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Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine logoLink to Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
. 2019 May 23;15:24. doi: 10.1186/s13002-019-0298-z

Historical ethnopharmacology of the herbalists from Krummhübel in the Sudety Mountains (seventeenth to nineteenth century), Silesia

Krzysztof Spałek 1, Izabela Spielvogel 2, Małgorzata Proćków 3, Jarosław Proćków 4,
PMCID: PMC6533749  PMID: 31122247

Abstract

Background

Krummhübel (after 1945, Karpacz) in the Sudety Mountains (now SW Poland) was called “the village of pharmacists”. At the end of the seventeenth century, there were 57 households, of which about 40 were inhabited by herbalists. Krummhübel herbalists were the first in the Sudety region who applied medicinal mixtures for the treatment of various diseases (using, among others, plants, oils, minerals and even viper venom) in contrast to previous herbalists who only indicated the use of individual plant species for specific diseases. Riesengebirge (in Polish Karkonosze) potions were sold in Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland and Russia, and some of them could even be purchased in Scandinavia and England. The purpose of this paper is an ethnopharmacological analysis of historical texts of herbalists from Krummhübel. Based on their recipes, we analysed the use reports of drugs. Recently, research on ethnobotany and ethnopharmacological analyses of historical materials or egodocuments related to formulations used in folk medicine have become an important source of acquiring knowledge about new medicines.

Methods

Based on 46 recipes of Krummhübel herbalists re-written by Reitzig (1943), we analysed the use reports of drugs which included plant taxa and other constituents such as animal formulations, fungi, inorganic and organic substances and minerals as well as tinctures (with alcohol/spirit) and elixirs (without alcohol/spirit). For each usage mentioned in the text, we recorded (i) the putative botanical identity of the taxon; (ii) the plant family or origin of other than the plant constituent; (iii) the reported plant part; (iv) the number of the recipe; (v) the name of the recipe; (vi) the vernacular name of ingredient; (vii) the described symptom, ailment or specific use; (viii) our modern (viz. biomedical) interpretation of the described symptom or ailment; (ix) the mode of administration; and (x) the category of use under which we filed the specific use. We also cross-checked the medicinal plants of Krummhübel herbalists with the species described in old manuscripts and regional surveys and compared their use with contemporary plant use.

Results

The paper introduces the generated database comprising 348 use reports of 46 drugs based on 70 plant taxa and other constituents. Besides, we address patterns such as the frequent recommendation of Fabaceae herbs for respiratory system issue and gynaecology and Asteraceae for respiratory system and cardiovascular problems. Gastrointestinal use reports are based on Asphodelaceae, Burseraceae and Rosaceae species.

Conclusions

Remedies that lost importance over time as well as drugs used for diseases now controlled by conventional medicine may be interesting starting points for research on herbal medicine and drug discovery. It seems to be important to attempt to reproduce therapeutic mixtures from the preserved recipes of Krummhübel herbalists, which offers an opportunity to learn more about the real effects of the former medicines and their therapeutic activity. The obtained data can also be used to search for new drugs.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13002-019-0298-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Mixtures, Folk medicine, Phytotherapy history, Phytopharmacy, Ethnobotany

Background

Caspar Schwenckfeld, a municipal doctor from Hirschberg (after 1945, Jelenia Góra), was one of the first medicinal plant explorers operating in the Silesia region. Two monographs of great value are the result of his scientific work. Chronologically, his scientific work describing resorts in Warmbrunn (after 1945, Cieplice), Landeck (after 1945, Lądek-Zdrój), Flinsberg (after 1945, Świeradów) and Salzbrunn (after 1945, Szczawno) appeared first [1, 2], and 7 years later, another monograph was released. It describes 50 species of plants that were used in phytotherapy at the turn of the seventeenth century in health resorts in the Sudety Mountains (in German, Sudeten), SW Poland, mainly in Warmbrunn [3]. Many species of medicinal plants formerly used in phytopharmacy now have scientifically demonstrated medicinal properties based on their diverse chemical compositions (e.g. [48]).

The purpose of the work is an ethnopharmacological analysis of historical texts of the so-called Krummhübel laboratory workers, who were active in the Sudetes (Central Europe) from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. Our research will contribute to a better understanding of treatments for diseases in this region prior to the development of the pharmacological industry. It will also provide in-depth insight into old methods of treatment. So far, no research has been carried out on ethnopharmacological activities of the herbalists from Krummhübel. In particular, this study may guide research on novel phyto-therapeutic agents, inform safety evaluations and help to prove the tradition of use in terms of drug regulations [9, 10].

We also cross-checked the medicinal plants of Krummhübel herbalists with the species described in five manuscripts and regional surveys, including Matthioli (1563) [11], Schwenckfeld (1607) [3], Mattuschka (1779) [12], Kneipp (1892) [13], Fischer (1930s) [14] and Madaus (1938) [15]. Besides, we compared their uses with those of other contemporary plants.

Recently, research on ethnobotany and ethnopharmacological analysis of historical materials or egodocuments, related to preparations used in folk medicine, has become an important source of acquiring knowledge about new medicines [10, 16]. Our study may constitute a part of this trend.

Karpacz (formerly Krummhübel) is a town located in Silesia in Poland. Until the mid-sixteenth century, this region belonged to the Kingdom of Bohemia, and in 1526, it became a part of the Habsburg Empire. As a result of the Silesian wars in the years 1740–1742, Silesia came under the rule of the Kingdom of Prussia and remained within the German borders until 1945. After World War II, under the terms of the agreements at the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Agreement (both in 1945), German Silesia, east of the rivers Oder (now Odra) and Lusatian Neisse (now Nysa Łużycka), was transferred to Poland. This region included Krummhübel (after 1945 renamed Karpacz), the area of the herbalists’ activities described in this article [17, 18].

The beginnings of the production of herbal medicinal mixtures in the Sudety Mountains are related by multiple sources. One of them speaks of two protestants, well-known medics from Prague, who fled to the town of Krummhübel in the Sudety Mountains in the late seventeenth century to avoid punishment for participation in a bloody duel. Niclaus and Solomon found refuge in the house of Melchior Grossmann, where they established the first pharmacy in Krummhübel and introduced their saviour and his friend Jonas Exner to the art of producing herbal ointments, powders and tinctures [1924]. At the end of the seventeenth century, Krummhübel had 57 households, of which about 40 were inhabited by herbalists, also known as “Laboranten” (in German). For this reason, Krummhübel was called “the village of pharmacists” [2330]. The herbalists’ houses were log cabins with pitched roofs, timber framing and very distinctive interiors. The largest room on the ground floor, built of granite stones, was a laboratory with a large kitchen oven and distillation equipment (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

The museum dedicated to the herbalists from Krummhübel. Postcard from 1938 (collection of K. Spałek)

In the adjacent room, the medicinal raw material was produced and portioned. A side chamber, where cabinets, barrels, crates and shelves were located, served as a warehouse for storing products, and an airy loft served as a drying room for herbs. The dried products were stored in small free-standing structures due to the danger of fire [23, 31]. Next to the laboratory building, there was a backyard with medicinal plants, where, among others, the following plants were grown: Plantago lanceolata L., Pimpinella anisum L., Menyanthes trifoliata L., Artemisia absinthium L., Centaurium erythraea Rafn. subsp. erythraea, Verbascum densiflorum Bertol., Carum carvi L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Valeriana officinalis L., Achillea millefolium L., Linum usitatissimum L., Alcea rosea L. var. nigra Cav., Taraxacum spp., Calendula officinalis L., Althaea officinalis L., Polygonum aviculare L., Rosa canina L., Ruta graveolens L., Salvia officinalis L. and Thymus pulegioides L. Shrubs were also popular: Viburnum opulus L. and Sambucus nigra L. The most widespread plant, used for the production of many medicines, was Digitalis purpurea L., which still commonly grows on the slopes of the Sudety Mountains [23, 25, 3234]. The other most popular plants used to manufacture medicaments were Carlina acaulis L., Primula elatior (L.) Hill, Arnica montana L., Lilium martagon L., Rhodiola rosea L. and Crocus sp., i.e. probably C. sativus L. There are no voucher specimens associated with this study, so precautions in the identification of plant taxa in old written documents discussed by Łuczaj [35] were taken. Herbalists from Krummhübel enriched many drugs with powder roots of Mandragora officinarum L. [23], a plant species from the Solanaceae family, originating from the Mediterranean area and the Middle East and also grown in Krummhübel [36]. The following raw materials were used in therapeutics of the Mediterranean countries: the root Mandragorae radix and the herb Mandragorae herba, both of which contain tropane alkaloids. The root has anaesthetic and hypnotic properties, while the herb, with a lower content of alkaloids, is used in homoeopathy as a drug of analgesic properties for rheumatic diseases. Mandragora officinarum is one of the plants with the longest history of use in phytotherapy. It has already been mentioned in Egyptian papyri from 3000 years BC [4, 37, 38]. In the Middle Ages, a great cult developed around this plant as a panacea for any disease and a magical agent. At the end of the sixteenth century, the species disappeared from most of the drug stores and were obtained from the official European herbal market [36]. However, herbalists from Krummhübel used it until the end of the seventeenth century [25]. They were also the first in central Europe to use the herb Drosera rotundifolia L.—Droserae herba as a medicinal agent that had already been confirmed by Rittman [25]. Earlier, alchemists had examined the secretions of this plant’s glandular hairs that digest insects as they searched for preparations that could produce gold or a youth elixir. It also belonged to the group of so-called sacred herbs. Nowadays, this species is strictly protected by law in Poland, and the material for medicinal use comes from import only. Extracts of Droserae herba include derivatives of naphthoquinone, flavonoids and organic acids, which have antibacterial and antispastic properties [6, 7, 39]. The herbalists from Krummhübel also introduced Rhodiola rosea to phytotherapy in the Sudety region [25]. In medical practice, the rhizome of this species is now used, Rhizoma Rhodiolae, which has stimulating properties and enhances concentration and increases physical activity. It is used to treat tiredness, neurosis and anaemia [5, 39]. For these disorders, it was used in the form of mixtures by the Krummhübel herbalists [25].

To describe medicines, the herbalists used notes, armorials and prescriptions. Latin names were used to protect their trade secrets. Knowledge of Latin was required during the masters exam for herbalists, which was introduced around the year 1700. It was then that herbalists from Krummhübel and the surrounding area formed the common herbalists’ guild, one of the first in Central Europe. Medicinal knowledge was usually kept in secret by family members and passed from one generation to another. In the eighteenth century, Krummhübel herbalists manufactured more than 200 proprietary medicines [2225, 40]. We confirmed that they were the first in the Sudetes who applied medicinal mixtures to the treatment of diseases (using, among others, plants; oils; powdered minerals, including rock crystal and amethyst; and animal formulations—adder venom, deer horns, toads, salamanders and frogs), and they left their medical legacy in writing [23] in contrast to previous herbalists, who only indicated the use of individual plant species for specific diseases. (The first researcher who published data on the distribution of medicinal plants and their therapeutic properties from the described area was the renaissance physicist Caspar Schwenckfeld from Hirschberg. The naturalist, however, did not provide and did not use any medicinal mixtures [1].) Medications from Krummhübel were mixed with water, wine, honey, oils, salts, acids and alcohol distilled in local or domestic distilleries [31, 37]. For instance, the tincture of Arnica montana was used as a painkiller and anti-inflammatory drug against digestive system disorders as well as used externally for bruises, frostbite and open wounds [23].

However, not all of these plants can be found in the recipes that have survived to this day (e.g. Arnica montana, Rhodiola rosea or Mandragora officinarum) [23]. Nevertheless, it was confirmed that specimens of these species so far are stored within the collections of the Museum of Sports and Tourism in Karpacz, and they certainly were used by the herbalists from Krummhübel.

The reign of the House of Hapsburg in Hirschberg brought no restrictions on the herbalists’ activities. However, the situation changed after 1740, when the area came under the rule of Prussia. As the popularity of the goods produced by the herbalists of Krummhübel increased, resentment and jealousy of doctors and pharmacists rose as well, since they considered them charlatan family clans who made fortunes from human illnesses [23, 31]. The desire to limit their activities also resulted from the Prussian administration’s wish to organise, e.g. health care, on a national level. The office of the Collegium Medicum et Sanitatis (Royal Council of Physicians and Pharmacists) intervened to limit the activity of the herbalists, and the production of herbal medicines by so-called laboratory workers was then only possible with an official license, and not based on the rules of the guild. The Act of 1740, issued by the Prussian government, reduced the number of legally operating herbalists to 30 persons only. To obtain a license, one had to wait for the death of a guild member and go through a long official procedure. In 1796, the herbalists’ guild comprised 27 members [23, 24]. The leaders of the guild were Christian Ignatius Exner (guild master), Benjamin Gottlieb Exner (guild chief) and Johannes Christoph Grossmann (guild chief assistant). The oldest known book by Krummhübel herbalists was produced in 1792 [2225] and contained 150 recipes for mixtures made from local medicinal plants. From the late eighteenth century onwards, the herbalists encountered more and more difficulties. In 1796, the Prussian government allowed them to produce and sell only 46 medicines [23, 24]. Junker [24] provides a full list of them: (1) Aqua apoplectica alba s. pauperum, weißes Schlagwasser; (2) Aqua apoplectica rubra, rotes Schlagwasser; (3) Balsamus anglicus, englischer Haupt- und Universalbalsam; (4) Balsamus embryonum liquidus, stärkender Kinderbalsam; (5) Balsamus sulpburis; (6) Balsamus vitae, Lebensbalsam; (7) Elixir pectorale; (8) Elixir proprietatis Paracelsi; (9) Elixir vitrioli Mynsichti; (10) Elixir uterinum; (11) Essentia absynthii composita; (12) Essentia alexipharmaca; (13) Essentia amara; (14) Essentia antidysenterica, Ruhrtropfen; (15) Essentia carminativa; (16) Essentia castorei; (17) Essentia corticum aurantiorum; (18) Essentia dulcis; (19) Essentia lignorum; (20) Essentia myrrhae; (21) Essentia rhei amara; (22) Essentia stomacbica composita, stärkende Gall- und Magentropfen; (23) Essentia succini; (24) Essentia absynthii simplex; (25) Liquor anodynus mineralis Hofmanni; (26) Mixtura symplex; (27) Morsuli anthelmintici; (28) Pulvis anthelminticus; (29) Pulvis bezoardicus; (30) Pulvis dentifriticus, Zahnpulver; (31) Pulvis marchionis, Marggrafenpulver; (32) Pulvis sternutatorius viridis, Hauptpulver; (33) Pulvis vitae; (34) Species zum Brust- und Blutreinigungsthee; (35) Spiritus comu cervi; (36) Spiritus matricalis; (37) Spiritus melissae compositus; (38) Spiritus nitri dulcis; (39) Spiritus salis ammoniaci aromatica; (40) Spiritus salis ammoniaci volatilis; (41) Spiritus tartari; (42) Spiritus theriacalis; (43) Tinctura bezoardica; (44) Tinctura coralliorum; (45) Tinctura laxans; and (46) Tinctura antimonii tartarisata.

All 46 known recipes were provided by Reitzig [23], because he was studying the original manuscripts and recipes of the herbalists from Krummhübel, located in the then pre-war museum [41]. These manuscripts have not survived—they were lost in the war turmoil, which was confirmed directly by the Museum of Sports and Tourism in Karpacz and by the local libraries.

In 1797, licensed pharmacists persuaded the Prussian government to withdraw the privilege of selling the so-called drop of Krummhübel at fairs; it was one of the best-known medicines produced by the herbalists [31, 37]. In 1799, information was provided about a complementary treatment in the Warmbrunn spa by an anonymous relation of the practitioner. A herbalist with the initials P.I. was described, and during his presence at the spa, he was offering medicinal herbal mixtures to patients on request [23].

Despite the growing administrative difficulties, the popularity of medications from Krummhübel continued to increase. Among others, the eminent writer and representative of German Romanticism, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, took an interest in medicinal herbs [42, 43]. Riesengebirge (in Polish Karkonosze, in the Western Sudetes) potions were sold in Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland and Russia, and at the turn of the nineteenth century, some of them could also be purchased in Scandinavia and England. In 1810, in the Sudetes, a company named W. Koerner & Co. was founded, which specialised in the production of liqueurs and tinctures prepared from Sudetic herbs [23, 24]. In subsequent years, the pharmacist herbalists of Krummhübel were affected by further restrictions. They were suspected of practicing black magic, secret cults, alchemy and possessing devil’s knowledge. In 1809, the authorities of Legnica Province (in German Kreis Liegnitz) banned the herbalists from conducting door-to-door trade. In the period from 1831 to 1832, a cholera epidemic raged in Central Europe, also reaching the Sudetes [31]. Fears of the disease were so great that the government decided to reach out for help from the Krummhübel herbalists. Carl Traugott Ende, who came from a family with a long tradition of herbalists, prepared medications for patients and was a member of the anti-cholera epidemic committee [23]. Despite this, the administrative restrictions on herbalists were restored after the end of the plague [42, 43]. In 1843, a royal edict was issued to limit the allowable number of simple Riesengebirge (Karkonosze) herbal medicines from 46 to 21. The list of 21 medicinal preparations approved in 1845 by the district doctor Dr. Schaeffer is as follows [23]: (1) Aqua apoplectica alba s. pauperum; (2) Aqua apoplectica rubra (Schlagwasser); (3) Balsamum anglicus, englischer Haupt- und Universalbalsam; (4) Balsamum vitae, Lebensbalsam; (5) Elixir pektorale, brustelixir; (6) Essentia amara; (7) Essentia carminativa; (8) Essentia corticum aurantiorum; (9) Essentia dulcis; (10) Essentia lignorum; (11) Essentia rhei Amara, bittere Rhabarber Tinktur; (12) Essentia stomacbica composita, stärkende Gallund Magentropfen; (13) Liquor anodynus, mineralis Hoffmanni Hoffmannsche Tropfen; (14) Pulvis sternutatorius viridis, Hauptpulver; (15) Pulvis Vita, Lebenspulver; (16) Species pectorales, Brust- und Blutreinigungsthee; (17) Spiritus melissae compositus, Karmelitenwasser; (18) Spiritus salis ammoniaci, aromaticus sive Spirit. volatilis oleosus Sylvii; (19) Spiritus salis ammoniaci volatilis; (20) Spiritus nitri dulcis; and (21) Tinctura Coralliorum, Corallen Tinktur.

For the preparation of medicaments, only 24 strictly specified types of fruits and barks, 20 types of roots, 16 species of herbs (= aerial parts), 10 seeds and flowers and 2 species of timber were allowed [23]. In 1843, the Prussian government stopped issuing new licenses for herbal practices, which was the beginning of the end of the herbalists’ activity. In the Riesengebirge (Karkonosze), the herbalists’ art began to fade away in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was still possible to find some isolated cases of treatment using local herbs in later years, albeit only on a small scale. The last herbalist of the herbalists’ guild died on 28 March 1884 [23, 44].

The heritage of the herbalists from Krummhübel, regarding the use of medicinal plants and their mixtures, remained, mainly in the Sudety Mountains, until the beginning of the twentieth century, especially in folk medicine. Drosera rotundifolia may be presented as an example. It was used in the form of infusions for poor digestion, whooping cough and sclerosis by the residents of the Masyw Ślęży Mountains (in German Zobten-Gebirge) until the beginning of the twentieth century, although the species has not been found in the area so far [45].

The good reputation of Krummhübel herbalists and their gardens with medicinal plants is evidenced by the fact that they were visited by famous German botanists, including Max von Uechtritz [46].

Research on the activities of herbalists of Krummhübel was conducted by Will Erich Peuckert (1895–1969), a world-famous German ethnographer and ethnologist. In 1934, Peuckert became a professor at the Universität Breslau (University of Wrocław) and created a museum dedicated to the Krummhübel herbalists [23], which was, however, closed in the 1950s. Nowadays, an exhibition on pharmacist workers, including numerous exhibits, is held by the Museum of Sports and Tourism in Karpacz, which is the successor of the pre-war museum [47, 48].

Material and methods

Based on 46 recipes by Krummhübel herbalists, re-written by Reitzig [23], we performed the analysis of use reports of drugs, which included plant taxa and other constituents such as animal formulations, fungi, inorganic and organic substances, minerals and tinctures (with alcohol/spirit) and elixirs (without alcohol/spirit). For each usage mentioned in the text, we recorded (i) the putative botanical identity of the taxon; (ii) the plant family or origin of other than the plant constituent; (iii) the reported plant part; (iv) the number of the recipe; (v) the name of the recipe; (vi) the vernacular name of the ingredient; (vii) the described symptom, ailment or specific use; (viii) our modern (viz. biomedical) interpretation of the described symptom or ailment; (ix) the mode of administration; and (x) the category of use under which we filed the specific use. Each recorded combination of the variables was counted as one individual (therapeutic) use report.

The following 10 plant parts or products were differentiated: barks, exudates (incl. gums, resins and saps), flowers (incl. inflorescences and parts thereof), fruits (incl. parts thereof), herbs (= aerial parts, incl. branches and shoots), leaves, oils (e.g. linseed oil), seeds, subterranean parts (incl. bulbs, rhizomes, roots and tubers) and wood. If there was no information on which plant part was used, it was qualified as an herb. The modes of administration were divided into two groups: internal (e.g. drops, many tinctures) and external (e.g. ointments and poultices). Use reports were classified into organ-, symptom- and ailment-defined categories of use, largely following the bioprospecting-oriented classification scheme proposed by Staub et al. [10]. The applied 15 categories of use citations comprise the following: andrology (incl. male fertility and venereal diseases: gonorrhoea, syphilis), antidotes (internally applied), cardiovascular problems, dermatology (e.g. tumours, injuries and wounds), fever, gastroenterology (e.g. appetite, intestinal obstruction, lithiasis liver and tympanites), gynaecology (incl. female fertility and venereal diseases: gonorrhoea, syphilis), musculoskeletal ailments (e.g. cramps, gout, rheumatism, scurvy and spasms), neurology (incl. psychosomatic ailments), oral cavity (e.g. dentistry and stomatitis), others (“internal wounds” and “for breast” but others than connected with respiratory system), parasites (e.g. anthelmintics), respiratory system (e.g. cleansing lungs and the upper respiratory tract, plague, tuberculosis) and urology (e.g. diuretics, lithiasis and kidneys).

This work also aimed at recalling the activities of Krummhübel herbalists and their input into the medical use reports of plants at that time. Taking this into account, we present selected species of medicinal plants and mixtures used by them, based on their recorded recipes. We selected the plant species that were most often used in mixtures and which were simultaneously growing in the medicinal plant gardens of Krummhübel herbalists. To achieve all these goals, we translated available source texts, including books, articles from magazines and guides as well as press notes on the activity of Krummhübel herbalists, from German.

We compared the medicinal plants of Krummhübel herbalists with the medicinal plant lists of Europe by cross-checking the species used in manuscripts and regional surveys, including Matthioli [11], Schwenckfeld [3], Mattuschka [12], Kneipp [13], Fischer (1930s) [14] and Madaus [15]. Matthioli’s book [11] is one of the most popular ethnobotanical studies and describes medicinal species; it was translated into a few languages. Schwenckfeld’s publication [3] constitutes the fullest analysis of therapeutic properties of the warm springs in Warmbrunn (Cieplice) as well as the plants used in spa and healing treatments [49]. Mattuschka is known for the work on the natural history of plants native to Silesia, in which he indicates species with medicinal properties [12]. Kneipp, one of the founders of the naturopathic medicine movement, developed his “Nature Cure” form of therapy based on subalpine plants from the Allgäu in Bavaria, which were used in folk medicine, and based on those, he cultivated in the garden [50, 51]. Fischer’s data (1930s) comprise the most complete information on folk botany, with nearly 250 plant species, used in the folk culture in the whole area of pre-World War II, Poland, which also includes the present Western Ukraine and parts of Belarus and Lithuania [14]. In his book, a German medical doctor, Madaus [15], discusses homoeopathic products and their use as therapeutic agents.

The paper follows the newest guidance referring to the analysis of historical texts [52]. Plant identifications were established by cross-checking the names and descriptions in the Flora Europaea [53] with the confirmed data that the individual species were growing in the area at that time [32, 33] or/and were cultivated in Krummhübel herbalists gardens [46] or/and are stored within the collections of the Museum of Sports and Tourism in Karpacz; thus, they certainly were used by the Krummhübel herbalists. Species names were checked against The Plant List 1.1 [54], and family names follow the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV [55].

Results

Patterns of the diversity of drugs

In total, among 46 drugs, 70 plant taxa were recorded. Of these, 52 taxa, included in 29 drugs, could be identified to the species and 18 taxa in 13 drugs were identified to the genus level. For 3 ingredients of plant origin, which were included in 5 drugs, no taxa identification was possible. Besides herbal, other constituents were used, including animal formulations (e.g. castoreum, corals, deer antlers, earthworms, scorpions, snakes), fungi, inorganic and organic substances (e.g. calcium, Sp[iritus] Vitrioli, Sp. Nitri dulcis, Sp. Nitri, Sp. Tartari, wax) and minerals (e.g. potash, pumice, salt) as well as elixirs and tinctures. These components were exclusively used in 13 drugs.

Overall, 348 use reports (i.e. unique combinations of a specific taxon or another origin of a constituent, plant part, route of administration and specific use in individual recipes) were recorded. Internal applications, mainly as drops in tea or water (283 use reports), prevail over external applications such as ointments or poultices (69 use reports) (Fig. 2). Seventy-four records have no reported uses, i.e. when Reitzig’s [23] original did not clearly state the ailment they were used. The same remark applies to the lacking mode of administration (61 records). A full dataset of the recorded plant taxa, plant parts and other constituents used, as well as the therapeutic uses, is presented in Additional file 1: Table S2 and at the end of this paper.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Number of use reports by category of use and mode of administration (N = 348). ANDR, andrology; ANTI, antidotes; CARD, cardiovascular problems; DERM, dermatology; DIAPH, diaphoretic; FEV, fever; GAST, gastroenterology; GYN, gynaecology; MUSK, musculoskeletal ailments; NERV, neurology; ORAL, oral cavity; OTH, others; PARA, parasites; RESP, respiratory system; URO, urology

More than 45% of drugs stemmed from herbs (= aerial parts) (118), while the remaining percentage consisted of exudates (41), subterranean organs (29), flowers (25) and other less frequent plant parts (Fig. 3). The drugs were derived from members of 32 vascular plant families, with Asteraceae (9 taxa; 22 drugs), Fabaceae (8 taxa; 33 drugs) and Apiaceae (7 taxa; 26 drugs) being the most frequent ones.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Number of drugs by plant part (N = 262). BARK, barks; EXUD, exudates; FLOW, flowers; FRU, fruits; HERB, herbs (= aerial parts); LEAF, leaves; OIL, oils; SEED, seeds; SUBT, subterranean parts; WOOD, wood

To characterise the therapeutic preferences, the associations between taxonomy, plant part or other constituent origins and categories of use were analysed (Figs. 4 and 5). The most frequently cited constituents were those obtained from animals and minerals. Animal formulations were recommended for neurology (12), gynaecology (4) and fever (4), while minerals were suggested for musculoskeletal ailments (7), oral cavity (6), neurology (5) and dermatology (5). Among the plant families, Fabaceae species were relatively frequently cited for respiratory system (10) and gynaecology (4), as well as Asteraceae for respiratory system (10) and cardiovascular problems (5).

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Quantification of use reports by category of use and the most important botanical families or other constituent origins. The categories of use are abbreviated following the legend of Fig. 2

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Quantification of use reports in the categories of respiratory system by plant part and botanical family. Plant part abbreviations follow the legend of Fig. 3

The use citations for respiratory system issues are the most frequent ones (67; Fig. 2) and cover ailments concerning the lungs (21) and the upper respiratory tract (21) as well as plague (17). The remedies for these conditions are taxonomically diverse, including 7 different drugs derived from 34 plant taxa. Herbs of the families Asteraceae and Fabaceae account for a comparably high number of use reports in this category (8 and 6, respectively; Fig. 5) and include Achillea spp., Cyanus segetum Hill. (= Centaurea cyanus L.), Matricaria spp., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Hedysarum spp. and Ononis spinosa L.

The category of nervous system and psychosomatic disorders (52; Fig. 2) includes plague (17), stroke (9), pain of the body (5), headache (3), brain disease (3) or postpartum discomfort (3). The most frequently used constituents were those not obtained from plants, but from animals (12), or were elixirs (6) and minerals (5).

Gastrointestinal use reports (41; Fig. 2) mainly comprise stomach and intestine problems (29) but also refer to appetite (9). Apart from the prevalence of elixirs (6) and minerals (4) in drugs, some use citations are based on Asphodelaceae (3), Burseraceae (3) and Rosaceae (3) species such as Aloë spp., Commiphora spp., Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. and Rosa spp.

Dermatology is the fourth largest category of use reports (39; Fig. 2) and mainly covers injuries and wounds (19) as well as applications for cleaning the head (5) and drying out feet (5). Organic substances (7) and elixirs (6) were the most frequently mentioned drugs. Among the plant families, Lauraceae oils (3) and Oleaceae exudates (3), including species such as Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl and Olea europaea L., were mostly recommended for uses.

The drugs mentioned for cardiovascular problems (6) are mainly remedies for blood purification (3), while 2 are recommended against oedema (i.e. wood of Guaiacum officinale L. and Sp. Tartari (= Weinstein-Geist)) and flowers of Rosa spp. as a heart tonic.

Sample recipes and plant species

The extract of Gentiana lutea L.—Essentia Gentianae was recommended in the absence of appetite and for stomach pains. This plant was confirmed to be cultivated by the Krummhübel herbalists in their pharmaceutical gardens [46]. The original recipe was as follows: “Nimm 2 Loth gröblich gestossene Enzian-Wurzel, 1 Qv. starken Branntwein, halte es in der Wärme bis es sich gefärbet, hernach seige sie durch grau Pappier.—Dienet in Schwachheit des Magens, bey allen 3 und 4 tägigten Fiebern 30 bis 40 Tropfen gebraucht” ([23]; explanation of abbreviations in the caption of Fig. 6) [Take 2 spoons of coarsely minced [great yellow] gentian root (Gentiana lutea), 250 ml of strong spirit, and keep it in a warm place until it is dyed; afterwards, seep it through grey paper—serve it in weakness of the stomach, using 30 to 40 drops on all 3 and 4 days of fever.]

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

Original recipe using saffron (bottom part of page 78 and top part of page 79, from Reitzig [23]). Abbreviations: 1 Loth—about one large spoon (in Prussia, this equalled 14.606 g); 1 Quintl.—1/4 of Loth, which was about 3.651 g; Qv.—250 ml. [Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, stomach elixir—take 4 spoons of aloe (Aloë vera (L.) Burm.f.), 2 spoons of potash, 1/8 spoon of saffron (Crocus probably sativus). Put it in a pitcher and pour 4 quarts [4 × 1.14504 l] of strong spirit, then leave it in a warm place until aloe will completely dissolve, or, if it is still visible, you can add 250 ml or 500 ml of strong spirit until it is ready [i.e. well dissolved]. In a different way: take 4 spoons of aloe, 2 spoons of myrrh, 1/4 spoon of saffron and 2 spoons of potash. Put these species in a pitcher and add 1 l of strong spirit; leave it in a warm place until it is thick enough and pour off when ready. This elixir is served against stomach problems, increases appetite and detoxifies the body. You can take it starting from 30, 40, 50 up to 60 drops. Externally, it is good for healing any injuries.]

An extract from Crocus (probably) sativus was used by Riesengebirge (Karkonosze) herbalists as a spice and a dye (saffron). The extract also helped against digestive system diseases and circulatory problems. When dosed appropriately, it was considered an aphrodisiac and even a hallucination-inducing agent. Some quantitative recipes for this plant are also preserved (Fig. 6, from Reitzig [23]).

A tincture made from the root of Carlina acaulis (a common plant in the area), recommended for digestion, was also appreciated for its antibacterial and antipyretic properties (Fig. 7). Sulphuric acid, manufactured in the Sudetes until the early nineteenth century, was of great importance to the production of herbal potions [2225]. In the valley of the Kamienna river, there was a facility that produced sulphuric acid from pyrite shale. The term “vitriol” was the essence of the alchemical formulas, contained in the motto: visita interiorem terrae rectificando invenies operae lapidem (i.e. descend into the belly of the Earth, and in distilling you will find the stone of the work) [38, 56].

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

Original recipe using Carlina acaulis (bottom part of page 94 and top part of page 95, from Reitzig [23]). Abbreviations: 1 Loth—about 1 large spoon (in Prussia, this equalled 14.606 g); Qv.—250 ml; Grs.—gram [g]. [Tinctur Bezoardica of F. Grossmann in the way of Krummhübel—take Zedoary root (white turmeric, Zedoariae radix, Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe), parsley root (Petros [elini] radix, Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss), stemless carline thistle root (Carlinae radix, Carlina acaulis)—all together 125 g, as well as black cohosh root (Serpentariae radix, Actaea racemosa L. = Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.), burning bush root (Dictamni albus radix, Dictamnus albus L.), masterwort root (Imperat [oriae] radix, Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J. Koch = Imperatoria ostruthium L.)—all together 125 g. Chop everything together, add 1 l of Spiritus vini and 2.273 l of water, then pass it through the distiller glass. When the spirit has evaporated, the distillation can be finished and 2 g of sliced red sandal wood with half a spoon of camphor can be added. It is ready to use.]

Discussion

By using a systematic data extraction technique, we elucidated several salient therapeutic patterns in preserved recipes of Krummhübel herbalists. These include the importance of Fabaceae plants for respiratory system diseases and gynaecology, as well as Asteraceae for respiratory system and cardiovascular problems. Generally, the use citations for respiratory system issues are the most frequent ones and cover ailments concerning the lungs and the upper respiratory tract as well as plague. The remedies for these conditions are taxonomically diverse, including 7 different drugs derived from 34 plant taxa. Gastrointestinal use reports mainly comprise stomach and intestine problems but also refer to appetite and are based on Asphodelaceae, Burseraceae and Rosaceae species. Moreover, animal formulations were recommended for neurology, gynaecology and fever, while minerals were suggested for musculoskeletal ailments, oral cavity, neurology and dermatology.

This confirms that medicinal plants were commonly used in ethnomedicine for centuries, because they were the only drugs available to residents of many regions. Knowledge about their healing properties was passed down orally from generation to generation [57]. The past importance of mountain species and the frequent uses against envenomations and intoxications mirror the closer interaction of past societies with their biological environment and different ecological, epidemiological and hygienic conditions.

In the fifteenth century, the first herbaria and also herbals, written by doctors or other professionals, began to appear in Europe [57]. These items, however, do not take into account knowledge about medicinal plant mixtures provided by folk therapists. The phenomenon of herbalists from Krummhübel is connected with the fact that these unprofessional therapists left their knowledge on plant mixtures in a written form to be used for centuries in traditional folk medicine in the Sudety region.

The history of herbalists from Krummhübel shows that historical events, in this case, the disappearance of a well-established knowledge, has a lot to teach us now, such as regulations and restrictions kill traditions, which can also happen nowadays. An example may be the Kneipp phytotherapy method, recognised and currently used in health resort treatments. This method was known in the folk medicine of the Allgäu region in Southern Germany, and in the nineteenth century, it was not allowed as a therapy for a relatively long time (e.g. [5861]).

The systematic analysis of herbal texts offers unique insights into past herbal medicine [10]. Thus, we also confirm the suggestion of Staub et al. [10] that those drugs with discontinued use might represent interesting starting points for drug discovery and the evaluation of old herbal medicine, especially that the information on this subject was strictly protected and included in the professional secrecy of the Krummhübel herbalists’ guild, not available to outsiders for centuries.

Medicinal plants of Krummhübel herbalists used in other ethnobotanical studies

The highest share of the flora documented as medicinal plants by Krummhübel herbalists was recorded in Madaus [15] and Matthioli [11] and constituted 76.4 and 66.7%, respectively. This indicates that many plants used in medical treatment by Krummhübel herbalists were also known in other regions and in different periods. The medicinal plants, documented in all publications considered, included Angelica spp., Carlina acaulis L., Gentiana spp., Juniperus spp., Rosa spp. and Veronica spp. (Table 1). All of them are native or indigenous plants occurring in Central Europe. Additionally, Gentiana spp., Juniperus spp. and Rosa spp. were used for medicinal purposes through all other time periods in Switzerland [62]. While Polish inhabitants of the Carpathians, among others, valued Angelica archangelica L. and Carlina acaulis L. [57]. In the contemporary literature, only the use of Veronica officinalis is mentioned, but the use of Veronica chamaedrys and V. beccabunga is documented in ethnobotanical studies [62], and different Veronica species were cultivated in local Silesian gardens [46].

Table 1.

Medicinal plants listed in Krummhübel herbalist recipes (seventeenth to nineteenth centuries) and their occurrences in manuscripts and regional surveys, including Matthioli [11], Schwenckfeld [3], Mattuschka [12], Kneipp [13], Fischer [14] and Madaus [15]

Krummhübel herbalists, seventeenth to nineteenth centuries Matthioli (1563) [11] Schwenckfeld (1607) [3] Mattuschka (1779) [12]a Kneipp (1892) [13] Fischer (1930's) [14]b Madaus (1938) [15]
Achillea spp. + (as Ptarmica) + (as A. millefolium, A. ptarmica) + + (mainly as A. millefolium L., rare A. ptarmica L.) + (as A. ptarmica, A. millefolium*, A. moschata)
Actaea racemosa L. = Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt. + (as A. spicata L.) +
Aloë spp. + + (as Aloes Balsam) + + (as A. succotrina Lam.) + (many species*)
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. = Anacyclus officinarum Hayne +*
Angelica spp. + (as Angelica maior, A. minor) + (as A. erratica) + (as A. syluestris) + + (as A. archangelica L., A. sylvestris L.) + (many species*)
Artemisia vulgaris L. + (as Artemisia) + + + +*
Bellis perennis L. + (as Bellis minor) + (as B. minima) + + +*
Carlina acaulis L. + (as Chamaeleon albus) 261 + + + + +
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl + (as camphora) + +*
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl + + (as C. zeylanicum*)
Citrus × aurantium L. + +*
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck + + (as C. limonum)
Citrus spp. + (as Citria malus) + (many other species)
Cochlearia officinalis L. + + +*
Commiphora spp. + (as C. abyssinica, C. mukul, C. myrrha)
Copaifera officinalis L.
Coriandrum sativum L. + (as Coriandrum) +
Crocus (probably) sativus L. + (as Crocus florens) +
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe + +*
Cyanus segetum Hill. = Centaurea cyanus L. + (as Cyanus minor) + +*
Dictamnus albus L. + +
Dorstenia contrajerva L. +
Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.
Echium vulgare L. + (as Echium)
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton + (as C. minus, C. medium, C. maius) +
Ferula assa-foetida L. + (as Ferula = Nathex) +*
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. + (as Foeniculum) + + +*
Gentiana spp. + (as Gentiana minor = cruciata, Gentiana (probably lutea)) + (as G. major cœruleo flore, G. minor punctato flore) + (as G. lutea, G. centaurium, G. amarella) + + + (many species*)
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. + (as Glycyrrhiza liquiritia) +*
Guaiacum officinale L. + (as Lignum guaiacum) +*
Guaiacum sanctum L. or G. officinale L. + (as Lignum guaiacum)
Hedysarum spp.
Helleborus niger L. + + +*
Indigofera spp. +
Inula helenium L. + (as Elenium) + + +*
Juniperus spp. + (as Juniperus, as Sabina) + + (as I. communis) + + (as J. communis L.) + (many species*)
Laurus nobilis L. + (as Laurus) + (as L. Alexandrina Matthioli) + +*
Lavandula spp. + + +*
Linum usitatissimum L. + (as Linum) + + + +*
Matricaria spp. + (as Camomilla) + (as M. chamomilla, M. parthenium) + + (as M. chamomilla L.) + (as M. chamomilla*, M. discoidea*)
Melissa officinalis L. + (as Melissa) + (as M. calamintha) + + +*
Mentha aquatica L. var. crispa (L.) Benth. + (as Mentha aquatica) + + (as Mentha spp.) +
Myristica fragrans Houtt.
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms +*
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. + (as Nasturcium aquaticum) + + +*
Olea europaea L. + (as Olea domestica) +
Ononis spinosa L. + (as Ononis) + (as O. aruensis) + +*
Origanum majorana L. + (as Maiorana) +*
Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp. = Polygonum bistorta L. + (as Bistorta) + +
Petasites sp. + (as Petasites falso dieta) + + (as Tussilago petasites) + (many species*)
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss. + (as Pertoselinum vulgare) + (as P. sativum*)
Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J. Koch = Imperatoria ostruthium L. + +
Pimpinella anisum L. + (as Anisum) + (as P. major L. Huds, P. minorcrispa) + + +*
Piper longum L.
Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. + (as Tormentilla) + (as Tormentilla erecta) + (as P. tormentilla*)
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. +
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. +
Pyrus sp. + + (as P. communis L.) + (as P. malus*)
Rheum rhabarbarum L. +
Rosa spp. + + (as R. alpina, R. rubra) + (as R. canina, R. alba) + + + (many species*)
Rosmarinus officinalis L. + (as Rosmarinus coronaria) + (as R. sylvaticus) + + +*
Sassafras spp. +*
Scabiosa spp. + (as Scabiosa minor) + (as Scabiosa succisa and S. aruensis) + (as Succisa pratensis Moench = Scabiosa succisa L.) + (different species*)
Senna spp. + (as Sena) +*
Silene baccifera (L.) Roth = Cucubalus baccifer L.
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis = Betonica officinalis L. + (as Betonica) + + +
Styrax spp. +
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. + + + (as V. myrtillus L.) +*
Veronica spp. + (as Veronica mas, V. foemina) + + (as V. officinalis, V. beccabunga) + + + (many species*)
Viola spp. + (as Viola purpurea) + (as V. odorata) + + + (many species*)
Zingiber officinale Roscoe + (as Zinziber) + +*
Σ = 72 Σ = 48 Σ = 11 Σ = 25 Σ = 24 Σ = 33 Σ = 55

*Denotes to Madaus [15], asterisk shows the description of use or recipe; no asterisk—plant was only listed

aThe register of Mattuschka [12] includes only species listed by the author as having medicinal properties

bBased on Kujawska et al. [14]

On the other hand, in therapeutic mixtures of Krummhübel herbalists, eight taxa were exclusive, including mainly exotic plants such as Copaifera officinalis L., Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Hedysarum spp., Myristica fragrans Houtt., Piper longum L., Silene baccifera (L.) Roth and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry. Although they originate from various parts of the world, they were quite frequently used in several remedies by Krummhübel herbalists and are still highly important herbs in modern folk medicine. The oleoresin of Copaifera trees has been widely used in Neotropical regions for thousands of years and remains a popular treatment for a variety of ailments [63]. One of the most ancient and valuable spices of the Orient is clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry), which has a wide spectrum of biological activity [64]. The exotic plants used by Krummhübel herbalists may also refer to the scholarly origin of their knowledge. This, and the considerable overlap of the nomenclature with the old herbals, indicates that the recipes might have been originated (even if later modified) from the monastic tradition dating back to at least the sixteenth century [65, 66], and they may go back even to antiquity. For example, by producing and marketing drugs to the public, Italian Renaissance nuns both augmented the medical resources available in urban society and acquired roles of public significance beyond the spiritual realm [66](Table 2).

Table 2.

Compact list of the vascular plant uses described in “Die Laboranten von Krummhübel” [23]

Plant taxon Family or origin Part No. of reci–pe Name of recipe Vernacular Ailment Ailment_interpretation Mode Category
Animal 1 Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwurm-Spiritus Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm)
Tinctura 1 Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwurm-Spiritus Sp. Vini
Animal 2 Sp. Cornu Cervi, Hirschhorn-Geist Hirschhorn
Tinctura 3 Mixtura siplex Oli acris
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae OIL 3 Mixtura siplex Sp. Camphor
Mineral 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Pottasche (potash) verdorbenen Magen Against stomach problems INT GAST
Mineral 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Pottasche führet die Unreinigkeiten ab Detoxifies the body INT ANTI
Mineral 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Pottasche zem Heilen in ellen Schäden Good for healing of any injuries EXT DERM
Mineral 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Pottasche (potash) macht Appetit zum Essen Increases appetite INT GAST
Aloë spp. Asphodelaceae HERB 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Aloe verdorbenen Magen Against stomach problems INT GAST
Aloë spp. Asphodelaceae HERB 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Aloe führet die Unreinigkeiten ab Detoxifies the body INT ANTI
Aloë spp. Asphodelaceae HERB 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Aloe zem Heilen in ellen Schäden good for healing of any injuries EXT DERM
Aloë spp. Asphodelaceae HERB 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Aloe macht Appetit zum Essen Increases appetite INT GAST
Commiphora spp. Burseraceae EXUD 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Myrrhen verdorbenen Magen Against stomach problems INT GAST
Commiphora spp. Burseraceae EXUD 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Myrrhen führet die Unreinigkeiten ab Detoxifies the body INT ANTI
Commiphora spp. Burseraceae EXUD 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Myrrhen zem Heilen in ellen Schäden Good for healing of any injuries EXT DERM
Commiphora spp. Burseraceae EXUD 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Myrrhen macht Appetit zum Essen Increases appetite INT GAST
Crocus probably sativus L. Iridaceae FLOW 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Safran verdorbenen Magen Against stomach problems INT GAST
Crocus probably sativus L. Iridaceae FLOW 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Safran führet die Unreinigkeiten ab Detoxifies the body INT ANTI
Crocus probably sativus L. Iridaceae FLOW 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Safran zem Heilen in ellen Schäden Good for healing of any injuries EXT DERM
Crocus probably sativus L. Iridaceae FLOW 4 Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsis, Magen Elixir Safran macht Appetit zum Essen Increases appetite INT GAST
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Carminativae Wedelii reiniget das Haupt Cleans the head EXT DERM
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Pectoralis reiniget das Haupt Cleans the head EXT DERM
Animal 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Corallorum reiniget das Haupt Cleans the head EXT DERM
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti roth. Schlagwasser reiniget das Haupt Cleans the head EXT DERM
Inorganic 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Sp. Vitrioli reiniget das Haupt Cleans the head EXT DERM
Animal 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Corallorum trocknet die Füsse aus Dries out the feet EXT DERM
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Carminativae Wedelii trocknet die Füsse aus Dries out the feet EXT DERM
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Pectoralis trocknet die Füsse aus Dries out the feet EXT DERM
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti roth. Schlagwasser trocknet die Füsse aus Dries out the feet EXT DERM
Inorganic 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Sp. Vitrioli trocknet die Füsse aus Dries out the feet EXT DERM
Animal 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Corallorum macht Appetit Increases appetite INT GAST
elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Carminativae Wedelii macht Appetit increases appetite INT GAST
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Pectoralis macht Appetit Increases appetite INT GAST
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti roth. Schlagwasser macht Appetit Increases appetite INT GAST
Inorganic 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Sp. Vitrioli macht Appetit Increases appetite INT GAST
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Carminativae Wedelii bewahret vor dem Schlage und der Schweren-Noth Prevents stroke INT NERV
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Pectoralis bewahret vor dem Schlage und der Schweren–Noth Prevents stroke INT NERV
Animal 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Corallorum bewahret vor dem Schlage und der Schweren–Noth Prevents stroke INT NERV
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti roth. Schlagwasser bewahret vor dem Schlage und der Schweren–Noth Prevents stroke INT NERV
Inorganic 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Sp. Vitrioli bewahret vor dem Schlage und der Schweren–Noth Prevents stroke INT NERV
Animal 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Corallorum verwahret den ganzen Leib vol allen Schmerzen Protects the whole body from all pain INT NERV
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Carminativae Wedelii verwahret den ganzen Leib vol allen Schmerzen Protects the whole body from all pain INT NERV
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Pectoralis verwahret den ganzen Leib vol allen Schmerzen Protects the whole body from all pain INT NERV
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti roth. Schlagwasser verwahret den ganzen Leib vol allen Schmerzen Protects the whole body from all pain INT NERV
inorganic 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Sp. Vitrioli verwahret den ganzen Leib vol allen Schmerzen Protects the whole body from all pain INT NERV
Animal 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Corallorum stärket Magen und Eingeweide Strengthens the stomach and intestines INT GAST
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Carminativae Wedelii stärket Magen und Eingeweide Strengthens the stomach and intestines INT GAST
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Ess. Pectoralis stärket Magen und Eingeweide Strengthens the stomach and intestines INT GAST
Elixir 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti roth. Schlagwasser stärket Magen und Eingeweide Strengthens the stomach and intestines INT GAST
Inorganic 5 Elixir Vitrioli Mynsichti Sp. Vitrioli stärket Magen und Eingeweide Strengthens the stomach and intestines INT GAST
Animal 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly Castor od. Bibergeil allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT NERV
Animal 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly Castor od. Bibergeil allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT GYN
? ? EXUD 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly Oleum Succini allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT NERV
? ? EXUD 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly Oleum Succini allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT GYN
Artemisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae HERB 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly Artemisiae oder Beyfuss allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT NERV
Artemisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae HERB 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly Artemisiae oder Beyfuss allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT GYN
Crocus probably sativus L. Iridaceae FLOW 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly Safran allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT GYN
Crocus probably sativus L. Iridaceae FLOW 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly Safran allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT NERV
Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae OIL 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly Oleum anisi allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT GYN
Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae OIL 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly Oleum anisi allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT NERV
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. Fabaceae HERB 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly rothen Sandel allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT GYN
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. Fabaceae HERB 6 Elixir Uterini Crolly rothen Sandel allen Mutterkrankenheiten Postpartum discomfort INT NERV
Inorganic 7 Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock Sp. Nitri dulcis vor den Scharbock Against scurvy INT MUSK
Mineral 7 Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock Pottasche vor den Scharbock Against scurvy INT MUSK
Aloë spp. Asphodelaceae HERB 7 Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock Aloe vor den Scharbock Against scurvy INT MUSK
Cochlearia officinalis L. Brassicaceae HERB 7 Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock Sp. Cochlear vor den Scharbock Against scurvy INT MUSK
Commiphora spp. Burseraceae EXUD 7 Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock Myrrhen vor den Scharbock Against scurvy INT MUSK
Crocus probably sativus L. Iridaceae FLOW 7 Elixir anti Scorbutic: Elixir vor den Scharbock Safran vor den Scharbock Against scurvy INT MUSK
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae HERB 8 Spirit. Cochlear: Löffel-Kraut-Geist Brunnenkresse Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae HERB 8 Spirit. Cochlear: Löffel-Kraut-Geist Brunnenkresse treibt den Schweiss Diaphoretic INT DIAPH
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae HERB 8 Spirit. Cochlear: Löffel-Kraut-Geist Brunnenkresse widersteht der Fäule Prevents ulcers INT DERM
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae HERB 8 Spirit. Cochlear: Löffel-Kraut-Geist Brunnenkresse widersteht dem Scharbock Prevents scurvy INT MUSK
Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae WOOD 9 Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist Franzosen-Holz reiniget das Geblüth Blood purification INT CARD
Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae WOOD 9 Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist Franzosen-Holz treibt Schweiss Diaphoretic INT DIAPH
Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae WOOD 9 Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist Franzosen-Holz treibt Harn Diuretic INT URO
Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae WOOD 9 Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist Franzosen-Holz Wassersucht Oedema INT CARD
Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae WOOD 9 Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist Franzosen-Holz Gliederreissen Rheumatism INT MUSK
Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae WOOD 9 Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist Franzosen-Holz Krätze Scabies EXT DERM
Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae WOOD 9 Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist Franzosen-Holz Franzosen Syphilis INT ANDR
Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae WOOD 9 Sp. Sassafras. Franzosen-Holz-Geist Franzosen-Holz Franzosen Syphilis INT GYN
Animal 10 Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer–Geist Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) gegen Krampf Against cramp (skurcz) EXT MUSK
Animal 10 Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) gegen Gebrechen der Nerven Against nerve ailments EXT NERV
Animal 10 Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer–Geist Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) gegen die Schlagflüss gerühmet Against stroke INT NERV
Animal 10 Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) gegen die Schmerzlaufende Gicht Against the painful gout EXT MUSK
Animal 10 Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) hat eine Schmerzstillende Kraft Antiphlogistic INT FEV
Animal 10 Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) treibt Schweiss Diaphoretic INT DIAPH
Animal 10 Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) treibt Harn Diuretic INT URO
Animal 10 Sp. Lumbricorum, Regenwürmer-Geist Regenwürmer (Gemeine Regenwurm) Reissen in Gliedern Rheumatism EXT MUSK
Animal 11 Sp. Viperarum, Natterngräten-Geist Natterngräten vor toller Hunde und giftiger Thiere Biss Against bites of mad dogs and poisonous animals INT ANTI
Animal 11 Sp. Viperarum, Natterngräten-Geist Natterngräten vor toller Hunde und giftiger Thiere Biss Against bites of mad dogs and poisonous animals EXT ANTI
Animal 11 Sp. Viperarum, Natterngräten-Geist Natterngräten hitzigen Fiebern High fevers INT FEV
Animal 11 Sp. Viperarum, Natterngräten-Geist Natterngräten hitzigen Fiebern High fevers EXT FEV
Carlina acaulis L. Asteraceae SUBT 12 Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. Eberwurzel
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae OIL 12 Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. Campfer
Dorstenia contrajerva L. Moraceae SUBT 12 Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. Ra. Bezoardica alba
Petasites sp. Asteraceae SUBT 12 Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. Pestilenzwurzel
Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J.Koch Apiaceae SUBT 12 Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. Meisterwurzel
Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp. = Polygonum bistorta L. Polygonaceae SUBT 12 Allgem. Bezoar. Tinct. - Nach Krummhübler Art. Otterwurzel
Inorganic 13 Mixtura siplex Sp. Nitri
Inorganic 13 Mixtura siplex Sp. Tartari
Animal 14 Tinctura Castori, Bibergeil-Tinctur Bibergeil allen Mutterbeschwerungen Postpartum discomfort INT NERV
Animal 14 Tinctura Castori, Bibergeil-Tinctur Bibergeil allen Mutterbeschwerungen Postpartum discomfort INT GYN
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. Fabaceae HERB 14 Tinctura Castori, Bibergeil-Tinctur rothen Sandel allen Mutterbeschwerungen Postpartum discomfort INT GYN
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. Fabaceae HERB 14 Tinctura Castori, Bibergeil–Tinctur rothen Sandel allen Mutterbeschwerungen postpartum discomfort INT NERV
Ferula assa–foetida L. Apiaceae 15 Ess. Asha foetida, Teufelsdreck–Essentz Gummi asha foetida EXT
Ferula assa–foetida L. Apiaceae EXUD 15 Ess. Asha foetida, Teufelsdreck-Essentz Gummi asha foetida dienet vor Milz Spleen INT CARD
Ferula assa–foetida L. Apiaceae EXUD 15 Ess. Asha foetida, Teufelsdreck-Essentz Gummi asha foetida dienet vor Mutter Uterus INT GYN
Animal 16 Ess. Castor, Bibergeil-Essentz Bibergeil stillet die Mutterbeschwerung und das böse Wesen Calms down postpartum discomfort including depression INT NERV
Animal 16 Ess. Castor, Bibergeil-Essentz Bibergeil stillet die Mutterbeschwerung und das böse Wesen Calms down postpartum discomfort including depression INT GYN
Animal 16 Ess. Castor, Bibergeil-Essentz Bibergeil curiret den Schlag Heals stroke INT NERV
Inorganic 17 Schwarzenberger Gnad und Lebens-Balsam Bals. Sulphur viele Tugenden beygelegt werden It has many advantages
? Organic 17 Schwarzenberger Gnad und Lebens-Balsam Oleum Petrae viele Tugenden beygelegt werden It has many advantages
? ? EXUD 17 Schwarzenberger Gnad und Lebens-Balsam Oleum Ther[eb]inth. viele Tugenden beygelegt werden It has many advantages
? ? EXUD 17 Schwarzenberger Gnad und Lebens-Balsam Ol. Succini viele Tugenden beygelegt werden It has many advantages
Juniperus spp. Cupressaceae EXUD 17 Schwarzenberger Gnad und Lebens-Balsam Oleum Juniperi viele Tugenden beygelegt werden It has many advantages
? ? EXUD 18 Engl. Balsam Venetian Therebinth.
Angelica spp. Apiaceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Angelica
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Lauraceae BARK 18 Engl. Balsam Zimmet (Zimt)
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Rutaceae FRU 18 Engl. Balsam Citronschaal
Citrus spp. Rutaceae FRU 18 Engl. Balsam Pomeranzenschaal
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Zingiberaceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Cardemome
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Fenchel
Indigofera spp. Fabaceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Balsam Indigo
Inula helenium L. Asteraceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Alant
Juniperus spp. Cupressaceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Wacholder
Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Loorbeer
Lavandula spp. Lamiaceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Lavendel
Melissa officinalis L. Lamiaceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Melisse
Mentha aquatica L. var. crispa (L.) Benth. Lamiaceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Krausemünze
Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae FLOW 18 Engl. Balsam Muscat-Blüthen
Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Anis
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Lamiaceae FLOW 18 Engl. Balsam Rosmarin-Blüthen
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry Myrtaceae HERB 18 Engl. Balsam Nelcken
Mineral 19 Ol. Phylosophorum seu Laterinum, Ziegel-Oel neue Ziegel in Feuer recht glühend erweichet und hat in harten Geschwulsten vortrefflichen Nutzen Softens and has excellent benefits in hard tumours EXT DERM
Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae OIL 19 Ol. Phylosophorum seu Laterinum, Ziegel-Oel Oleum Lini od. Leinöl erweichet und hat in harten Geschwulsten vortrefflichen Nutzen Softens and has excellent benefits in hard tumours EXT DERM
Copaifera officinalis L. Fabaceae EXUD 20 Balsamus Copeive Copeive gegen den Tripper Against gonorrhoea INT GYN
Copaifera officinalis L. Fabaceae EXUD 20 Balsamus Copeive Copeive gegen den Tripper Against gonorrhoea INT ANDR
Copaifera officinalis L. Fabaceae EXUD 20 Balsamus Copeive Copeive gegen Saamenfluss Against nocturnal emission INT ANDR
Copaifera officinalis L. Fabaceae EXUD 20 Balsamus Copeive Copeive gegen die Franzosen gerühmet Aagainst syphilis INT ANDR
Copaifera officinalis L. Fabaceae EXUD 20 Balsamus Copeive Copeive gegen die Franzosen gerühmet Aagainst syphilis INT GYN
Copaifera officinalis L. Fabaceae EXUD 20 Balsamus Copeive Copeive gegen brennenden Harn Dysuria or painful urination INT URO
Copaifera officinalis L. Fabaceae EXUD 20 Balsamus Copeive Copeive in allen äusserlichen und innerlichen Verwundungen In all external and internal wounds EXT DERM
Copaifera officinalis L. Fabaceae EXUD 20 Balsamus Copeive Copeive in allen äusserlichen und innerlichen Verwundungen In all external and internal wounds INT OTH
Copaifera officinalis L. Fabaceae EXUD 20 Balsamus Copeive Copeive Steinschmerzen Lithiasis INT GAST
Copaifera officinalis L. Fabaceae EXUD 20 Balsamus Copeive Copeive Steinschmerzen Lithiasis INT URO
Copaifera officinalis L. Fabaceae EXUD 20 Balsamus Copeive Copeive Lungensucht Tuberculosis INT RESP
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms Fabaceae EXUD 21 Balsam Opo vor langwieriges Keuchen Against protracted wheezing INT RESP
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms Fabaceae EXUD 21 Balsam Opo heilet frische Wunden Heals fresh wounds EXT DERM
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms Fabaceae EXUD 21 Balsam Opo dient zur Schwind- und Lungensucht Tuberculosis INT RESP
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Rutaceae FRU 22 Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver Zitronenschaalen
Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Winteraceae HERB 22 Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver weiss Zimmet
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae HERB 22 Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver Fenchel
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Fabaceae HERB 22 Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver Süssholz
Inula helenium L. Asteraceae HERB 22 Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver Alant
Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae HERB 22 Kayserl. und Königl. Lebens-Pulver Anis
Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae HERB 23 Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver Coriander
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae HERB 23 Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver Fenchel
Helleborus niger L. Ranunculaceae HERB 23 Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver Niesewurzel
Lavandula spp. Lamiaceae HERB 23 Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver Lavendel
Origanum majorana L. Lamiaceae HERB 23 Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver Majoran
Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae HERB 23 Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver Anis
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. Asteraceae HERB 23 Fein Schwarzenberger Haupt-Pulver Cristinelkraut
Fungus 24 Wurm-Pulver Lerchenschwamm Wurm Anthelmintic INT PARA
Animal 24 Wurm-Pulver roth und weisse Korallen Wurm Anthelmintic INT PARA
Aloë spp. Asphodelaceae HERB 24 Wurm-Pulver Aloes Wurm Anthelmintic INT PARA
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Zingiberaceae SEED 24 Wurm-Pulver Zittwersaamen Wurm Anthelmintic INT PARA
Dictamnus albus L. Rutaceae HERB 24 Wurm-Pulver weiss Diptam W. Wurm Aanthelmintic INT PARA
Senna spp. Fabaceae LEAF 24 Wurm-Pulver Sennes-Blätter Wurm Anthelmintic INT PARA
Viola spp. Violaceae SUBT 24 Wurm-Pulver Viol. Wurzel Wurm Anthelmintic INT PARA
Mineral 25 Zahn-Pulver Bimstein benimmt Scharbock Against scurvy EXT MUSK
Mineral 25 Zahn-Pulver gebrannt Alaun benimmt Scharbock Against scurvy EXT MUSK
Mineral 25 Zahn-Pulver Bimstein benimmt Mundfäule Against stomatitis EXT ORAL
Mineral 25 Zahn-Pulver gebrannt Alaun benimmt Mundfäule Against stomatitis EXT ORAL
Mineral 25 Zahn-Pulver Bimstein schwarze Zähne werden weiß Black teeth turn white EXT ORAL
Mineral 25 Zahn-Pulver gebrannt Alaun schwarze Zähne werden weiß Black teeth turn white EXT ORAL
Mineral 25 Zahn-Pulver Bimstein macht wackelnde Zähne feste Makes wobbly teeth firm EXT ORAL
Mineral 25 Zahn-Pulver gebrannt Alaun macht wackelnde Zähne feste Makes wobbly teeth firm EXT ORAL
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. = Anacyclus officinarum Hayne Asteraceae SUBT 25 Zahn-Pulver Bertran Wurzel benimmt Scharbock Against scurvy EXT MUSK
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. = Anacyclus officinarum Hayne Asteraceae SUBT 25 Zahn-Pulver Bertran Wurzel benimmt Mundfäule Against stomatitis EXT ORAL
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. = Anacyclus officinarum Hayne Asteraceae SUBT 25 Zahn-Pulver Bertran Wurzel schwarze Zähne werden weiß Black teeth turn white EXT ORAL
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. = Anacyclus officinarum Hayne Asteraceae SUBT 25 Zahn-Pulver Bertran Wurzel macht wackelnde Zähne feste Makes wobbly teeth firm EXT ORAL
Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae FLOW 25 Zahn-Pulver Muscat-Blüthen benimmt Scharbock Against scurvy EXT MUSK
Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae FLOW 25 Zahn-Pulver Muscat-Blüthen benimmt Mundfäule Against stomatitis EXT ORAL
Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae FLOW 25 Zahn-Pulver Muscat-Blüthen schwarze Zähne werden weiß Black teeth turn white EXT ORAL
Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae FLOW 25 Zahn-Pulver Muscat-Blüthen macht wackelnde Zähne feste Makes wobbly teeth firm EXT ORAL
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae HERB 25 08 Brunnenkresse benimmt Scharbock Against scurvy EXT MUSK
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae HERB 25 Zahn-Pulver Brunnenkresse benimmt Mundfäule Against stomatitis EXT ORAL
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae HERB 25 Zahn-Pulver Brunnenkresse schwarze Zähne werden weiß Black teeth turn white EXT ORAL
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae HERB 25 Zahn-Pulver Brunnenkresse macht wackelnde Zähne feste Makes wobbly teeth firm EXT ORAL
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry Myrtaceae HERB 25 Zahn-Pulver Nelcken benimmt Scharbock Against scurvy EXT MUSK
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry Myrtaceae HERB 25 Zahn-Pulver Nelcken benimmt Mundfäule Against stomatitis EXT ORAL
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry Myrtaceae HERB 25 Zahn-Pulver Nelcken schwarze Zähne werden weiß Black teeth turn white EXT ORAL
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry Myrtaceae HERB 25 Zahn-Pulver Nelcken macht wackelnde Zähne feste Makes wobbly teeth firm EXT ORAL
Animal 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Biebergeil In pest Against plague INT NERV
Animal 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Biebergeil In pest Against plague INT RESP
Fungus 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Lerchenschwamm In pest Against plague INT NERV
Mineral 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Terra Sigill In pest Against plague INT NERV
Mineral 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Potaschen (potash) In pest Against plague INT NERV
Fungus 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Lerchenschwamm In pest Against plague INT RESP
Mineral 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Terra Sigill In pest Against plague INT RESP
Mineral 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Potaschen (potash) In pest Against plague INT RESP
Animal 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Biebergeil herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Fungus 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Lerchenschwamm herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Mineral 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Terra Sigill herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Mineral 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Potaschen (potash) herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Animal 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Biebergeil Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Fungus 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Lerchenschwamm Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Mineral 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Terra Sigill Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Mineral 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Potaschen (potash) Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
? ? ? 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] In pest Against plague INT NERV
? ? ? 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] In pest Against plague INT RESP
? ? ? 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
? ? ? 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Aloë spp. Asphodelaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Aloe In pest Against plague INT NERV
Aloë spp. Asphodelaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Aloe In pest Against plague INT RESP
Aloë spp. Asphodelaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Aloe herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Aloë spp. Asphodelaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Aloe Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Angelica spp. Apiaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Angelica In pest Against plague INT NERV
Angelica spp. Apiaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Angelica In pest Against plague INT RESP
Angelica spp. Apiaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Angelica herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Angelica spp. Apiaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Angelica Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae OIL 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Campher In pest Against plague INT NERV
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae OIL 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Campher In pest Against plague INT RESP
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae OIL 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Campher herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae OIL 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Campher Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Commiphora spp. Burseraceae EXUD 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Myrrhen In pest Against plague INT NERV
Commiphora spp. Burseraceae EXUD 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Myrrhen In pest Against plague INT RESP
Commiphora spp. Burseraceae EXUD 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Myrrhen herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Commiphora spp. Burseraceae EXUD 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Myrrhen Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Zingiberaceae SUBT 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Zittwer In pest Against plague INT NERV
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Zingiberaceae SUBT 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Zittwer In pest Against plague INT RESP
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Zingiberaceae SUBT 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Zittwer herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Zingiberaceae SUBT 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Zittwer Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Dictamnus albus L. Rutaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Weiss Diptam In pest Against plague INT RESP
Dictamnus albus L. Rutaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Weiss Diptam In pest Against plague INT NERV
Dictamnus albus L. Rutaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Weiss Diptam herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Dictamnus albus L. Rutaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Weiss Diptam Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Gentiana spp. Gentianaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Entian In pest Against plague INT NERV
Gentiana spp. Gentianaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Entian In pest Against plague INT RESP
Gentiana spp. Gentianaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Entian herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Gentiana spp. Gentianaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Entian Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. Rosaceae SUBT 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Tormentille In pest Against plague INT NERV
Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. Rosaceae SUBT 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Tormentille In pest Against plague INT RESP
Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. Rosaceae SUBT 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Tormentille herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. Rosaceae SUBT 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Tormentille Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Rheum rhabarbarum L. Polygonaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Rhabarbara In pest Against plague INT NERV
Rheum rhabarbarum L. Polygonaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Rhabarbara In pest Against plague INT RESP
Rheum rhabarbarum L. Polygonaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Rhabarbara herrl. Magen-Essenz Against stomach problems INT GAST
Rheum rhabarbarum L. Polygonaceae HERB 26 Recept von einem besonderen Elixir Rhabarbara Praeservativ vor alle Gifte Protection against all poisons INT ANTI
Mineral 27 Krampf-Pulver Arcanum duplicatum Krampf Antispasmodic INT MUSK
Mineral 27 Krampf-Pulver Antimon daphoreticum Krampf Antispasmodic INT MUSK
Mineral 27 Krampf-Pulver Tartarus vitriolatus Krampf Antispasmodic INT MUSK
Mineral 27 Krampf-Pulver Cinabar antimon Krampf Antispasmodic INT MUSK
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae OIL 28 Theriac oder Mithridat Campher Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] Antidote INT ANTI
Juniperus spp. Cupressaceae EXUD 28 Theriac oder Mithridat Jochandel-Saft Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] Antidote INT ANTI
Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae HERB 28 Theriac oder Mithridat Lorbeere Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] Antidote INT ANTI
Piper longum L. Piperaceae SEED 28 Theriac oder Mithridat langen Pfeffer Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] Antidote INT ANTI
Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae SUBT 28 Theriac oder Mithridat Ingwer Theriac [as antidote to poisons, especially on viper venom] Antidote INT ANTI
Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae HERB 29 Aqua Hungarica, Schlagwasser Coriander
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Lamiaceae HERB 29 Aqua Hungarica, Schlagwasser Rosmarin
Animal 30 Scorpion-Oel Scorpione
Olea europaea L. Oleaceae EXUD 30 Scorpion-Oel Baumöl
Animal 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Cornu Cervi Pestilenz Against plague INT NERV
Animal 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Cornu Cervi Pestilenz Against plague INT RESP
Mineral 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Salz Pestilenz Against plague INT NERV
Mineral 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Salz Pestilenz Against plague INT RESP
Iinctura 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Sp. Vini Pestilenz Against plague INT NERV
Tinctura 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Sp. Vini Pestilenz Against plague INT RESP
Mineral 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Salz Suchen Epidemics INT
Animal 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Cornu Cervi Suchen Epidemics INT
Tinctura 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Sp. Vini Suchen Epidemics INT
Animal 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Cornu Cervi trefflich Schweissstreibendes Mittel Excellent diaphoretic INT DIAPH
Mineral 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Salz trefflich Schweissstreibendes Mittel Excellent diaphoretic INT DIAPH
Tinctura 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Sp. Vini trefflich Schweissstreibendes Mittel Excellent diaphoretic INT DIAPH
Animal 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Cornu Cervi Fiebern Fevers INT FEV
Mineral 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Salz Fiebern Fevers INT FEV
Tinctura 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Sp. Vini Fiebern Fevers INT FEV
Animal 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Cornu Cervi Hauptschmerzen Headache INT NERV
Mineral 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Salz Hauptschmerzen Headache INT NERV
Tinctura 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Sp. Vini Hauptschmerzen Headache INT NERV
Animal 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Cornu Cervi Steck und Schlag-Flüssen Prevents stroke INT NERV
Mineral 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Salz Steck und Schlag-Flüssen Prevents stroke INT NERV
Tinctura 31 Sal. volatile-Cornu Cervi, Flüchtig. Hirschhorn-Salz Sp. Vini Steck und Schlag-Flüssen Prevents stroke INT NERV
Mineral 32 Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster Rubrick [as “Rubrica fabrilis (Rötel); bekannt war auch Siegelerde aus Striegau”] flüssigen alten Schäden Healing old wounds EXT DERM
Organic 32 Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster Wachs flüssigen alten Schäden Healing old wounds EXT DERM
Mineral 32 Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster Rubrick [as “Rubrica fabrilis (Rötel); bekannt war auch Siegelerde aus Striegau”] in allen hitzigen Schäden In all types of burns EXT DERM
Organic 32 Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster Wachs in allen hitzigen Schäden In all types of burns EXT DERM
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae OIL 32 Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster Campher flüssigen alten Schäden Healing old wounds EXT DERM
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae OIL 32 Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster Campher in allen hitzigen Schäden In all types of burns EXT DERM
Olea europaea L. Oleaceae EXUD 32 Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster Baumöl flüssigen alten Schäden Healing old wounds EXT DERM
Olea europaea L. Oleaceae EXUD 32 Schwarzenberger Heil- und Wundpflaster Baumöl in allen hitzigen Schäden In all types of burns EXT DERM
Mineral 33 Nürnberger Salben Rubrick [as “Rubrica fabrilis (Rötel); bekannt war auch Siegelerde aus Striegau”] flüssigen alten Schäden Healing old wounds EXT DERM
Organic 33 Nürnberger Salben Wachs flüssigen alten Schäden Healing old wounds EXT DERM
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae OIL 33 Nürnberger Salben Campher flüssigen alten Schäden Healing old wounds EXT DERM
Olea europaea L. Oleaceae EXUD 33 Nürnberger Salben Baumöl flüssigen alten Schäden Healing old wounds EXT DERM
Animal 34 Grüne Waldsalbe Bock-Inselt [as tallow goat] heilet alle Wunden Healing all wounds EXT DERM
Organic 34 Grüne Waldsalbe Wachs heilet alle Wunden Healing all wounds EXT DERM
Organic 34 Grüne Waldsalbe Grünspan heilet alle Wunden Healing all wounds EXT DERM
? ? EXUD 34 Grüne Waldsalbe Hartz [as resin] heilet alle Wunden Healing all wounds EXT DERM
? ? EXUD 34 Grüne Waldsalbe Terpentin heilet alle Wunden Healing all wounds EXT DERM
Inorganic 35 Oleum Montis, Berg-Oel Balsam Sulphuris
Animal 35 Oleum Montis, Berg-Oel Oleum Cornu Cervi
? ? EXUD 35 Oleum Montis, Berg-Oel Oleum Therebinth
Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae OIL 35 Oleum Montis, Berg-Oel Oleum Lini
Animal 36 Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci Cornu Cervi Franzosen Syphilis INT GYN
Animal 36 Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci Cornu Cervi Franzosen Syphilis INT ANDR
Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae OIL 36 Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci Oleum Guajaci Franzosen Syphilis INT ANDR
Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae OIL 36 Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci Oleum Guajaci Franzosen Syphilis INT GYN
Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae OIL 36 Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci Oleum Lini Franzosen Syphilis INT ANDR
Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae OIL 36 Franzosen-Oel, Oleum Cuajaci Oleum Lini Franzosen Syphilis INT GYN
Achillea spp. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Schaafgarben Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Achillea spp. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Schaafgarben Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Achillea spp. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Schaafgarben Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Bellis perennis L. Asteraceae FLOW 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Gänseblümel Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Bellis perennis L. Asteraceae FLOW 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Gänseblümel Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Bellis perennis L. Asteraceae FLOW 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Gänseblümel Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis = Betonica officinalis L. Lamiaceae FLOW 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Betonien-Blumen Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis = Betonica officinalis L. Lamiaceae FLOW 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Betonien-Blumen Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis = Betonica officinalis L. Lamiaceae FLOW 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Betonien-Blumen Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Cyanus segetum Hill. = Centaurea cyanus L. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Kornblumen Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Cyanus segetum Hill. = Centaurea cyanus L. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Kornblumen Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Cyanus segetum Hill. = Centaurea cyanus L. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Kornblumen Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Citrus ×aurantium L. Rutaceae FRU 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Pommeranzschaalen Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Citrus ×aurantium L. Rutaceae FRU 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Pommeranzschaalen Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Citrus ×aurantium L. Rutaceae FRU 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Pommeranzschaalen Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Rutaceae FRU 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Citron Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Rutaceae FRU 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Citron Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Rutaceae FRU 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Citron Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Coriander Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Coriander Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Coriander Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Echium vulgare L. Boraginaceae LEAF 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Natterblätter Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Echium vulgare L. Boraginaceae LEAF 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Natterblätter Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Echium vulgare L. Boraginaceae LEAF 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Natterblätter Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Fabaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Süsseholz Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Fabaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Süsseholz Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Fabaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Süsseholz Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Guaiacum sanctum L. or G. officinale L. Zygophyllaceae WOOD 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Lignum Sanctum Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Guaiacum sanctum L. or G. officinale L. Zygophyllaceae WOOD 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Lignum Sanctum Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Guaiacum sanctum L. or G. officinale L. Zygophyllaceae WOOD 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Lignum Sanctum Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Hedysarum spp. Fabaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Süssen Klee Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Hedysarum spp. Fabaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Süssen Klee Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Hedysarum spp. Fabaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Süssen Klee Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Matricaria spp. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Camillen Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Matricaria spp. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Camillen Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Matricaria spp. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Camillen Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Ononis spinosa L. Fabaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Steinwurzel Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Ononis spinosa L. Fabaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Steinwurzel Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Ononis spinosa L. Fabaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Steinwurzel Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Cristinel-Kraut Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Cristinel-Kraut Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. Asteraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Cristinel-Kraut Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Pyrus sp. Rosaceae FRU 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Kragel [as the common name of the old pear variety Kragel Birne] Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Pyrus sp. Rosaceae FRU 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Kragel [as the common name of the old pear variety Kragel Birne] Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Pyrus sp. Rosaceae FRU 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Kragel [as the common name of the old pear variety Kragel Birne] Brustreinigung cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Rosa spp. Rosaceae FLOW 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Rosenblätter Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Rosa spp. Rosaceae FLOW 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Rosenblätter Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Rosa spp. Rosaceae FLOW 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Rosenblätter Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Sassafras spp. Lauraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Sassafras Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Sassafras spp. Lauraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Sassafras Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Sassafras spp. Lauraceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Sassafras Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Scabiosa spp. Dipsacaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Scabiosen Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Scabiosa spp. Dipsacaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Scabiosen Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Scabiosa spp. Dipsacaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Scabiosen Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Silene baccifera (L.) Roth = Cucubalus baccifer L. Caryophyllaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Taubenkropf Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Silene baccifera (L.) Roth = Cucubalus baccifer L. Caryophyllaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Taubenkropf Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Silene baccifera (L.) Roth = Cucubalus baccifer L. Caryophyllaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Taubenkropf Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Vaccinium vitisidaea L. Ericaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Preusselbeeren-Kraut Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Vaccinium vitisidaea L. Ericaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Preusselbeeren-Kraut Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Vaccinium vitisidaea L. Ericaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Preusselbeeren-Kraut Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Veronica spp. Plantaginaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Ehrenpreis Blutreinigung Blood purification INT CARD
Veronica spp. Plantaginaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Ehrenpreis Lungenreinigung Cleansing the lungs INT RESP
Veronica spp. Plantaginaceae HERB 37 guthe Kräuter-Thee Ehrenpreis Brustreinigung Cleansing the upper respiratory tract INT RESP
Tinctura 38 Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. Sp. Vini INT
Actaea racemosa L. = Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt. Ranunculaceae SUBT 38 Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. Radix Serpentariae INT
Carlina acaulis L. Asteraceae SUBT 38 Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. Radix Carlinae INT
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae OIL 38 Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. Campher INT
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Zingiberaceae SUBT 38 Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. Radix Zedoar INT
Dictamnus albus L. Rutaceae HERB 38 Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. Radix Diptam alb. INT
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss. Apiaceae SUBT 38 Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. Radix Petros[elini] INT
Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J. Koch = Imperatoria ostruthium L. Apiaceae SUBT 38 Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. Radix Imperat. INT
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. Fabaceae HERB 38 Tinctur Bezoardica F. Grossmann Krummhübler Art. rothen Sandel INT
Inorganic 39 Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber Silber in bösen Wesen Against postpartum depression INT NERV
Organic 39 Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber Urine in bösen Wesen Against postpartum depression INT NERV
Tinctura 39 Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber Sp. Vini in bösen Wesen Against postpartum depression INT NERV
Inorganic 39 Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber Silber Haupt-Krankheiten Brain disease INT NERV
Organic 39 Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber Urine Haupt-Krankheiten Brain disease INT NERV
Tinctura 39 Tinctur Lunae, Tinktur von Silber Sp. Vini Haupt-Krankheiten Brain disease INT NERV
Organic 40 Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist Weinstein (tartar) in der Gicht Against gout INT MUSK
Organic 40 Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist Weinstein (tartar) bey lahmen Gliedern Against lame limbs INT MUSK
Organic 40 Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist Weinstein (tartar) in Lähmung Against paralysis INT NERV
Organic 40 Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist Weinstein (tartar) in Scharbock Against scurvy INT MUSK
Organic 40 Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist Weinstein (tartar) Wassersucht Oedema INT CARD
Organic 40 Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist Weinstein (tartar) Räudigkeit der Haut Erythema INT DERM
Organic 40 Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist Weinstein (tartar) eröfnet Verstopfung des Eingeweides Removes intestinal obstruction INT GAST
Organic 40 Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist Weinstein (tartar) Krätze Scabies INT DERM
Organic 40 Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist Weinstein (tartar) Franzosen Syphilis INT ANDR
Organic 40 Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist Weinstein (tartar) Franzosen Syphilis INT GYN
Organic 40 Sp. Tartari, Weinstein-Geist Weinstein (tartar) Windsucht Tympanites INT GAST
Elixir 41 Liquor anod Michaeli rothen Schlagwasser oder Englischen Balsam
Inorganic 41 Liquor anod Michaeli Sp. Nitri dulcis
Inorganic 42 Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis Kalck Magen Against stomach problems INT GAST
Inorganic 42 Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis Kalck Nieren For the kidneys INT URO
Inorganic 42 Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis Kalck stärkt die Brust Strengthens the breast INT RESP
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (as salty liquorice) Fabaceae SUBT 42 Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis Salmiac Magen Against stomach problems INT GAST
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (as salty liquorice) Fabaceae SUBT 42 Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis Salmiac Nieren For the kidneys INT URO
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (as salty liquorice) Fabaceae SUBT 42 Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis Salmiac stärkt die Brust Strengthens the breast INT RESP
Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae HERB 42 Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis Anis Magen Against stomach problems INT GAST
Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae HERB 42 Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis Anis Nieren For the kidneys INT URO
Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae HERB 42 Sp. Salammoniaci anisat. Salmiac-Geist mit Anis Anis stärkt die Brust Strengthens the breast INT RESP
Tinctura 43 Unächt. Recept zur Ess. dulcis Spiritus abgezogen von Englisch Balsam oder vom rothen Schlagwasser
Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. Fabaceae HERB 43 Unächt. Recept zur Ess. dulcis rothen Sandel
Tinctura 44 Tinct. Benzoes Sp. Vini vor die Brust For the breast INT RESP
Tinctura 44 Tinct. Benzoes Sp. Vini vor die Brust For the breast EXT OTH
Styrax spp. Styracaceae EXUD 44 Tinct. Benzoes Gummi Benzoe vor die Brust For the breast INT RESP
Styrax spp. Styracaceae EXUD 44 Tinct. Benzoes Gummi Benzoe vor die Brust For the breast EXT OTH
Rosa spp. Rosaceae FLOW 45 Tinctura Rosarum, Rosen-Tinctur Rosenblätter kühlet und stärket das Herz Strengthens the heart INT CARD
Rosa spp. Rosaceae FLOW 45 Tinctura Rosarum, Rosen-Tinctur Rosenblätter stärket die Leber Strengthens the liver INT GAST
Rosa spp. Rosaceae FLOW 45 Tinctura Rosarum, Rosen-Tinctur Rosenblätter stärket den Magen Strengthens the stomach INT GAST
Gentiana spp. Gentianaceae SUBT 46 Ess. Gentiana, Enzian-Wurzel-Essenz Enzian-Wurzel allen 3 und 4 tägigten Fiebern In all 3 and 4 days of fever INT FEV
Gentiana spp. Gentianaceae SUBT 46 Ess. Gentiana, Enzian-Wurzel-Essenz Enzian-Wurzel in Schwachheit des Magens In weakness of the stomach INT GAST

Therapeutic effects of medicinal plants in traditional and modern medicine

It is estimated that over 50% of the available drugs are currently somehow derived from medicinal plants [67, 68]. Herbal medicine (phytotherapy) is widely being used across the world on a constantly growing basis. Plant drug application is based on the experiences of traditional medicine or on new scientific research and experimental results, i.e. conventional medicine. Many medicinal plants are applied through self-medication or at the recommendation of a physician or pharmacist [69]. Phytotherapy is among the major “complementary” treatments in current use by doctors and other therapists throughout Europe [70]. Contemporary European use and trade in medicinal and aromatic plants are extensive, with eight countries (Germany, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Italy, the UK, the Russian Federation (not disaggregated by Russia-in-Europe) and Poland) being the top 20 global importers by volume of pharmaceutical plants. The top six exporters of these plants in Europe include Germany, Poland, Spain, Bulgaria, Albania and France [71, 72]. A large part of modern drugs has its roots in ancient traditions. Until today, ancient scripts have exerted a strong influence on the use of herbal medicine, and the repeated empirical testing and scientific study of health care claims guide and shape the selection of efficacious treatments and evidence-based herbal medicine [73].

Medicinal plants used by herbalists from Krummhübel were remedies for multiple ailments. The taxa that achieved the highest use or were recognised as the most versatile remedies with multiple pharmacological indications were Aloë spp., Copaifera officinalis L., Guaiacum officinale L., Commiphora spp. and Crocus (probably) sativus L. Comparison of the uses of the plants considered with their contemporary use, described in publications involved with herbal medicine and pharmacognosy (e.g. [36, 7477]), showed some novelties.

The most frequently mentioned properties of Aloë spp. are gastrointestinal activities, hepato-protective properties and beneficial effects against skin problems such as wounds, injuries and infective diseases in both the Islamic traditional medicine [78] and in modern medicine [36, 74, 76, 77]. According to Krummhübel herbalists, it has also antihelminthic properties and can be used as a remedy for the treatment of scurvy.

Copaiba (Copaifera sp.) has a wide range of ethnopharmacological indications, including the treatment of the following: cystitis, urinary incontinence, gonorrhoea and syphilis; respiratory ailments including bronchitis, strep throat, haemoptysis, pneumonia and sinusitis; infections in the skin and mucosa such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis and wounds; ulcers and lesions of the uterus; leishmaniasis and leucorrhea; anaemia; headaches; and snake bites. It is also used for its aphrodisiac, stimulant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anti-tetanus, antirheumatic, antiherpetic, anthelminthic, anticancer, antitumour (prostate tumours) and antiparalytic properties ([63] and references cited herein). Many of these indications were also mentioned by Krummhübel herbalists and are recognised by modern medicine [74, 76, 77].

Guaiacum (Guaiacum officinale L.) is stated to possess antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, mild laxative and diaphoretic properties [74, 76, 77]. Traditionally, it has been used for subacute rheumatism, also in syphilitic and gouty affections, and specifically for chronic rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis [75]. Additional medicinal uses mentioned by Krummhübel herbalists include the treatment of oedema and scabies as well as blood purification.

Myrrh is a sap-like substance (resin) that is released from cuts in the bark of trees belonging to the genus Commiphora. Myrrh has antimicrobial, astringent, carminative, expectorant, anticatarrhal, antiseptic and vulnerary properties. Traditionally, it has been used for aphthous ulcers, pharyngitis, respiratory catarrhs, common cold, furunculosis, wounds and abrasions, specifically for mouth ulcers, gingivitis and pharyngitis [75]. It is unknown which Commiphora species was used by Krummhübel herbalists, but they recommended it, among others, as a remedy for scurvy and plague as well as to stimulate appetite.

Crocus sativus L., commonly known as saffron, is used in folk medicine as an antispasmodic, eupeptic, gingival sedative, anticatarrhal, nerve sedative, carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic, aphrodisiac and emmenagogue. Furthermore, modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that saffron extract or its active constituents have antitumor effects, radical scavenger properties and hypolipemic effects [75]. Krummhübel herbalists additionally used this plant in their medical mixtures as remedies for scurvy, any injuries and to support postpartum recovery.

Since time immemorial, people have tried to find medications to alleviate pain and to cure various diseases. In every period, every successive century from the development of humankind and advanced civilisations, the healing properties of certain medicinal plants were identified, recorded and passed on to successive generations. The benefits of one society were conveyed to another, which upgraded the old properties and discovered new ones, until the present days. The continuous and perpetual interest of people in medicinal plants has led to today’s modern and sophisticated fashion of their processing and usage [69].

Conclusions

This paper presents a data mining approach and a survey of the herbal drugs contained in Reitzig. Our study revealed that many plants used in medical treatments by Krummhübel herbalists were also known in other regions between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. The medicinal plants documented in all ethnobotanical studies considered include Angelica ssp., Carlina acaulis L., Gentiana spp., Juniperus spp., Rosa spp. and Veronica spp. However, eight, mainly exotic plants, were exclusive in therapeutic mixtures of Krummhübel herbalists. They encompass Copaifera officinalis L., Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Hedysarum spp., Myristica fragrans Houtt., Piper longum L., Silene baccifera (L.) Roth and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry. Although these taxa originate from various parts of the world, they were quite frequently used in several remedies by Krummhübel herbalists and are still important herbs in modern phytotherapy. Besides, the preserved recipes of Krummhübel herbalists also cover animal, fungus and mineral formulations and other organic and inorganic ones. Comparing such old data with contemporary herbal medicine and phytotherapy might enhance our understanding of modern practices and help to document the tradition of use, which is required for the regulatory approval of new herbal drugs. We showed that therapeutic effects of medicinal plants used by Krummhübel herbalists in traditional and modern medicine are mainly congruent, but there are also some novelties.

Currently, based on the achievements of Krummhübel herbalists, it seems to be important to attempt to reproduce therapeutic mixtures from the preserved recipes. This would provide an opportunity to learn more about the real effects of the former medicines and their therapeutic activities. The obtained data can also be used in the search for new drugs.

Additional file

Additional file 1: (37.5KB, xlsx)

A full dataset of the recorded plant taxa, plant parts and other constituents used, as well as the therapeutic uses. (XLSX 37 kb)

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Mrs. Bożena Polak, M.Sc. (an academic teacher of the German language at the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland) for helping in translating some of the old German phrases. We also wish to thank Mrs. Anne Roestel (Deutsches Apotheken-Museum, Heidelberg, Germany) for helping in determining the composition and use of certain inorganic components of medicinal mixtures produced by Krummhübel herbalists. We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and their insightful comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the final paper.

Funding

No funding was received for this research.

Availability of data and materials

Data on the ethnobotanical/medical uses of plants are presented in this article in Table 1.

Authors’ contributions

KS, IS and JP conceived and designed the study. JP and MP conducted the data collection and analysed the data. Literature retrieval was done by KS, IS and JP. KS, IS and JP drafted the manuscript. JP participated in the design and coordination. JP identified the plant species and reviewed the ethnobotanical literature. JP and MP revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Contributor Information

Krzysztof Spałek, Email: kspalek@uni.opole.pl.

Izabela Spielvogel, Email: i.spielvogel@po.opole.pl.

Małgorzata Proćków, Email: malgorzata.prockow@uwr.edu.pl.

Jarosław Proćków, Phone: (+48 71)320 57 97, Email: jaroslaw.prockow@upwr.edu.pl.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Additional file 1: (37.5KB, xlsx)

A full dataset of the recorded plant taxa, plant parts and other constituents used, as well as the therapeutic uses. (XLSX 37 kb)

Data Availability Statement

Data on the ethnobotanical/medical uses of plants are presented in this article in Table 1.


Articles from Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine are provided here courtesy of BMC

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