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. 2019 May 23;5(5):e01627. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01627

Table 5.

Summary of experimental and theoretical works related to cylindrical heat pipe with screen mesh type wick structure using nanofluids.

Literature Desc. of Working Medium Desc. of operating parameters Critique Outcome Year
Shukla [41] Types of nanofluids: Ag, Cu/Water
% concentration: 0.01,-0.15 wt%		 Heat Load (W): 100–250
Surface temperature (°C): 10–85
  • o

    Efficiency was enhanced by 8% using Ag/DI water and 14% using Cu/DI water nanofluids as compare with DI water.

 2010
Liu et al. [42] Types of nanofluids: CuO/DI Water
% concentration: 0.5–2.0 wt%
Filling ratio: 60 % VEvap.
Particle size (nm): 50		 Heat Load (W): 20–150
Surface temperature (°C): 60, 50, 40
Pressure: 19.97, 12.38, 7.45 kPa
  • o

    Evaporating heat transfer coefficient averagely increased by 2.5 times at 1.0 wt% concentration.

  • o

    Total heat resistance decrease by 60% using 1.0 wt% CuO nanofluid.

 2011
Mousa [1] Types of nanofluids: Al2O3/Water
% concentration: 0.25–1.5 v%
Filling ratio: 20–100%
Particle size (nm): 40		 Heat Load (W): 0–60 W
Surface temperature (°C): 34–44
Pressure: 0.01 bar
  • o

    Optimum filling ratio was 0.45–0.50.

  • o

    Thermal performance was decreased by increasing concentration.

 2011
Hajian et al. [3] Types of nanofluids: Ag/DI Water
% concentration: 50, 200, 600 ppm
Filling ratio: 250 ml
Particle size (nm): 50		 Heat Load (W): 300–500
Surface temperature (°C): 20-90
Pressure: 10-2 torr
  • o

    The thermal resistance and response time of heat pipe was decreased by 30% and 20% respectively as compared with DI water.

 2012
Putra et al. [43] Types of nanofluids: Ag/DI Water
% concentration: 1–5 v%		 Heat Load (W): 10, 20, 30 W
Surface temperature (°C): 20–90
Pressure: 137.8 kPa
  • o

    5 v% concentrations had given best thermal performance using Ag/water nanofluid.

 2012
Senthilkumar et al. [44] Types of nanofluids: Cu/DI Water
% concentration: 100 mg/lit.
Particle size (nm): 40		 Orientation (Deg.): 0–90
Heat Load (W): 30–70
  • o

    30° and 45° are optimum angles for DI water and copper respectively.

  • o

    Thermal efficiency was enhanced by 10% using copper nanofluid compare with DI water.

 2012
Solomon et al. [45] Types of nanofluids: Cu/DI Water
Particle size (nm): 80-90		 Heat Load (W): 100, 150, 200
Surface temperature (°C): 30–90
  • o

    Thermal resistance was reduced by 40% and heat transfer coefficient was enhanced by 40% using coating in heat pipe.

  • o

    Total resistance was decreased by 19%, 15% and 14% at heat load of 100, 150 and 200 W respectively.

 2012
Wang et al. [46] Types of nanofluids: CuO/Water
% concentration: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 wt%
Filling ratio: 50% VEvap.
Particle size (nm): 50		 Orientation (Deg.): 30, 45, 60, 90
Heat Load (W): 0–180 W
Surface temperature (°C): 40, 50, 60
Pressure: 7.45, 12.38, 19.97 kPa
  • o

    Evaporator and condenser HTC were improve by 22% and 5% at 45° inclinations.

  • o

    Heat removal capacity of heat pipe was increase by 40% using 1.0 wt% CuO.

 2012
Asirvatham et al. [47] Types of nanofluids: Ag/water
% concentration: 0.003, 0.009 v%
Filling ratio: 30 % Hp
Particle size (nm): 58.35		 Heat Load (W): 20–100
Surface temperature (°C): 20-160
  • o

    Thermal conductivity was increased by 42.4%, 56.8% and 73.% for 0.003, 0.006 and 0.009 v% respectively.

  • o

    A thermal resistance was reduced by 76.2% for 0.009 v%.

 2013
Kole et al. [48] Types of nanofluids: Cu/DI Water
% concentration: 0.0005, 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 wt%
Particle size (nm): 40		 Orientation (Deg.): 45, 60, 90
Heat Load (W): 10, 40, 70, 100
Surface temperature (°C): 24-32
  • o

    Maximum thermal conductivity was enhanced by 15% with 0.5 wt% concentration of nanofluids.

  • o

    Vertical orientation with 0.5 wt% concentration had 27% reduction in thermal resistance.

 2013
Kumar et al. [49] Types of nanofluids: TiO2/DI Water
% concentration: 100 mg/lit.
Filling ratio: 30 ml
Particle size (nm): 50		 Orientation (Deg.): 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90
Heat Load (W): 30, 40, 50, 60, 70
Surface temperature (°C): 20-100
  • o

    Thermal efficiency of nanofluids was higher than base fluid due to dilute aqueous solution of n-Butanol which have positive surface gradient with temperature.

 2013
Saleh et al. [50] Types of nanofluids: ZnO/EG ---
  • o

    Wall temperature was reduced by 60 °C using nanofluids as compare to base fluid.

 2013
Saleh et al. [51] Types of nanofluids: TiO2/DI Water
% concentration: 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 10 v%
Particle size (nm): 33		 Orientation (Deg.): 0, 45, 90
Heat Load (W): 8, 16, 24
Surface temperature (°C): 22–190
  • o

    45° inclination angle and 60% charge volume ratio had best thermal performance.

 2014
Ghanbarpour et al. [52] Types of nanofluids:SiC/Water
% concentration: 0.35, 0.7, 1.0 wt%
Particle size (nm): 35		 Orientation (Deg.): 0–90
Heat Load (W): 50–160 W
Temperature difference dT = 3–9 °C
  • o

    Maximum heat removal capacity of the heat pipe was increases by 29% at mass concentration of 1.0 wt.%.

 2015
Kim et al. [58] Types of nanofluids: SiC/water
% concentration: 0.01–0.1 v%
Filling ratio: 100 % of wick vol.		 Heat Load (W): 120–1120
Surface temperature (°C): 45–65
Pressure: 12.5 kPa
  • o

    Evaporation thermal resistance of SiC coated wick and SiC/water filled heat pipes had higher compared to uncoated water heat pipe.

 2015
Mortezaa et al. [54] Types of nanofluids: Al2O3/DI Water
% concentration: 5–10 wt%
Particle size (nm): 100-200		 Heat Load (W): 5, 15, 25, 35, 45
Surface temperature (K): 295–330
  • o

    5wt% concentration had improved thermal performance whereas 10wt% concentration had deteriorated the performance.

 2015
Venkatachalapathy et al. [55] Types of nanofluids: CuO/DI Water
% concentration: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt%
Particle size (nm): 50		 Orientation (Deg.): 090
Heat Load (W): 40-120
Surface temperature (°C): 30-80
Pressure: 7.45 kPa
  • o

    Evaporation and condensation HTC were improved by 30.50% and 23.54% respectively at 60° inclination angle.

 2015
Kim et al. [58] Types of nanofluids: Graphene Oxide/water
% concentration: 0.01, 0.03 v%
Filling ratio: 100% of wick volume
Particle size (nm): 350		 Heat Load (W): 25–450
Surface temperature (°C): 0–140
Pressure: 14.5 kPa
  • o

    Thermal resistance was decreased by 25%.

  • o

    0.03 v% concentration showed lower heat transfer than 0.01 v%.

 2016
Chavda [59] Types of nanofluids: Ag/DI Water
% concentration: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 v%
Filling ratio: 40%
Particle size (nm): 15, 25, 35		 Orientation (Deg.): 0–90
Heat Load (W): 10–140 W
Surface temperature (°C): 50–120
Pressure: 10–3 torr
  • o

    35nm size silver nanoparticles, 0.3% volume concentration, 45° inclination angle and 120–140 W heat input had given best thermal performance.

 2016
Ramachandran et al. [60] Types of nanofluids: Al2O3-CuO/DI Water
% concentration: 0.1 v%
Filling ratio: 5.12 ml
Particle size (nm): 50		 Heat Load (W): 50-250
Pressure: 10–4 torr
  • o

    Thermal resistance of hybrid nanofluid with Al2O3 25%-CuO 50% shows 44.25% reduction in thermal resistance.

 2016
Senthil et al. [61] Types of nanofluids: Al2O3/DI Water
% concentration: 1 v%
Filling ratio: 25, 50, 75, 100%
Particle size (nm): 50		 Orientation (Deg.): 0, 30, 60, 90
  • o

    75% filling ratio and 30° inclination angle showed better thermal efficiency as compared with DI water.

 2016
Kavusi et al. [62] Types of nanofluids: Al2O3, Ag, CuO/Water
% concentration: 2, 5, 10 V%
Particle size (nm): 10, 20, 40		 Heat Load (W): 455, 1184, 2000
  • o

    Thermal efficiency was enhanced by 10.60% by using 0.10v% concentration.

  • o

    Optimum angles were 60° and 45° for DI water and alcohol respectively.

 2017