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Myrrhen | macht Appetit zum Essen | Increases appetite | INT | GAST |
Crocus probably sativus L. | Iridaceae | FLOW | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Safran | verdorbenen Magen | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Crocus probably sativus L. | Iridaceae | FLOW | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Safran | führet die Unreinigkeiten ab | Detoxifies the body | INT | ANTI |
Crocus probably sativus L. | Iridaceae | FLOW | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Safran | zem Heilen in ellen Schäden | Good for healing of any injuries | EXT | DERM |
Crocus probably sativus L. | Iridaceae | FLOW | 4 | Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir | Safran | macht Appetit zum Essen | Increases appetite | INT | GAST |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Carminativae Wedelii | reiniget das Haupt | Cleans the head | EXT | DERM |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Pectoralis | reiniget das Haupt | Cleans the head | EXT | DERM |
– | Animal | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Corallorum | reiniget das Haupt | Cleans the head | EXT | DERM |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | roth. Schlagwasser | reiniget das Haupt | Cleans the head | EXT | DERM |
– | Inorganic | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Sp. Vitrioli | reiniget das Haupt | Cleans the head | EXT | DERM |
– | Animal | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Corallorum | trocknet die Füsse aus | Dries out the feet | EXT | DERM |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Carminativae Wedelii | trocknet die Füsse aus | Dries out the feet | EXT | DERM |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Pectoralis | trocknet die Füsse aus | Dries out the feet | EXT | DERM |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | roth. Schlagwasser | trocknet die Füsse aus | Dries out the feet | EXT | DERM |
– | Inorganic | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Sp. Vitrioli | trocknet die Füsse aus | Dries out the feet | EXT | DERM |
– | Animal | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Corallorum | macht Appetit | Increases appetite | INT | GAST |
– | elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Carminativae Wedelii | macht Appetit | increases appetite | INT | GAST |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Pectoralis | macht Appetit | Increases appetite | INT | GAST |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | roth. Schlagwasser | macht Appetit | Increases appetite | INT | GAST |
– | Inorganic | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Sp. Vitrioli | macht Appetit | Increases appetite | INT | GAST |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Carminativae Wedelii | bewahret vor dem Schlage und der Schweren-Noth | Prevents stroke | INT | NERV |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Pectoralis | bewahret vor dem Schlage und der Schweren–Noth | Prevents stroke | INT | NERV |
– | Animal | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Corallorum | bewahret vor dem Schlage und der Schweren–Noth | Prevents stroke | INT | NERV |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | roth. Schlagwasser | bewahret vor dem Schlage und der Schweren–Noth | Prevents stroke | INT | NERV |
– | Inorganic | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Sp. Vitrioli | bewahret vor dem Schlage und der Schweren–Noth | Prevents stroke | INT | NERV |
– | Animal | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Corallorum | verwahret den ganzen Leib vol allen Schmerzen | Protects the whole body from all pain | INT | NERV |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Carminativae Wedelii | verwahret den ganzen Leib vol allen Schmerzen | Protects the whole body from all pain | INT | NERV |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Pectoralis | verwahret den ganzen Leib vol allen Schmerzen | Protects the whole body from all pain | INT | NERV |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | roth. Schlagwasser | verwahret den ganzen Leib vol allen Schmerzen | Protects the whole body from all pain | INT | NERV |
– | inorganic | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Sp. Vitrioli | verwahret den ganzen Leib vol allen Schmerzen | Protects the whole body from all pain | INT | NERV |
– | Animal | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Corallorum | stärket Magen und Eingeweide | Strengthens the stomach and intestines | INT | GAST |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Carminativae Wedelii | stärket Magen und Eingeweide | Strengthens the stomach and intestines | INT | GAST |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Ess. Pectoralis | stärket Magen und Eingeweide | Strengthens the stomach and intestines | INT | GAST |
– | Elixir | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | roth. Schlagwasser | stärket Magen und Eingeweide | Strengthens the stomach and intestines | INT | GAST |
– | Inorganic | – | 5 | Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti | Sp. Vitrioli | stärket Magen und Eingeweide | Strengthens the stomach and intestines | INT | GAST |
– | Animal | – | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | Castor od. Bibergeil | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | NERV |
– | Animal | – | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | Castor od. Bibergeil | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | GYN |
? | ? | EXUD | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | Oleum Succini | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | NERV |
? | ? | EXUD | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | Oleum Succini | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | GYN |
Artemisia vulgaris L. | Asteraceae | HERB | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | Artemisiae oder Beyfuss | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | NERV |
Artemisia vulgaris L. | Asteraceae | HERB | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | Artemisiae oder Beyfuss | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | GYN |
Crocus probably sativus L. | Iridaceae | FLOW | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | Safran | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | GYN |
Crocus probably sativus L. | Iridaceae | FLOW | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | Safran | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | NERV |
Pimpinella anisum L. | Apiaceae | OIL | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | Oleum anisi | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | GYN |
Pimpinella anisum L. | Apiaceae | OIL | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | Oleum anisi | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | NERV |
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. | Fabaceae | HERB | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | rothen Sandel | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | GYN |
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. | Fabaceae | HERB | 6 | Elixir Uterini Crolly | rothen Sandel | allen Mutterkrankenheiten | Postpartum discomfort | INT | NERV |
– | Inorganic | – | 7 | Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock | Sp. Nitri dulcis | vor den Scharbock | Against scurvy | INT | MUSK |
– | Mineral | – | 7 | Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock | Pottasche | vor den Scharbock | Against scurvy | INT | MUSK |
Aloë spp. | Asphodelaceae | HERB | 7 | Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock | Aloe | vor den Scharbock | Against scurvy | INT | MUSK |
Cochlearia officinalis L. | Brassicaceae | HERB | 7 | Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock | Sp. Cochlear | vor den Scharbock | Against scurvy | INT | MUSK |
Commiphora spp. | Burseraceae | EXUD | 7 | Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock | Myrrhen | vor den Scharbock | Against scurvy | INT | MUSK |
Crocus probably sativus L. | Iridaceae | FLOW | 7 | Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock | Safran | vor den Scharbock | Against scurvy | INT | MUSK |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | Brassicaceae | HERB | 8 | Spirit. Cochlear: Löffel-Kraut-Geist | Brunnenkresse | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | Brassicaceae | HERB | 8 | Spirit. Cochlear: Löffel-Kraut-Geist | Brunnenkresse | treibt den Schweiss | Diaphoretic | INT | DIAPH |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | Brassicaceae | HERB | 8 | Spirit. Cochlear: Löffel-Kraut-Geist | Brunnenkresse | widersteht der Fäule | Prevents ulcers | INT | DERM |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | Brassicaceae | HERB | 8 | Spirit. Cochlear: Löffel-Kraut-Geist | Brunnenkresse | widersteht dem Scharbock | Prevents scurvy | INT | MUSK |
Guaiacum officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | WOOD | 9 | Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist | Franzosen-Holz | reiniget das Geblüth | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Guaiacum officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | WOOD | 9 | Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist | Franzosen-Holz | treibt Schweiss | Diaphoretic | INT | DIAPH |
Guaiacum officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | WOOD | 9 | Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist | Franzosen-Holz | treibt Harn | Diuretic | INT | URO |
Guaiacum officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | WOOD | 9 | Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist | Franzosen-Holz | Wassersucht | Oedema | INT | CARD |
Guaiacum officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | WOOD | 9 | Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist | Franzosen-Holz | Gliederreissen | Rheumatism | INT | MUSK |
Guaiacum officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | WOOD | 9 | Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist | Franzosen-Holz | Krätze | Scabies | EXT | DERM |
Guaiacum officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | WOOD | 9 | Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist | Franzosen-Holz | Franzosen | Syphilis | INT | ANDR |
Guaiacum officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | WOOD | 9 | Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist | Franzosen-Holz | Franzosen | Syphilis | INT | GYN |
– | Animal | – | 10 | Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer–Geist | Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) | gegen Krampf | Against cramp (skurcz) | EXT | MUSK |
– | Animal | – | 10 | Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist | Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) | gegen Gebrechen der Nerven | Against nerve ailments | EXT | NERV |
– | Animal | – | 10 | Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer–Geist | Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) | gegen die Schlagflüss gerühmet | Against stroke | INT | NERV |
– | Animal | – | 10 | Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist | Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) | gegen die Schmerzlaufende Gicht | Against the painful gout | EXT | MUSK |
– | Animal | – | 10 | Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist | Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) | hat eine Schmerzstillende Kraft | Antiphlogistic | INT | FEV |
– | Animal | – | 10 | Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist | Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) | treibt Schweiss | Diaphoretic | INT | DIAPH |
– | Animal | – | 10 | Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist | Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) | treibt Harn | Diuretic | INT | URO |
– | Animal | – | 10 | Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist | Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) | Reissen in Gliedern | Rheumatism | EXT | MUSK |
– | Animal | – | 11 | Sp. Viperarum, Natterngräten-Geist | Natterngräten | vor toller Hunde und giftiger Thiere Biss | Against bites of mad dogs and poisonous animals | INT | ANTI |
– | Animal | – | 11 | Sp. Viperarum, Natterngräten-Geist | Natterngräten | vor toller Hunde und giftiger Thiere Biss | Against bites of mad dogs and poisonous animals | EXT | ANTI |
– | Animal | – | 11 | Sp. Viperarum, Natterngräten-Geist | Natterngräten | hitzigen Fiebern | High fevers | INT | FEV |
– | Animal | – | 11 | Sp. Viperarum, Natterngräten-Geist | Natterngräten | hitzigen Fiebern | High fevers | EXT | FEV |
Carlina acaulis L. | Asteraceae | SUBT | 12 | Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. | Eberwurzel | – | – | – | – |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | Lauraceae | OIL | 12 | Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. | Campfer | – | – | – | – |
Dorstenia contrajerva L. | Moraceae | SUBT | 12 | Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. | Ra. Bezoardica alba | – | – | – | – |
Petasites sp. | Asteraceae | SUBT | 12 | Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. | Pestilenzwurzel | – | – | – | – |
Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J.Koch | Apiaceae | SUBT | 12 | Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. | Meisterwurzel | – | – | – | – |
Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp. = Polygonum bistorta L. | Polygonaceae | SUBT | 12 | Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. | Otterwurzel | – | – | – | – |
– | Inorganic | – | 13 | Mixtura siplex | Sp. Nitri | – | – | – | – |
– | Inorganic | – | 13 | Mixtura siplex | Sp. Tartari | – | – | – | – |
– | Animal | – | 14 | Tinctura Castori, Bibergeil-Tinctur | Bibergeil | allen Mutterbeschwerungen | Postpartum discomfort | INT | NERV |
– | Animal | – | 14 | Tinctura Castori, Bibergeil-Tinctur | Bibergeil | allen Mutterbeschwerungen | Postpartum discomfort | INT | GYN |
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. | Fabaceae | HERB | 14 | Tinctura Castori, Bibergeil-Tinctur | rothen Sandel | allen Mutterbeschwerungen | Postpartum discomfort | INT | GYN |
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. | Fabaceae | HERB | 14 | Tinctura Castori, Bibergeil–Tinctur | rothen Sandel | allen Mutterbeschwerungen | postpartum discomfort | INT | NERV |
Ferula assa–foetida L. | Apiaceae | – | 15 | Ess. Asha foetida, Teufelsdreck–Essentz | Gummi asha foetida | – | – | EXT | – |
Ferula assa–foetida L. | Apiaceae | EXUD | 15 | Ess. Asha foetida, Teufelsdreck-Essentz | Gummi asha foetida | dienet vor Milz | Spleen | INT | CARD |
Ferula assa–foetida L. | Apiaceae | EXUD | 15 | Ess. Asha foetida, Teufelsdreck-Essentz | Gummi asha foetida | dienet vor Mutter | Uterus | INT | GYN |
– | Animal | – | 16 | Ess. Castor, Bibergeil-Essentz | Bibergeil | stillet die Mutterbeschwerung und das böse Wesen | Calms down postpartum discomfort including depression | INT | NERV |
– | Animal | – | 16 | Ess. Castor, Bibergeil-Essentz | Bibergeil | stillet die Mutterbeschwerung und das böse Wesen | Calms down postpartum discomfort including depression | INT | GYN |
– | Animal | – | 16 | Ess. Castor, Bibergeil-Essentz | Bibergeil | curiret den Schlag | Heals stroke | INT | NERV |
– | Inorganic | – | 17 | Schwarzenberger Gnad und Lebens-Balsam | Bals. Sulphur | viele Tugenden beygelegt werden | It has many advantages | – | – |
? | Organic | – | 17 | Schwarzenberger Gnad und Lebens-Balsam | Oleum Petrae | viele Tugenden beygelegt werden | It has many advantages | – | – |
? | ? | EXUD | 17 | Schwarzenberger Gnad und Lebens-Balsam | Oleum Ther[eb]inth. | viele Tugenden beygelegt werden | It has many advantages | – | – |
? | ? | EXUD | 17 | Schwarzenberger Gnad und Lebens-Balsam | Ol. Succini | viele Tugenden beygelegt werden | It has many advantages | – | – |
Juniperus spp. | Cupressaceae | EXUD | 17 | Schwarzenberger Gnad und Lebens-Balsam | Oleum Juniperi | viele Tugenden beygelegt werden | It has many advantages | – | – |
? | ? | EXUD | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Venetian Therebinth. | – | – | – | – |
Angelica spp. | Apiaceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Angelica | – | – | – | – |
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | Lauraceae | BARK | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Zimmet (Zimt) | – | – | – | – |
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck | Rutaceae | FRU | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Citronschaal | – | – | – | – |
Citrus spp. | Rutaceae | FRU | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Pomeranzenschaal | – | – | – | – |
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton | Zingiberaceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Cardemome | – | – | – | – |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Apiaceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Fenchel | – | – | – | – |
Indigofera spp. | Fabaceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Balsam Indigo | – | – | – | – |
Inula helenium L. | Asteraceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Alant | – | – | – | – |
Juniperus spp. | Cupressaceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Wacholder | – | – | – | – |
Laurus nobilis L. | Lauraceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Loorbeer | – | – | – | – |
Lavandula spp. | Lamiaceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Lavendel | – | – | – | – |
Melissa officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Melisse | – | – | – | – |
Mentha aquatica L. var. crispa (L.) Benth. | Lamiaceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Krausemünze | – | – | – | – |
Myristica fragrans Houtt. | Myristicaceae | FLOW | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Muscat-Blüthen | – | – | – | – |
Pimpinella anisum L. | Apiaceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Anis | – | – | – | – |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | FLOW | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Rosmarin-Blüthen | – | – | – | – |
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry | Myrtaceae | HERB | 18 | Engl. Balsam | Nelcken | – | – | – | – |
– | Mineral | – | 19 | Ol. Phylosophorum seu Laterinum, Ziegel-Oel | neue Ziegel in Feuer recht glühend | erweichet und hat in harten Geschwulsten vortrefflichen Nutzen | Softens and has excellent benefits in hard tumours | EXT | DERM |
Linum usitatissimum L. | Linaceae | OIL | 19 | Ol. Phylosophorum seu Laterinum, Ziegel-Oel | Oleum Lini od. Leinöl | erweichet und hat in harten Geschwulsten vortrefflichen Nutzen | Softens and has excellent benefits in hard tumours | EXT | DERM |
Copaifera officinalis L. | Fabaceae | EXUD | 20 | Balsamus Copeive | Copeive | gegen den Tripper | Against gonorrhoea | INT | GYN |
Copaifera officinalis L. | Fabaceae | EXUD | 20 | Balsamus Copeive | Copeive | gegen den Tripper | Against gonorrhoea | INT | ANDR |
Copaifera officinalis L. | Fabaceae | EXUD | 20 | Balsamus Copeive | Copeive | gegen Saamenfluss | Against nocturnal emission | INT | ANDR |
Copaifera officinalis L. | Fabaceae | EXUD | 20 | Balsamus Copeive | Copeive | gegen die Franzosen gerühmet | Aagainst syphilis | INT | ANDR |
Copaifera officinalis L. | Fabaceae | EXUD | 20 | Balsamus Copeive | Copeive | gegen die Franzosen gerühmet | Aagainst syphilis | INT | GYN |
Copaifera officinalis L. | Fabaceae | EXUD | 20 | Balsamus Copeive | Copeive | gegen brennenden Harn | Dysuria or painful urination | INT | URO |
Copaifera officinalis L. | Fabaceae | EXUD | 20 | Balsamus Copeive | Copeive | in allen äusserlichen und innerlichen Verwundungen | In all external and internal wounds | EXT | DERM |
Copaifera officinalis L. | Fabaceae | EXUD | 20 | Balsamus Copeive | Copeive | in allen äusserlichen und innerlichen Verwundungen | In all external and internal wounds | INT | OTH |
Copaifera officinalis L. | Fabaceae | EXUD | 20 | Balsamus Copeive | Copeive | Steinschmerzen | Lithiasis | INT | GAST |
Copaifera officinalis L. | Fabaceae | EXUD | 20 | Balsamus Copeive | Copeive | Steinschmerzen | Lithiasis | INT | URO |
Copaifera officinalis L. | Fabaceae | EXUD | 20 | Balsamus Copeive | Copeive | Lungensucht | Tuberculosis | INT | RESP |
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms | Fabaceae | EXUD | 21 | Balsam Opo | – | vor langwieriges Keuchen | Against protracted wheezing | INT | RESP |
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms | Fabaceae | EXUD | 21 | Balsam Opo | – | heilet frische Wunden | Heals fresh wounds | EXT | DERM |
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms | Fabaceae | EXUD | 21 | Balsam Opo | – | dient zur Schwind- und Lungensucht | Tuberculosis | INT | RESP |
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck | Rutaceae | FRU | 22 | Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver | Zitronenschaalen | – | – | – | – |
Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. | Winteraceae | HERB | 22 | Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver | weiss Zimmet | – | – | – | – |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Apiaceae | HERB | 22 | Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver | Fenchel | – | – | – | – |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Fabaceae | HERB | 22 | Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver | Süssholz | – | – | – | – |
Inula helenium L. | Asteraceae | HERB | 22 | Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver | Alant | – | – | – | – |
Pimpinella anisum L. | Apiaceae | HERB | 22 | Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver | Anis | – | – | – | – |
Coriandrum sativum L. | Apiaceae | HERB | 23 | Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver | Coriander | – | – | – | – |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Apiaceae | HERB | 23 | Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver | Fenchel | – | – | – | – |
Helleborus niger L. | Ranunculaceae | HERB | 23 | Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver | Niesewurzel | – | – | – | – |
Lavandula spp. | Lamiaceae | HERB | 23 | Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver | Lavendel | – | – | – | – |
Origanum majorana L. | Lamiaceae | HERB | 23 | Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver | Majoran | – | – | – | – |
Pimpinella anisum L. | Apiaceae | HERB | 23 | Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver | Anis | – | – | – | – |
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. | Asteraceae | HERB | 23 | Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver | Cristinelkraut | – | – | – | – |
– | Fungus | – | 24 | Wurm-Pulver | Lerchenschwamm | Wurm | Anthelmintic | INT | PARA |
– | Animal | – | 24 | Wurm-Pulver | roth und weisse Korallen | Wurm | Anthelmintic | INT | PARA |
Aloë spp. | Asphodelaceae | HERB | 24 | Wurm-Pulver | Aloes | Wurm | Anthelmintic | INT | PARA |
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | SEED | 24 | Wurm-Pulver | Zittwersaamen | Wurm | Anthelmintic | INT | PARA |
Dictamnus albus L. | Rutaceae | HERB | 24 | Wurm-Pulver | weiss Diptam W. | Wurm | Aanthelmintic | INT | PARA |
Senna spp. | Fabaceae | LEAF | 24 | Wurm-Pulver | Sennes-Blätter | Wurm | Anthelmintic | INT | PARA |
Viola spp. | Violaceae | SUBT | 24 | Wurm-Pulver | Viol. Wurzel | Wurm | Anthelmintic | INT | PARA |
– | Mineral | – | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Bimstein | benimmt Scharbock | Against scurvy | EXT | MUSK |
– | Mineral | – | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | gebrannt Alaun | benimmt Scharbock | Against scurvy | EXT | MUSK |
– | Mineral | – | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Bimstein | benimmt Mundfäule | Against stomatitis | EXT | ORAL |
– | Mineral | – | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | gebrannt Alaun | benimmt Mundfäule | Against stomatitis | EXT | ORAL |
– | Mineral | – | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Bimstein | schwarze Zähne werden weiß | Black teeth turn white | EXT | ORAL |
– | Mineral | – | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | gebrannt Alaun | schwarze Zähne werden weiß | Black teeth turn white | EXT | ORAL |
– | Mineral | – | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Bimstein | macht wackelnde Zähne feste | Makes wobbly teeth firm | EXT | ORAL |
– | Mineral | – | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | gebrannt Alaun | macht wackelnde Zähne feste | Makes wobbly teeth firm | EXT | ORAL |
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. = Anacyclus officinarum Hayne | Asteraceae | SUBT | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Bertran Wurzel | benimmt Scharbock | Against scurvy | EXT | MUSK |
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. = Anacyclus officinarum Hayne | Asteraceae | SUBT | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Bertran Wurzel | benimmt Mundfäule | Against stomatitis | EXT | ORAL |
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. = Anacyclus officinarum Hayne | Asteraceae | SUBT | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Bertran Wurzel | schwarze Zähne werden weiß | Black teeth turn white | EXT | ORAL |
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. = Anacyclus officinarum Hayne | Asteraceae | SUBT | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Bertran Wurzel | macht wackelnde Zähne feste | Makes wobbly teeth firm | EXT | ORAL |
Myristica fragrans Houtt. | Myristicaceae | FLOW | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Muscat-Blüthen | benimmt Scharbock | Against scurvy | EXT | MUSK |
Myristica fragrans Houtt. | Myristicaceae | FLOW | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Muscat-Blüthen | benimmt Mundfäule | Against stomatitis | EXT | ORAL |
Myristica fragrans Houtt. | Myristicaceae | FLOW | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Muscat-Blüthen | schwarze Zähne werden weiß | Black teeth turn white | EXT | ORAL |
Myristica fragrans Houtt. | Myristicaceae | FLOW | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Muscat-Blüthen | macht wackelnde Zähne feste | Makes wobbly teeth firm | EXT | ORAL |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | Brassicaceae | HERB | 25 | 08 | Brunnenkresse | benimmt Scharbock | Against scurvy | EXT | MUSK |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | Brassicaceae | HERB | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Brunnenkresse | benimmt Mundfäule | Against stomatitis | EXT | ORAL |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | Brassicaceae | HERB | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Brunnenkresse | schwarze Zähne werden weiß | Black teeth turn white | EXT | ORAL |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | Brassicaceae | HERB | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Brunnenkresse | macht wackelnde Zähne feste | Makes wobbly teeth firm | EXT | ORAL |
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry | Myrtaceae | HERB | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Nelcken | benimmt Scharbock | Against scurvy | EXT | MUSK |
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry | Myrtaceae | HERB | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Nelcken | benimmt Mundfäule | Against stomatitis | EXT | ORAL |
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry | Myrtaceae | HERB | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Nelcken | schwarze Zähne werden weiß | Black teeth turn white | EXT | ORAL |
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry | Myrtaceae | HERB | 25 | Zahn-Pulver | Nelcken | macht wackelnde Zähne feste | Makes wobbly teeth firm | EXT | ORAL |
– | Animal | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Biebergeil | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
– | Animal | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Biebergeil | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
– | Fungus | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Lerchenschwamm | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
– | Mineral | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Terra Sigill | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
– | Mineral | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Potaschen (potash) | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
– | Fungus | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Lerchenschwamm | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
– | Mineral | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Terra Sigill | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
– | Mineral | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Potaschen (potash) | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
– | Animal | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Biebergeil | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
– | Fungus | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Lerchenschwamm | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
– | Mineral | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Terra Sigill | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
– | Mineral | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Potaschen (potash) | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
– | Animal | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Biebergeil | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
– | Fungus | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Lerchenschwamm | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
– | Mineral | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Terra Sigill | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
– | Mineral | – | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Potaschen (potash) | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
? | ? | ? | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
? | ? | ? | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
? | ? | ? | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
? | ? | ? | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
Aloë spp. | Asphodelaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Aloe | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
Aloë spp. | Asphodelaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Aloe | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
Aloë spp. | Asphodelaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Aloe | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Aloë spp. | Asphodelaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Aloe | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
Angelica spp. | Apiaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Angelica | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
Angelica spp. | Apiaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Angelica | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
Angelica spp. | Apiaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Angelica | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Angelica spp. | Apiaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Angelica | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | Lauraceae | OIL | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Campher | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | Lauraceae | OIL | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Campher | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | Lauraceae | OIL | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Campher | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | Lauraceae | OIL | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Campher | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
Commiphora spp. | Burseraceae | EXUD | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Myrrhen | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
Commiphora spp. | Burseraceae | EXUD | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Myrrhen | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
Commiphora spp. | Burseraceae | EXUD | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Myrrhen | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Commiphora spp. | Burseraceae | EXUD | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Myrrhen | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | SUBT | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Zittwer | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | SUBT | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Zittwer | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | SUBT | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Zittwer | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | SUBT | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Zittwer | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
Dictamnus albus L. | Rutaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Weiss Diptam | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
Dictamnus albus L. | Rutaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Weiss Diptam | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
Dictamnus albus L. | Rutaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Weiss Diptam | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Dictamnus albus L. | Rutaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Weiss Diptam | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
Gentiana spp. | Gentianaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Entian | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
Gentiana spp. | Gentianaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Entian | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
Gentiana spp. | Gentianaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Entian | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Gentiana spp. | Gentianaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Entian | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. | Rosaceae | SUBT | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Tormentille | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. | Rosaceae | SUBT | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Tormentille | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. | Rosaceae | SUBT | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Tormentille | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. | Rosaceae | SUBT | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Tormentille | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
Rheum rhabarbarum L. | Polygonaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Rhabarbara | In pest | Against plague | INT | NERV |
Rheum rhabarbarum L. | Polygonaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Rhabarbara | In pest | Against plague | INT | RESP |
Rheum rhabarbarum L. | Polygonaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Rhabarbara | herrl. Magen-Essenz | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Rheum rhabarbarum L. | Polygonaceae | HERB | 26 | Recept von einem besonderen Elixir | Rhabarbara | Praeservativ vor alle Gifte | Protection against all poisons | INT | ANTI |
– | Mineral | – | 27 | Krampf-Pulver | Arcanum duplicatum | Krampf | Antispasmodic | INT | MUSK |
– | Mineral | – | 27 | Krampf-Pulver | Antimon daphoreticum | Krampf | Antispasmodic | INT | MUSK |
– | Mineral | – | 27 | Krampf-Pulver | Tartarus vitriolatus | Krampf | Antispasmodic | INT | MUSK |
– | Mineral | – | 27 | Krampf-Pulver | Cinabar antimon | Krampf | Antispasmodic | INT | MUSK |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | Lauraceae | OIL | 28 | Theriac oder Mithridat | Campher | Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] | Antidote | INT | ANTI |
Juniperus spp. | Cupressaceae | EXUD | 28 | Theriac oder Mithridat | Jochandel-Saft | Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] | Antidote | INT | ANTI |
Laurus nobilis L. | Lauraceae | HERB | 28 | Theriac oder Mithridat | Lorbeere | Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] | Antidote | INT | ANTI |
Piper longum L. | Piperaceae | SEED | 28 | Theriac oder Mithridat | langen Pfeffer | Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] | Antidote | INT | ANTI |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | SUBT | 28 | Theriac oder Mithridat | Ingwer | Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] | Antidote | INT | ANTI |
Coriandrum sativum L. | Apiaceae | HERB | 29 | Aqua Hungarica, Schlagwasser | Coriander | – | – | – | – |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | HERB | 29 | Aqua Hungarica, Schlagwasser | Rosmarin | – | – | – | – |
– | Animal | – | 30 | Scorpion-Oel | Scorpione | – | – | – | – |
Olea europaea L. | Oleaceae | EXUD | 30 | Scorpion-Oel | Baumöl | – | – | – | – |
– | Animal | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Cornu Cervi | Pestilenz | Against plague | INT | NERV |
– | Animal | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Cornu Cervi | Pestilenz | Against plague | INT | RESP |
– | Mineral | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Salz | Pestilenz | Against plague | INT | NERV |
– | Mineral | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Salz | Pestilenz | Against plague | INT | RESP |
– | Iinctura | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Sp. Vini | Pestilenz | Against plague | INT | NERV |
– | Tinctura | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Sp. Vini | Pestilenz | Against plague | INT | RESP |
– | Mineral | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Salz | Suchen | Epidemics | INT | – |
– | Animal | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Cornu Cervi | Suchen | Epidemics | INT | – |
– | Tinctura | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Sp. Vini | Suchen | Epidemics | INT | – |
– | Animal | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Cornu Cervi | trefflich Schweissstreibendes Mittel | Excellent diaphoretic | INT | DIAPH |
– | Mineral | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Salz | trefflich Schweissstreibendes Mittel | Excellent diaphoretic | INT | DIAPH |
– | Tinctura | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Sp. Vini | trefflich Schweissstreibendes Mittel | Excellent diaphoretic | INT | DIAPH |
– | Animal | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Cornu Cervi | Fiebern | Fevers | INT | FEV |
– | Mineral | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Salz | Fiebern | Fevers | INT | FEV |
– | Tinctura | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Sp. Vini | Fiebern | Fevers | INT | FEV |
– | Animal | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Cornu Cervi | Hauptschmerzen | Headache | INT | NERV |
– | Mineral | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Salz | Hauptschmerzen | Headache | INT | NERV |
– | Tinctura | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Sp. Vini | Hauptschmerzen | Headache | INT | NERV |
– | Animal | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Cornu Cervi | Steck und Schlag-Flüssen | Prevents stroke | INT | NERV |
– | Mineral | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Salz | Steck und Schlag-Flüssen | Prevents stroke | INT | NERV |
– | Tinctura | – | 31 | Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz | Sp. Vini | Steck und Schlag-Flüssen | Prevents stroke | INT | NERV |
– | Mineral | – | 32 | Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster | Rubrick [as “Rubrica fabrilis (Rötel); bekannt war auch Siegelerde aus Striegau”] | flüssigen alten Schäden | Healing old wounds | EXT | DERM |
– | Organic | – | 32 | Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster | Wachs | flüssigen alten Schäden | Healing old wounds | EXT | DERM |
– | Mineral | – | 32 | Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster | Rubrick [as “Rubrica fabrilis (Rötel); bekannt war auch Siegelerde aus Striegau”] | in allen hitzigen Schäden | In all types of burns | EXT | DERM |
– | Organic | – | 32 | Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster | Wachs | in allen hitzigen Schäden | In all types of burns | EXT | DERM |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | Lauraceae | OIL | 32 | Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster | Campher | flüssigen alten Schäden | Healing old wounds | EXT | DERM |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | Lauraceae | OIL | 32 | Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster | Campher | in allen hitzigen Schäden | In all types of burns | EXT | DERM |
Olea europaea L. | Oleaceae | EXUD | 32 | Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster | Baumöl | flüssigen alten Schäden | Healing old wounds | EXT | DERM |
Olea europaea L. | Oleaceae | EXUD | 32 | Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster | Baumöl | in allen hitzigen Schäden | In all types of burns | EXT | DERM |
– | Mineral | – | 33 | Nürnberger Salben | Rubrick [as “Rubrica fabrilis (Rötel); bekannt war auch Siegelerde aus Striegau”] | flüssigen alten Schäden | Healing old wounds | EXT | DERM |
– | Organic | – | 33 | Nürnberger Salben | Wachs | flüssigen alten Schäden | Healing old wounds | EXT | DERM |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | Lauraceae | OIL | 33 | Nürnberger Salben | Campher | flüssigen alten Schäden | Healing old wounds | EXT | DERM |
Olea europaea L. | Oleaceae | EXUD | 33 | Nürnberger Salben | Baumöl | flüssigen alten Schäden | Healing old wounds | EXT | DERM |
– | Animal | – | 34 | Grüne Waldsalbe | Bock-Inselt [as tallow goat] | heilet alle Wunden | Healing all wounds | EXT | DERM |
– | Organic | – | 34 | Grüne Waldsalbe | Wachs | heilet alle Wunden | Healing all wounds | EXT | DERM |
– | Organic | – | 34 | Grüne Waldsalbe | Grünspan | heilet alle Wunden | Healing all wounds | EXT | DERM |
? | ? | EXUD | 34 | Grüne Waldsalbe | Hartz [as resin] | heilet alle Wunden | Healing all wounds | EXT | DERM |
? | ? | EXUD | 34 | Grüne Waldsalbe | Terpentin | heilet alle Wunden | Healing all wounds | EXT | DERM |
– | Inorganic | – | 35 | Oleum Montis, Berg-Oel | Balsam Sulphuris | – | – | – | – |
– | Animal | – | 35 | Oleum Montis, Berg-Oel | Oleum Cornu Cervi | – | – | – | – |
? | ? | EXUD | 35 | Oleum Montis, Berg-Oel | Oleum Therebinth | – | – | – | – |
Linum usitatissimum L. | Linaceae | OIL | 35 | Oleum Montis, Berg-Oel | Oleum Lini | – | – | – | – |
– | Animal | – | 36 | Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci | Cornu Cervi | Franzosen | Syphilis | INT | GYN |
– | Animal | – | 36 | Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci | Cornu Cervi | Franzosen | Syphilis | INT | ANDR |
Guaiacum officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | OIL | 36 | Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci | Oleum Guajaci | Franzosen | Syphilis | INT | ANDR |
Guaiacum officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | OIL | 36 | Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci | Oleum Guajaci | Franzosen | Syphilis | INT | GYN |
Linum usitatissimum L. | Linaceae | OIL | 36 | Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci | Oleum Lini | Franzosen | Syphilis | INT | ANDR |
Linum usitatissimum L. | Linaceae | OIL | 36 | Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci | Oleum Lini | Franzosen | Syphilis | INT | GYN |
Achillea spp. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Schaafgarben | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Achillea spp. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Schaafgarben | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Achillea spp. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Schaafgarben | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Bellis perennis L. | Asteraceae | FLOW | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Gänseblümel | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Bellis perennis L. | Asteraceae | FLOW | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Gänseblümel | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Bellis perennis L. | Asteraceae | FLOW | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Gänseblümel | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis = Betonica officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | FLOW | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Betonien-Blumen | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis = Betonica officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | FLOW | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Betonien-Blumen | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis = Betonica officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | FLOW | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Betonien-Blumen | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Cyanus segetum Hill. = Centaurea cyanus L. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Kornblumen | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Cyanus segetum Hill. = Centaurea cyanus L. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Kornblumen | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Cyanus segetum Hill. = Centaurea cyanus L. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Kornblumen | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Citrus ×aurantium L. | Rutaceae | FRU | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Pommeranzschaalen | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Citrus ×aurantium L. | Rutaceae | FRU | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Pommeranzschaalen | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Citrus ×aurantium L. | Rutaceae | FRU | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Pommeranzschaalen | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck | Rutaceae | FRU | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Citron | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck | Rutaceae | FRU | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Citron | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck | Rutaceae | FRU | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Citron | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Coriandrum sativum L. | Apiaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Coriander | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Coriandrum sativum L. | Apiaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Coriander | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Coriandrum sativum L. | Apiaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Coriander | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Echium vulgare L. | Boraginaceae | LEAF | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Natterblätter | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Echium vulgare L. | Boraginaceae | LEAF | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Natterblätter | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Echium vulgare L. | Boraginaceae | LEAF | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Natterblätter | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Fabaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Süsseholz | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Fabaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Süsseholz | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Fabaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Süsseholz | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Guaiacum sanctum L. or G. officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | WOOD | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Lignum Sanctum | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Guaiacum sanctum L. or G. officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | WOOD | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Lignum Sanctum | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Guaiacum sanctum L. or G. officinale L. | Zygophyllaceae | WOOD | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Lignum Sanctum | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Hedysarum spp. | Fabaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Süssen Klee | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Hedysarum spp. | Fabaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Süssen Klee | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Hedysarum spp. | Fabaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Süssen Klee | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Matricaria spp. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Camillen | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Matricaria spp. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Camillen | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Matricaria spp. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Camillen | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Ononis spinosa L. | Fabaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Steinwurzel | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Ononis spinosa L. | Fabaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Steinwurzel | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Ononis spinosa L. | Fabaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Steinwurzel | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Cristinel-Kraut | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Cristinel-Kraut | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. | Asteraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Cristinel-Kraut | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Pyrus sp. | Rosaceae | FRU | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Kragel [as the common name of the old pear variety Kragel Birne] | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Pyrus sp. | Rosaceae | FRU | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Kragel [as the common name of the old pear variety Kragel Birne] | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Pyrus sp. | Rosaceae | FRU | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Kragel [as the common name of the old pear variety Kragel Birne] | Brustreinigung | cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Rosa spp. | Rosaceae | FLOW | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Rosenblätter | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Rosa spp. | Rosaceae | FLOW | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Rosenblätter | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Rosa spp. | Rosaceae | FLOW | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Rosenblätter | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Sassafras spp. | Lauraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Sassafras | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Sassafras spp. | Lauraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Sassafras | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Sassafras spp. | Lauraceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Sassafras | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Scabiosa spp. | Dipsacaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Scabiosen | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Scabiosa spp. | Dipsacaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Scabiosen | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Scabiosa spp. | Dipsacaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Scabiosen | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Silene baccifera (L.) Roth = Cucubalus baccifer L. | Caryophyllaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Taubenkropf | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Silene baccifera (L.) Roth = Cucubalus baccifer L. | Caryophyllaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Taubenkropf | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Silene baccifera (L.) Roth = Cucubalus baccifer L. | Caryophyllaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Taubenkropf | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Vaccinium vitis–idaea L. | Ericaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Preusselbeeren-Kraut | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Vaccinium vitis–idaea L. | Ericaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Preusselbeeren-Kraut | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Vaccinium vitis–idaea L. | Ericaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Preusselbeeren-Kraut | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
Veronica spp. | Plantaginaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Ehrenpreis | Blutreinigung | Blood purification | INT | CARD |
Veronica spp. | Plantaginaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Ehrenpreis | Lungenreinigung | Cleansing the lungs | INT | RESP |
Veronica spp. | Plantaginaceae | HERB | 37 | guthe Kräuter-Thee | Ehrenpreis | Brustreinigung | Cleansing the upper respiratory tract | INT | RESP |
– | Tinctura | – | 38 | Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. | Sp. Vini | – | – | INT | – |
Actaea racemosa L. = Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt. | Ranunculaceae | SUBT | 38 | Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. | Radix Serpentariae | – | – | INT | – |
Carlina acaulis L. | Asteraceae | SUBT | 38 | Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. | Radix Carlinae | – | – | INT | – |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl | Lauraceae | OIL | 38 | Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. | Campher | – | – | INT | – |
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | SUBT | 38 | Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. | Radix Zedoar | – | – | INT | – |
Dictamnus albus L. | Rutaceae | HERB | 38 | Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. | Radix Diptam alb. | – | – | INT | – |
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss. | Apiaceae | SUBT | 38 | Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. | Radix Petros[elini] | – | – | INT | – |
Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J. Koch = Imperatoria ostruthium L. | Apiaceae | SUBT | 38 | Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. | Radix Imperat. | – | – | INT | – |
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. | Fabaceae | HERB | 38 | Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. | rothen Sandel | – | – | INT | – |
– | Inorganic | – | 39 | Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber | Silber | in bösen Wesen | Against postpartum depression | INT | NERV |
– | Organic | – | 39 | Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber | Urine | in bösen Wesen | Against postpartum depression | INT | NERV |
– | Tinctura | – | 39 | Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber | Sp. Vini | in bösen Wesen | Against postpartum depression | INT | NERV |
– | Inorganic | – | 39 | Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber | Silber | Haupt-Krankheiten | Brain disease | INT | NERV |
– | Organic | – | 39 | Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber | Urine | Haupt-Krankheiten | Brain disease | INT | NERV |
– | Tinctura | – | 39 | Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber | Sp. Vini | Haupt-Krankheiten | Brain disease | INT | NERV |
– | Organic | – | 40 | Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist | Weinstein (tartar) | in der Gicht | Against gout | INT | MUSK |
– | Organic | – | 40 | Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist | Weinstein (tartar) | bey lahmen Gliedern | Against lame limbs | INT | MUSK |
– | Organic | – | 40 | Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist | Weinstein (tartar) | in Lähmung | Against paralysis | INT | NERV |
– | Organic | – | 40 | Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist | Weinstein (tartar) | in Scharbock | Against scurvy | INT | MUSK |
– | Organic | – | 40 | Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist | Weinstein (tartar) | Wassersucht | Oedema | INT | CARD |
– | Organic | – | 40 | Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist | Weinstein (tartar) | Räudigkeit der Haut | Erythema | INT | DERM |
– | Organic | – | 40 | Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist | Weinstein (tartar) | eröfnet Verstopfung des Eingeweides | Removes intestinal obstruction | INT | GAST |
– | Organic | – | 40 | Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist | Weinstein (tartar) | Krätze | Scabies | INT | DERM |
– | Organic | – | 40 | Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist | Weinstein (tartar) | Franzosen | Syphilis | INT | ANDR |
– | Organic | – | 40 | Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist | Weinstein (tartar) | Franzosen | Syphilis | INT | GYN |
– | Organic | – | 40 | Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist | Weinstein (tartar) | Windsucht | Tympanites | INT | GAST |
– | Elixir | – | 41 | Liquor anod Michaeli | rothen Schlagwasser oder Englischen Balsam | – | – | – | – |
– | Inorganic | – | 41 | Liquor anod Michaeli | Sp. Nitri dulcis | – | – | – | – |
– | Inorganic | – | 42 | Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis | Kalck | Magen | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
– | Inorganic | – | 42 | Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis | Kalck | Nieren | For the kidneys | INT | URO |
– | Inorganic | – | 42 | Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis | Kalck | stärkt die Brust | Strengthens the breast | INT | RESP |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (as salty liquorice) | Fabaceae | SUBT | 42 | Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis | Salmiac | Magen | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (as salty liquorice) | Fabaceae | SUBT | 42 | Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis | Salmiac | Nieren | For the kidneys | INT | URO |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (as salty liquorice) | Fabaceae | SUBT | 42 | Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis | Salmiac | stärkt die Brust | Strengthens the breast | INT | RESP |
Pimpinella anisum L. | Apiaceae | HERB | 42 | Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis | Anis | Magen | Against stomach problems | INT | GAST |
Pimpinella anisum L. | Apiaceae | HERB | 42 | Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis | Anis | Nieren | For the kidneys | INT | URO |
Pimpinella anisum L. | Apiaceae | HERB | 42 | Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis | Anis | stärkt die Brust | Strengthens the breast | INT | RESP |
– | Tinctura | – | 43 | Unächt. Recept zur Ess. dulcis | Spiritus abgezogen von Englisch Balsam oder vom rothen Schlagwasser | – | – | – | – |
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. | Fabaceae | HERB | 43 | Unächt. Recept zur Ess. dulcis | rothen Sandel | – | – | – | – |
– | Tinctura | – | 44 | Tinct. Benzoes | Sp. Vini | vor die Brust | For the breast | INT | RESP |
– | Tinctura | – | 44 | Tinct. Benzoes | Sp. Vini | vor die Brust | For the breast | EXT | OTH |
Styrax spp. | Styracaceae | EXUD | 44 | Tinct. Benzoes | Gummi Benzoe | vor die Brust | For the breast | INT | RESP |
Styrax spp. | Styracaceae | EXUD | 44 | Tinct. Benzoes | Gummi Benzoe | vor die Brust | For the breast | EXT | OTH |
Rosa spp. | Rosaceae | FLOW | 45 | Tinctura Rosarum, Rosen-Tinctur | Rosenblätter | kühlet und stärket das Herz | Strengthens the heart | INT | CARD |
Rosa spp. | Rosaceae | FLOW | 45 | Tinctura Rosarum, Rosen-Tinctur | Rosenblätter | stärket die Leber | Strengthens the liver | INT | GAST |
Rosa spp. | Rosaceae | FLOW | 45 | Tinctura Rosarum, Rosen-Tinctur | Rosenblätter | stärket den Magen | Strengthens the stomach | INT | GAST |
Gentiana spp. | Gentianaceae | SUBT | 46 | Ess. Gentiana, Enzian-Wurzel-Essenz | Enzian-Wurzel | allen 3 und 4 tägigten Fiebern | In all 3 and 4 days of fever | INT | FEV |
Gentiana spp. | Gentianaceae | SUBT | 46 | Ess. Gentiana, Enzian-Wurzel-Essenz | Enzian-Wurzel | in Schwachheit des Magens | In weakness of the stomach | INT | GAST |
Therapeutic effects of medicinal plants in traditional and modern medicine
It is estimated that over 50% of the available drugs are currently somehow derived from medicinal plants [67, 68]. Herbal medicine (phytotherapy) is widely being used across the world on a constantly growing basis. Plant drug application is based on the experiences of traditional medicine or on new scientific research and experimental results, i.e. conventional medicine. Many medicinal plants are applied through self-medication or at the recommendation of a physician or pharmacist [69]. Phytotherapy is among the major “complementary” treatments in current use by doctors and other therapists throughout Europe [70]. Contemporary European use and trade in medicinal and aromatic plants are extensive, with eight countries (Germany, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Italy, the UK, the Russian Federation (not disaggregated by Russia-in-Europe) and Poland) being the top 20 global importers by volume of pharmaceutical plants. The top six exporters of these plants in Europe include Germany, Poland, Spain, Bulgaria, Albania and France [71, 72]. A large part of modern drugs has its roots in ancient traditions. Until today, ancient scripts have exerted a strong influence on the use of herbal medicine, and the repeated empirical testing and scientific study of health care claims guide and shape the selection of efficacious treatments and evidence-based herbal medicine [73].
Medicinal plants used by herbalists from Krummhübel were remedies for multiple ailments. The taxa that achieved the highest use or were recognised as the most versatile remedies with multiple pharmacological indications were Aloë spp., Copaifera officinalis L., Guaiacum officinale L., Commiphora spp. and Crocus (probably) sativus L. Comparison of the uses of the plants considered with their contemporary use, described in publications involved with herbal medicine and pharmacognosy (e.g. [36, 74–77]), showed some novelties.
The most frequently mentioned properties of Aloë spp. are gastrointestinal activities, hepato-protective properties and beneficial effects against skin problems such as wounds, injuries and infective diseases in both the Islamic traditional medicine [78] and in modern medicine [36, 74, 76, 77]. According to Krummhübel herbalists, it has also antihelminthic properties and can be used as a remedy for the treatment of scurvy.
Copaiba (Copaifera sp.) has a wide range of ethnopharmacological indications, including the treatment of the following: cystitis, urinary incontinence, gonorrhoea and syphilis; respiratory ailments including bronchitis, strep throat, haemoptysis, pneumonia and sinusitis; infections in the skin and mucosa such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis and wounds; ulcers and lesions of the uterus; leishmaniasis and leucorrhea; anaemia; headaches; and snake bites. It is also used for its aphrodisiac, stimulant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anti-tetanus, antirheumatic, antiherpetic, anthelminthic, anticancer, antitumour (prostate tumours) and antiparalytic properties ([63] and references cited herein). Many of these indications were also mentioned by Krummhübel herbalists and are recognised by modern medicine [74, 76, 77].
Guaiacum (Guaiacum officinale L.) is stated to possess antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, mild laxative and diaphoretic properties [74, 76, 77]. Traditionally, it has been used for subacute rheumatism, also in syphilitic and gouty affections, and specifically for chronic rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis [75]. Additional medicinal uses mentioned by Krummhübel herbalists include the treatment of oedema and scabies as well as blood purification.
Myrrh is a sap-like substance (resin) that is released from cuts in the bark of trees belonging to the genus Commiphora. Myrrh has antimicrobial, astringent, carminative, expectorant, anticatarrhal, antiseptic and vulnerary properties. Traditionally, it has been used for aphthous ulcers, pharyngitis, respiratory catarrhs, common cold, furunculosis, wounds and abrasions, specifically for mouth ulcers, gingivitis and pharyngitis [75]. It is unknown which Commiphora species was used by Krummhübel herbalists, but they recommended it, among others, as a remedy for scurvy and plague as well as to stimulate appetite.
Crocus sativus L., commonly known as saffron, is used in folk medicine as an antispasmodic, eupeptic, gingival sedative, anticatarrhal, nerve sedative, carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic, aphrodisiac and emmenagogue. Furthermore, modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that saffron extract or its active constituents have antitumor effects, radical scavenger properties and hypolipemic effects [75]. Krummhübel herbalists additionally used this plant in their medical mixtures as remedies for scurvy, any injuries and to support postpartum recovery.
Since time immemorial, people have tried to find medications to alleviate pain and to cure various diseases. In every period, every successive century from the development of humankind and advanced civilisations, the healing properties of certain medicinal plants were identified, recorded and passed on to successive generations. The benefits of one society were conveyed to another, which upgraded the old properties and discovered new ones, until the present days. The continuous and perpetual interest of people in medicinal plants has led to today’s modern and sophisticated fashion of their processing and usage [69].
Conclusions
This paper presents a data mining approach and a survey of the herbal drugs contained in Reitzig. Our study revealed that many plants used in medical treatments by Krummhübel herbalists were also known in other regions between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. The medicinal plants documented in all ethnobotanical studies considered include Angelica ssp., Carlina acaulis L., Gentiana spp., Juniperus spp., Rosa spp. and Veronica spp. However, eight, mainly exotic plants, were exclusive in therapeutic mixtures of Krummhübel herbalists. They encompass Copaifera officinalis L., Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Hedysarum spp., Myristica fragrans Houtt., Piper longum L., Silene baccifera (L.) Roth and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry. Although these taxa originate from various parts of the world, they were quite frequently used in several remedies by Krummhübel herbalists and are still important herbs in modern phytotherapy. Besides, the preserved recipes of Krummhübel herbalists also cover animal, fungus and mineral formulations and other organic and inorganic ones. Comparing such old data with contemporary herbal medicine and phytotherapy might enhance our understanding of modern practices and help to document the tradition of use, which is required for the regulatory approval of new herbal drugs. We showed that therapeutic effects of medicinal plants used by Krummhübel herbalists in traditional and modern medicine are mainly congruent, but there are also some novelties.
Currently, based on the achievements of Krummhübel herbalists, it seems to be important to attempt to reproduce therapeutic mixtures from the preserved recipes. This would provide an opportunity to learn more about the real effects of the former medicines and their therapeutic activities. The obtained data can also be used in the search for new drugs.
Additional file
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Mrs. Bożena Polak, M.Sc. (an academic teacher of the German language at the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland) for helping in translating some of the old German phrases. We also wish to thank Mrs. Anne Roestel (Deutsches Apotheken-Museum, Heidelberg, Germany) for helping in determining the composition and use of certain inorganic components of medicinal mixtures produced by Krummhübel herbalists. We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and their insightful comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the final paper.
Funding
No funding was received for this research.
Availability of data and materials
Data on the ethnobotanical/medical uses of plants are presented in this article in Table 1.
Authors’ contributions
KS, IS and JP conceived and designed the study. JP and MP conducted the data collection and analysed the data. Literature retrieval was done by KS, IS and JP. KS, IS and JP drafted the manuscript. JP participated in the design and coordination. JP identified the plant species and reviewed the ethnobotanical literature. JP and MP revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Krzysztof Spałek, Email: kspalek@uni.opole.pl.
Izabela Spielvogel, Email: i.spielvogel@po.opole.pl.
Małgorzata Proćków, Email: malgorzata.prockow@uwr.edu.pl.
Jarosław Proćków, Phone: (+48 71)320 57 97, Email: jaroslaw.prockow@upwr.edu.pl.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
Data on the ethnobotanical/medical uses of plants are presented in this article in Table 1.