Abstract
Background and purpose — It has been suggested that cemented arthroplasty is associated with increased peri- and postoperative mortality due to bone cement implanting syndrome, especially in fracture surgery. We investigated such an association in elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients and hemiarthroplasty (HA) patients treated for femoral neck fracture.
Patients and methods — All 10,677 patients receiving elective THA or HA for fracture in our hospital between 2004 and 2015 were identified. Mortality rates for cemented and uncemented THA and HA were compared at different times postoperatively using logistic regression analysis. Analysis was adjusted for age, sex, ASA class, and year of surgery.
Results — Adjusted 10- and 30-day mortality after cemented THA was comparable to that of the uncemented THA (OR 1.7; 95% CI 0.3–8.7 and OR 1.6; CI 0.7–3.6, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the adjusted 2-day mortality in the cemented HA group when compared with the uncemented group. However, in a subgroup analyses of ASA-class IV HA patients there was a difference, statistically not significant, during the first 2 days postoperatively in the cemented HA group compared with the uncemented HA group (OR 2.1; CI 0.9–4.7).
Interpretation — Cementing may still be a safe option in both elective and hip fracture arthroplasty. Excess mortality of cemented THA and HA in the longer term is comorbidity related, not due to bone cement implantation syndrome. However, in the most fragile HA patient group caution is needed at the moment of cementing.
Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is considered a safe procedure and over recent years early postoperative mortality has decreased (Hunt et al. 2013). In a recent systematic review, mortality during the first 30 postoperative days after THA was 0.3% (Berstock et al. 2014).
Conversely, femoral neck fracture is associated with high peri- and postoperative mortality. 30-day mortality has been reported to be as high as 5–10% (Keating et al. 2006, Moja et al. 2012, Smith et al. 2014). This is largely explained by most of these patients being fragile with several comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, cognitive impairment, and poor pre-fracture mobility.
THA can be performed as cemented, uncemented, hybrid (uncemented cup and cemented stem) or reverse hybrid (cemented cup and uncemented stem) whereas hemiarthroplasty can be performed with or without bone cement. Cemented THA has superior implant survival rates compared with uncemented THA in long term follow-up in elderly patients (Issack et al. 2003, Buckwalter et al. 2006, Morshed et al. 2007, Mäkelä et al. 2014). In addition, national guidelines in Finland, Sweden, and the UK recommend cemented HA in femoral neck fracture (National Clinical Guideline 2011, Rogmark et al. 2014, Current Care Guidelines 2017). However, some surgeons hesitate to use bone cement due to the possibility of bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS), which may cause cardiovascular disturbances, pulmonary embolism, and at worst death of the patient (Donaldson et al. 2009).
We investigated whether the use of bone cement is associated with higher immediate mortality in patients treated with THA or HA in Turku University Hospital. We also assessed separately whether there is a difference in the early postoperative mortality in the most fragile (ASA-class IV–V) patients treated with cemented or uncemented HA.
Patients and methods
Source of data
This study was performed at Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. Patients operated for OA, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile arthritis, unspecified arthritis, or femoral neck fracture (ICD-10 codes M16.0 - M16.9, M05.8, M05.9, M06.0, M07.3, M08.0, M08.3, M13.9, S72.0) with uncemented, cemented, or hybrid THA (ICD-10 codes NFB30, NFB40, and NFB50) or with cemented or uncemented HA (ICD-10 code NFB10, NFB20) were included in the study. During the study period from January 1, 2004 to May 8, 2015, 7,569 primary THAs and 3,108 HAs were performed in Turku University Hospital. For every patient the preoperative diagnosis and sex, age, and ASA class at the time of the operation were recorded. Time of death was obtained from the National Causes of Death Statistics maintained by Statistics Finland.
Study population
Of the 7,569 primary THAs 74% were uncemented,18% cemented, and 8.5% hybrid. 60% of the THA operations were performed on women and the most common preoperative diagnosis was OA (75%). Of the HAs 38% were uncemented and 62% were cemented. During the study period the use of cemented THA decreased in Finland whereas the use of uncemented THA increased (Finnish Arthroplasty Register [FAR] 2017). The use of uncemented HA increased a little while the use of cemented HA remained constant (Yli-Kyyny et al. 2014). In the HA group 71% of the operations were performed on women and all these operations were performed due to femoral neck fracture. In all study groups, ASA classes I, IV, and V were highly uncommon and we therefore grouped ASA classes I–II and IV–V together. The baseline characteristics for the study groups are given in Table 1.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for the patient cohorts
| Uncemented | Cemented | Uncemented | Hybrid | Cemented | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HA | HA | THA | THA | THA | |
| Number of patients | 1,142 | 1,868 | 4,855 | 612 | 1,274 |
| Number of operations | 1,173 | 1,935 | 5,563 | 640 | 1,366 |
| Percentage of females | 67 | 74 | 56 | 68 | 73 |
| Mean age (SD) | 81 (10) | 83 (8) | 65 (10) | 75 (8) | 77 (6) |
| range | 37–107 | 40–103 | 13–96 | 38–91 | 42–97 |
| ASA class 1–2, n (%) | 115 (10) | 194 (10) | 3,303 (59) | 258 (40) | 494 (36) |
| ASA class 3, n (%) | 707 (60) | 1,234 (64) | 2,163 (39) | 363 (57) | 819 (60) |
| ASA class 4, n (%) | 349 (30) | 501 (26) | 86 (2) | 18 (3) | 52 (4) |
THA = total hip arthroplasty. HA = hemiarthroplasty.
A third-generation cementing technique (washing the bone with pulsed lavage, use of an intramedullary plug and retrograde insertion of the cement) was used in all operations. Simultaneous bilateral THAs were not included. There were 1,123 patients who had both hips operated on; all operations were performed on a different day and they were included in the study as separate procedures.
Statistics
Mortality at 2 days, 10 days, 30 days, 90 days, 180 days, and one year was assessed. Binary logistic regression was used to compare the mortality in the cemented HA group compared with the uncemented HA group and the mortality in the hybrid THA and cemented THA groups compared with the uncemented THA group. A random intercept logistic model was used to account for the dependency between operations performed for the same patient. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounding factors age, gender, ASA class, and year of surgery. In addition, subgroup analysis for patients of ASA class IV was applied to compare the mortality between the cemented and the uncemented HA groups. This analysis was also adjusted for age, sex, and year of surgery. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were done with SAS System for Windows, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
Ethics, funding, and potential conflicts of interest
Ethical approval was granted by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Turku (approval number THL/926/5.05.00/2017). This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Results
The number of deaths for each group is presented in Table 2. There were no statistically significant differences in mortality at any time point when comparing hybrid THA with uncemented THA (Table 3). There were no deaths during the 1st 2 days postoperatively in the uncemented THA group, 1 (0.2%) in the hybrid group, and 3 (0.2%) in the cemented group (Table 2). There were more deaths in the cemented THA group when comparing with the uncemented THA group after adjusting the groups for age, sex, ASA class, and year of surgery at 180 days (OR 2.0; CI 1.0–3.7) postoperatively (Table 3). No statistically significant difference was found at other time points.
Table 2.
Number of deaths
| Uncemented | Cemented | Uncemented | Hybrid | Cemented | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HA | HA | THA | THA | THA | |
| Number of operations | 1,173 | 1,935 | 5,563 | 640 | 1,366 |
| Number of deaths, n (%) | |||||
| 0–2 days | 22 (1.9) | 50 (2.6) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) |
| 0–10 days | 61 (5.2) | 99 (5.1) | 4 (0.1) | 2 (0.3) | 5 (0.4) |
| 0–30 days | 105 (9.0) | 171 (8.9) | 6 (0.1) | 2 (0.3) | 9 (0.7) |
| 0–90 days | 173 (14.8) | 303 (15.7) | 17 (0.3) | 5 (0.8) | 19 (1.4) |
| 0–180 days | 227 (19.4) | 388 (20.1) | 29 (0.5) | 8 (0.3) | 29 (2.1) |
| 0–365 days | 279 (23.8) | 503 (26.0) | 50 (0.9) | 14 (2.2) | 41 (3.0) |
THA = total hip arthroplasty. HA = hemiarthroplasty.
Table 3.
Postoperative mortality risk for uncemented THA compared with hybrid and cemented THA, OR, 95% CI, and p-value (adjusted for age, sex, ASA class, and year of surgery)
| Uncemented | Hybrid THA | Cemented THA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| THA (ref.) | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| 0–2 days | 1 | NA | NA | ||
| 0–10 days | 1 | 3.2 (0.5–20.2) | 0.2 | 1.7 (0.3–8.7) | 0.5 |
| 0–30 days | 1 | 1.7 (0.6–4.9) | 0.4 | 1.6 (0.7–3.6) | 0.3 |
| 0–90 days | 1 | 1.7 (0.6–4.9) | 0.4 | 1.6 (0.7–3.6) | 0.3 |
| 0–180 days | 1 | 1.7 (0.7–3.9) | 0.2 | 2.0 (1.0–3.7) | 0.04 |
| 0–365 days | 1 | 1.5 (0.8–2.9) | 0.2 | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | 0.08 |
NA = Not available due to zero deaths during the first two days postoperatively in the uncemented THA group.
With unadjusted data there were more deaths in the cemented HA group (50 deaths, 2.6%) when compared with the uncemented HA group (22 deaths, 1.9%) during the 1st 2 days postoperatively (Table 2). Of these patients 30 in the cemented HA group and 10 in the uncemented group were classified as ASA class IV. Age, sex, ASA class, and year of surgery adjusted mortality did not differ statistically significantly between the groups during the 1st 2 postoperative days (OR 1.4; CI 0.8–2.3) (Table 4). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the mortality rate between cemented and uncemented HA at any other time point either.
Table 4.
Postoperative mortality risk for cemented HA compared with uncemented HA, OR, 95% CI, and p-value (adjusted for age, sex, ASA class, and year of surgery)
| Uncemented | Cemented THA | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| THA (ref.) | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| 0–2 days | 1 | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 0.3 |
| 0–10 days | 1 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.0 |
| 0–30 days | 1 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 |
| 0–90 days | 1 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.5 |
| 0–180 days | 1 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 |
| 0–365 days | 1 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.4 |
In the subgroup analyses of patients of ASA class IV there was a difference in mortality that did not reach statistical significance during the 1st 2 postoperative days in the cemented HA group when compared with the uncemented HA group (OR 2.1; CI 0.9–4.7). No statistically significant difference in mortality was found thereafter either.
Discussion
We found no statistically significant difference in the adjusted early postoperative mortality after cemented THA compared with uncemented or hybrid THA. Further, we found no statistically significant differences in the adjusted mortality between cemented and uncemented HA at any time point. However, in the subgroup analyses of ASA class IV HA patients there was a difference that did not quite reach our criteria for statistical significance during the 1st 2 days postoperatively in the cemented HA group compared with the uncemented HA group. Based on our results, cementing may be a safe option in both elective and fracture hip surgery. However, in the most fragile HA patient group caution is needed at the moment of cementing.
Cementing is the gold standard for implant fixation, especially in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fractures. Bone cement has been thought to strengthen bone from inside and, therefore, to decrease the risk for periprosthetic fracture, osteolysis, and loosening. All major registries show lower revision rates for cemented implants in elderly patients with OA (Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register 2013, AOANJRR 2016, NJR 2016, FAR 2017). Additionally, there is evidence that cementing the stem reduces postoperative pain and leads to better mobility (Parker et al. 2010). Cementing may also decrease the risk of reoperation when compared with uncemented hemiarthroplasty in hip fracture patients (Gjertsen et al. 2012, Yli-Kyyny et al. 2014). Due to these data, the proportion of cemented stems has been increasing recently and 62% of the HA patients in this study were cemented. Earlier studies reported that cementing of the hip device was associated with a risk of BCIS increasing perioperative morbidity and mortality (Coventry et al. 1974, Ereth et al. 1992, Parvizi et al. 1999). It has been suggested that the risk of BCIS might be increased in hip fracture patients who are, in general, old and fragile and have several comorbidities (Keating et al. 2006, Moja et al. 2012). Improvements in surgical and anesthesiology techniques and implants, the use of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) in the 1980s, and operating room sterility have significantly reduced overall mortality risks associated with hip arthroplasty.
There are earlier studies reporting increased early postoperative mortality in patients treated with cemented HA (Parvizi et al. 1999, Yli-Kyyny et al. 2014). We found a higher proportion of perioperative deaths (0–2 days postoperatively) in the cemented HA group than in the uncemented HA group. It is possible that these numbers include deaths due to BCIS; nonetheless, this could not be confirmed as we did not have access to the cause of death. However, this difference vanished after adjusting data for age, sex, and ASA class, suggesting that the difference was not due to cementing. This is in line with registry studies from Australia and UK where there has not been an increase in early postoperative mortality when comparing cemented and uncemented implants (Costa et al. 2011, Costain et al. 2011). Also, in studies reporting increased early postoperative mortality when using bone cement, the risk disappeared after the first postoperative week or even reversed to a lower mortality for those treated with a cemented prosthesis (Costain et al. 2011, Yli-Kyyny et al. 2014). In our study, in the most fragile patient group (ASA class IV) we found a tendency toward higher mortality during the 1st 2 days when bone cement was used. However, most of these patients survive the immediate postoperative period and long-term outcome may motivate cementation.
We found in the adjusted data an increased risk of death in patients treated with cemented THA when compared with patients treated with uncemented THA at 180 days postoperatively. This late mortality, however, is not explained by BCIS. It is probably due to the baseline differences in the treatment groups: patients treated with cemented THA were older than patients treated with uncemented THA. Our finding is in line with an earlier study that found no increase in mortality with cemented THA compared with uncemented THA during the first 30 postoperative days (Parvizi et al. 2001).
Our study has several limitations. First, we do not have information concerning perioperative resuscitations due to BCIS that did not lead to the patient’s death. It is possible that there is more morbidity due to cementing, which might affect to patient’s quality of life. Second, we did not have the causes of death. Therefore, we do not know the absolute number of deaths due to BCIS. However, we focused on overall mortality. Also, besides ASA class, we did not have information on patients’ comorbidities known to affect the risk of death (such as dementia or congestive heart failure) and therefore study groups could not be adjusted for these. Third, the early mortality rate after THA is low and it is possible that in a larger population some smaller differences in the mortality could be detected. Further, some surgeons may have hesitated to use bone cement due to the possibility of BCIS. This may cause some selection bias to our results, although we think of minor importance.
Lastly, that differences in the mortality rates did not reach statistical significance does not exclude excess mortality in a group, especially when confidence intervals are large. However, our data imply that it is unlikely bone cementing would increase mortality rates in THA patients, although we cannot exclude some excess mortality in HA patients.
In summary, there was no statistically significant difference in adjusted perioperative and short-term postoperative mortality between patients treated with cemented HA or THA and patients treated with uncemented HA or THA or hybrid THA in our material. Cementing may still be a safe option in both elective and fracture hip surgery. Excess mortality of cemented THA and HA in the longer term is comorbidity related, not due to BCIS.
KM designed and coordinated the study. EE collected the data and drafted the manuscript. IL helped to draft the manuscript. TV calculated the statistics. KM, IL, KI, AL, TV, and EE contributed to the interpretation of the data and results and to the preparation of the manuscript. All authors read the final manuscript.
Acta thanks Anne Garland and Sven-Erik Ricksten for help with peer review of this study.
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