Annotated checklist for stony corals of American Sāmoa with reference to mesophotic depth records

Anthony D Montgomery; Douglas Fenner; Robert J Toonen

doi:10.3897/zookeys.849.34763

. 2019 May 21;849:1–170. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.849.34763

Annotated checklist for stony corals of American Sāmoa with reference to mesophotic depth records

Anthony D Montgomery ^1,^2,^✉, Douglas Fenner ³, Robert J Toonen ¹

PMCID: PMC6538593 PMID: 31171897

Abstract

An annotated checklist of the stony corals (Scleractinia, Milleporidae, Stylasteridae, and Helioporidae) of American Sāmoa is presented. A total of 377 valid species has been reported from American Sāmoa with 342 species considered either present (251) or possibly present (91). Of these 342 species, 66 have a recorded geographical range extension and 90 have been reported from mesophotic depths (30–150 m). Additionally, four new species records (Acanthastreasubechinata Veron, 2000, Favitesparaflexuosus Veron, 2000, Echinophylliaechinoporoides Veron & Pichon, 1980, Turbinariairregularis Bernard, 1896) are presented. Coral species of concern include species listed under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of threatened species. Approximately 17.5% of the species present or possibly present are categorized as threatened by IUCN compared to 27% of the species globally. American Sāmoa has seven ESA-listed or ESA candidate species, including Acroporaglobiceps (Dana, 1846), Acroporajacquelineae Wallace, 1994, Acroporaretusa (Dana, 1846), Acroporaspeciosa (Quelch, 1886), Fimbriaphylliaparadivisa (Veron, 1990), Isoporacrateriformis (Gardiner, 1898), and Pocilloporameandrina Dana, 1846. There are two additional species possibly present, i.e., Pavonadiffluens (Lamarck, 1816) and Poritesnapopora Veron, 2000.

Keywords: Helioporidae, mesophotic coral ecosystems, Milleporidae, new records, Scleractinia, Stylasteridae, WoRMS, World List of Scleractinia

Introduction

American Sāmoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States and lies between Hawaiʻi and New Zealand in the Southern Pacific Ocean (Figure 1). The Samoan Archipelago includes American Sāmoa, which consists of five high islands (Tutuila, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Olosega, and Taʻū), one low island (Swains Island), and an atoll (Rose), and the Independent state of Sāmoa at the west end of the archipelago with the two high islands (Upola and Savaiʻi) and eight smaller islands. Tonga lies approximately 900 km to the southwest and Tuvalu lies approximately 1,400 km to the northwest.

Figure 1. — Map of American Sāmoa. A map of American Sāmoa showing its proximity to Independent Sāmoa and the distances between all the island groups (in green) and shallow (< 150 meter depth) banks (in purple) within the territory.

Coral reef research has been conducted in American Sāmoa since the early 1900s with work analyzing the growth rate of coral reefs and reporting the World’s second stony coral transect (Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Mayor 1918). Since then, there has been a series of studies around the territory documenting its coral communities (Hoffmeister 1925; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Maragos et al. 1994) including coral species checklists (Lamberts 1983; Birkeland 2001, 2007a, 2007b; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011). While there have been several papers looking at the coral species of American Sāmoa, most are not peer-reviewed and none to date have considered the mesophotic zone explicitly. This has led to a large amount of documentation on the coral diversity across the territory, but not in a comprehensive manner that analyzes all available data and the scale of evidence for a complete coral species presence.

Previously referred to as deep coral reefs or the coral reef twilight zone (Pyle 1996, 1998, 2000), mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCE) are well defined in the literature: “Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) are characterized by the presence of light-dependent corals and associated communities that are typically found at depths ranging from 30 to 40 m and extending to over 150 m in tropical and subtropical regions. The dominant communities providing structural habitat in the mesophotic zone can be comprised of coral, sponge, and algal species” (Hinderstein et al. 2010). Previously thought to be marginal habitats, MCEs have been hypothesized as potential refugia for shallow water corals under the ‘deep reef refugia’ hypothesis (DRRH) (Glynn 1996; Hughes and Tanner 2000; Riegl and Piller 2003; Bak et al. 2005; Kahng et al. 2010; Bongaerts et al. 2010; Tenggardjaja et al. 2014; Holstein et al. 2015). Others have argued that MCEs host different communities of species, and make unlikely refugia from a warming ocean (Hurley et al. 2016; Smith et al. 2016; Bongaerts et al. 2017; Semmler et al. 2017). Bongaerts et al. (2010) reviewed the current literature regarding the DRRH for Caribbean reefs and concluded that the DRRH is more likely to apply to “depth generalist” species and may serve a greater importance in the upper range of MCEs (30–60 m). This was later exemplified on a Pacific reef in Okinawa, where the coral Seriatoporahystrix Dana, 1846 was extirpated from shallow water, and later discovered in an upper MCE at depths of 35 to 47 m (Sinniger et al. 2013). Here, we provide a notation for each species reported to be within the mesophotic zone in order to provide a common baseline on species occurrence.

The biogeography of corals has only been studied in the last few decades (Stehli and Wells 1971) with species level comparisons in the last two decades. Corals of the World (CoTW; Veron et al. (2019) recognizes 833 valid zooxanthellate scleractinian species globally and does not include the azooxanthellate dendrophylliid corals (Cairns 2001; Arrigoni et al. 2014) as well as the cave dwelling Leptoseristroglodyta Hoeksema, 2012 (Hoeksema 2012a). The World List of Scleractinia (WLS) reports 1,610 valid species with approximately half of those being zooxanthellate, hermatypic species (Hoeksema and Cairns 2019). Broad-scale biogeographic studies require regional-scale data that can be traced back to a consistent taxonomy (Veron 1995). The most comprehensive biogeographic analysis of scleractinians has been completed by Veron et al. (2015) and CoTW (Veron 2000; Veron et al. 2019). Together, these studies show a pattern of highest diversity in the Coral Triangle with decreasing diversity towards the north, east, and south (Hoeksema 2007; Veron et al. 2015). The ecoregion described by Veron et al. (2019) that includes American Sāmoa is the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion and includes the island groups of Tuvalu, Tokelau, Wallis and Futuna, Tonga, Niuē, and the Sāmoa Archipelago. Veron et al. (2019) reports this ecoregion has 313 reef coral species, while the neighboring ecoregions range from 16 to over 500 coral reef species and the Coral Triangle with 627 coral reef species (Table 1; Veron et al. 2019).

Table 1.

Zooxanthellate, reef-dwelling scleractinian species richness for the ecoregions surrounding American Sāmoa based on Veron et al. (2019).

Ecoregion	Number of species
Coral Triangle	627
Bismarck Sea, New Guinea	538
Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea	523
Solomon Islands and Bougainville	516
New Caledonia	439
Fiji	395
Caroline Islands, Micronesia	395
Vanuatu	391
Pohnpei and Kosrae, Micronesia	384
Coral Sea	378
Kiribati west, Gilbert Islands	316
Sāmoa, Tuvalu, Tonga	313
Marshall Islands	309
Great Barrier Reef south	308
Kiribati, north-east Line Islands	194
Cook Islands, central Pacific	181
Kiribati central, Phoenix Islands	178
Society Islands, French Polynesia	176
Austral Islands, French Polynesia	153
Tuamotu Archipelago west, central Pacific	117
Kiribati, south-east Line Islands	112
Tuamotu Archipelago south-east and Pitcairn Islands	104
Hawaii east	58
Johnston Atoll, north central Pacific	37
Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia	23
Kermadec Islands, south Pacific	16

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In order to make available the vast history of work completed in American Sāmoa, we present a detailed annotated analysis for the reported shallow and mesophotic stony coral species including scleractinian, milleporid, stylasterid, and helioporid species. This analysis presents the information in an open, transparent manner that allows the reader to judge any particular observation over and beyond our analysis. The goal of this study is to provide a foundation for a thorough species list for the Territory of American Sāmoa with a mechanism that allows the reader to trace back to the original recording of the species. This mechanism will allow different interpretations of the taxonomy, confidence of a species observation, or future analyses of species presence to be re-analyzed or questioned easily. Further, we believe this type of approach to a species checklist on a small regional scale can provide a valuable contribution to broader scale biogeographic analyses as discussed by Veron (1995).

Materials and methods

Species occurrences in the study area were recorded from all available literature (Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Dahl and Lamberts 1977; USACE 1980; Dahl 1981; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hoeksema 1989; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Green and Hunter 1998; Green et al. 1999; Mundy and Green 1999; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Wolstenholme et al. 2003; Cornish and DiDonato 2004; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Fenner et al. 2008; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Forsman and Birkeland 2009; Forsman et al. 2009; Bare et al. 2010; Benzoni et al. 2010; Kenyon et al. 2010, 2011; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; AM 2018; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018; NMNH 2018; Creuwels 2019; Gross 2019; Montgomery et al. 2019; Paulay and Brown 2019). Each appearance of a species name was recorded with as much information as available including the exact spelling of the species name, identification qualifiers (e.g., cf., aff., ?, etc.), survey type, island, species location (e.g., site name, transect label, etc.), the reference of the appearance, if the species was referenced to a different source and its reference, and any other general notes or information. This information was collected in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and imported into R where the data were validated. All unique species names were cross-referenced with valid accepted names in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) through their REST webservice (http://www.marinespecies.org/rest/). Names were queried for exact matches and missing matches were queried for fuzzy matches based on the Taxamatch algorithm (Rees 2014). Remaining names were queried again with older generic names (e.g., Madrepora instead of Acropora). All remaining names were retained as used.

Additional data validation steps included the elimination of duplicate returns from WoRMS, examining each individual fuzzy match return and dubious names, and standardizing nomenclature for unaccepted name explanations. The classification was updated based on the accepted valid name of a species and added to all records from the WoRMS database. Finally, any missing names that were unable to be matched with WoRMS records were added individually.

The checklist is arranged by species presence determination and then by order and alphabetically by family, genus and species for each valid name. Each species record starts with listing the valid species name as accepted in WoRMS (WoRMS Editorial Board 2018). The valid name is hyperlinked to the WoRMS species taxa webpage followed by the species authority and AphiaID. Under each valid name, species names as appeared in the literature are reported followed by the species authority and AphiaID. Species names that have grammatical misspellings are labeled with [sic]. If the species was a synonym, then it was labeled as a heterotypic or homotypic synonym. We use the term ‘homotypic synonym’ to refer to cases where the same species epithet is combined with different genera, and ‘heterotypic synonym’ in cases where different species epithets are regarded as subjective junior synonyms. While the terms ‘objective synonym’ and ‘subjective synonym’ are technically defined within the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) Code to mean essentially the same (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/index.jsp?booksection=glossary&nfv=true), in our experience the term ‘objective synonym’ is most commonly used in cases of different species epithets that share the same type specimen (e.g., replacement names). Therefore, we believe the terms ‘homotypic synonym’ and ‘heterotypic synonym’ are more appropriate in the present context, which is consistent with how these terms are most commonly used for taxonomic purposes. Each species name is followed by the references that used that exact name and spelling. The references are separated into first-hand accounts labeled as reported and second or more hand accounts labeled as referenced.

All names (valid and synonymies) according to the World List of Scleractinia (Hoeksema and Cairns 2019) were cross-referenced with the accepted names by Veron et al. (2019), Wallace (1999), and Wallace et al. (2012) to provide the reader with a potentially different view of the species and highlight any differences. Any name that matched a name accepted by Wallace (1999) or Wallace et al. (2012) was noted by CCW. Any name that matched a name accepted by Veron et al. (2019) was notated as CoTW. The notation also provides a hyperlink to the factsheet available on the CoTW webpage (http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/). Veron et al. (2019) is an electronic source that has evolved from the printed worldwide overview of reef-dwelling Scleractinia by Veron (2000), while Hoeksema and Cairns (2019) is based on published taxonomic revisions of various scleractinian families and genera, partly based on molecular analyses and/or on the re-examination of type specimens and other museum material (Wallace 1999; Wallace et al. 2007, 2012; Hoeksema 2009, 2012a, 2012b, 2014; Benzoni et al. 2010, 2011, 2012a, 2014; Gittenberger et al. 2011; Huang et al. 2011, 2014a, 2014b, 2016; Budd et al. 2012; Arrigoni et al. 2014, 2015, 2016a, 2016b, 2017, 2018a; Kitano et al. 2014; Schmidt-Roach et al. 2014; Terraneo et al. 2016, 2017).

After all names and references are listed, we include our determination of the species presence in American Sāmoa. This determination was split into five categories: present, possibly present, uncertain, not likely present, and not present. This determination was made largely on the type of evidence available including the amount of references, the type of reference, the evidence the reference includes (e.g., in situ observation, photographic, sample identified, or type specimen), and taxonomic and identification certainty. The species presence determination is followed by information on the highest level of evidence available to support the species presence. Additionally, the annotation includes the reported species distribution within American Sāmoa as reported by the literature, the nearest confirmed ecoregion for the species presence according to Veron et al. (2019), the direction of a potential geographic range extension, the evidence of species vulnerability as documented by the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of threatened species (IUCN 2018) as assessed by Carpenter et al. (2008) and the US Endangered Species Act (ESA), and the depths and associated references for corals reported from mesophotic depths. Finally, we provide notes that discuss our justification of a species presence determination, other evidence not already listed, or other noteworthy comments. Each IUCN note is hyperlinked to the IUCN Red List species information webpage (http://www.iucnredlist.org/).

Species listed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the ESA are notated with the symbol 𝒯 for threatened and 𝒞 for candidate listing. The species status as listed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is noted as Critically Endangered (CE), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC), Data Deficient (DD), and Not Evaluated (NE).

Museum name abbreviations

AM Austalian Museum, New South Wales, Australia

BPBM Bernice P Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi

CRED Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, NOAA, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi

DMWR Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Sāmoa

NMNH US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC

QM Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia

Datasets

The data underpinning the analyses reported in this paper are deposited in the GBIF, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (Citation: Montgomery A, Toonen R, Fenner D (2019) Annotated checklist for Stony Corals of American Samoa and Mesophotic Depth Records. https://doi.org/10.15468/07opwe).

Checklist

Present

Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834

Subclass Hexacorallia Haeckel, 1896

Order Scleractinia Bourne, 1900

Family Acroporidae Verrill, 1902

Genus Acropora Oken, 1815

Acroporaabrotanoides (Lamarck, 1816) (207083) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaabratanoides (Lamarck, 1816) (207083) [sic]. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Acroporaabrotanioides (Lamarck, 1816) (207083) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporaabrotanoides (Lamarck, 1816) (207083). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporaabrotenoides (Lamarck, 1816) (207083) [sic]. Reported – Work and Rameyer 2002.

Acroporadanai (Milne Edwards, 1860) (206990) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1995; Mundy 1996; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006.

Acroporairregularis (Brook, 1892) (206993) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.

Acroporarotumana (Gardiner, 1898) (207001) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997.

Acroporatutuilensis Hoffmeister, 1925 (430656) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Kenyon et al. 2010; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type specimen location (synonym Acroporatutuilensis). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species has four synonyms with Acroporatutuilensis Hoffmeister, 1925 accepted as a valid species by Veron et al. (2019) and as a synonym of A.abrotanoides by Wallace (1999) and Wallace et al. (2012) suggesting some ambiguity in species identifications and species boundaries.

Acroporaaculeus (Dana, 1846) (206991) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaaculeus (Dana, 1846) (206991). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; QM 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 49 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Acroporaacuminata (Verrill, 1864) (207020) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaacuminata (Verrill, 1864) (207020). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – This is not an easy species to identify in the field. Photographic evidence from Corals NPAS (2016) is inconclusive, but a specimen identified by C Wallace is in the QM.

Acroporaanthocercis (Brook, 1893) (207024) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaanthocercis (Brook, 1893) (207024). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland 2007a; QM 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by J Wolstenholme). Distribution – Ofu. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Acroporaaspera (Dana, 1846) (207011) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaaspera (Dana, 1846) (207011). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Mundy 1996; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Birkeland et al. 2013; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Acroporacribripora Dana, 1846 (741197) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b.

Acroporahebes (Dana, 1846) (367984) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997; Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – Randall and Myers (1983) accepted Acroporahebes (Dana, 1846) as a valid species while Veron et al. (2019), Wallace (1999), and Wallace et al. (2012) did not.

Acroporaaustera (Dana, 1846) (207052) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaaustera (Dana, 1846) (207052). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Bare et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; AM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925; DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporaaustera cf. (Dana, 1846) (207052). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – The photo of this species reported in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to show a specimen of Acroporapagoensis Hoffmeister, 1925.

Acroporabatunai Wallace, 1997 (288187) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporabatunai Wallace, 1997 (288187). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – VU.

Acroporacarduus (Dana, 1846) (288189) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporacarduus (Dana, 1846) (288189). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Craig et al. 2001; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporaprolixa (Verrill, 1866) (1261651) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Acroporacerealis (Dana, 1846) (207016) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaceralis (Dana, 1846) (207016) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

Acroporacerealis (Dana, 1846) (207016). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporacerealis cf. (Dana, 1846) (207016). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporacerialis (Dana, 1846) (207016) [sic]. Reported – Mundy 1996. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Acroporacymbicyathus (Brook, 1893) (207109) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.

Acroporasymbicyathus (Brook, 1893) (207109) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Acroporachesterfieldensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288191) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporachesterfieldensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288191). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Ofu/Olosega. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species is documented by clear photographic evidence (Fenner 2018) to support its presence in American Sāmoa.

Acroporaclathrata (Brook, 1891) (207075) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaclathrata (Brook, 1891) (207075). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; Bare et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporacomplanata (Brook, 1893) (207071) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.

Acroporavasiformis (Brook, 1893) (207073) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Acroporacytherea (Dana, 1846) (207095) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaarcuata (Brook, 1892) (207089) heterotypic synonym. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.

Acroporaarmata (Brook, 1892) (206992) heterotypic synonym. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.

Acroporacorymbosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207018) possible heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; BPBM 2018.

Acroporacytharea (Dana, 1846) (207095) [sic]. Reported – Mundy 1996. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Acroporacytherea (Dana, 1846) (207095). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; AM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporareticulata (Brook, 1892) (207021) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Acroporareticulata cf. (Brook, 1892) (207021) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Acroporasymmetrica (Brook, 1891) (207005) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Acroporadigitifera (Dana, 1846) (207045) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporadigitifera (Dana, 1846) (207045). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Wolstenholme et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporadigitifera ? (Dana, 1846) (207045). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporadigitifera cf. (Dana, 1846) (207045). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 2003.

Acroporaleptocyathus (Brook, 1891) (207025) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Lamberts 1983; BPBM 2018. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925; Green et al. 1997.

Acroporaschmitti ? Wells, 1950 (288245) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporaschmitti Wells, 1950 (288245) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Acroporawardii Verrill, 1902 (740141) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Acroporadivaricata (Dana, 1846) (207106) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporadivaricata (Dana, 1846) (207106). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; QM 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species has been reported by several studies with one of them providing photographic evidence (Corals NPAS 2016) and one specimen report by C Wallace from QM (2018). The coral documented by Corals NPAS (2016) is an uncertain identification. This species can be difficult to identify, but based on the identification by C Wallace we conclude that this species is present.

Acroporadonei Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288198) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaakajimensis cf. Veron, 1990 (288183) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

Acroporaakajimensis Veron, 1990 (288183) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Acroporadonei ? Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288198). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporadonei Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288198). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Craig et al. 2001; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Montgomery and D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and TongaSāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 41 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – Acroporaakajimensis is a synonym of A.donei, but Veron et al. (2019) recognize A.akajimensis as a valid species while Wallace (1999) and Wallace et al. (2012) do not. The A.akajimensis reported in Montgomery et al. (2019) was based on a skeletal analysis of a sample that matched the description of A.akajimensis very closely, and not A.donei. A.donei is neat and tidy with the radial corallites and branches being relatively blunt and relatively uniform in thickness. A.akajimensis appears much more jagged and disorganized, with pointy corallites and branches. More taxonomic research is needed for these species. The nearest confirmed ecoregion for A.akajimensis is New Caledonia (Veron et al. 2019).

Acroporaeurystoma (Klunzinger, 1879) (207108) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaeurystoma (Klunzinger, 1879) (207108). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – NMNH 2018.

Acroporapagoenis Hoffmeister, 1925 (411144) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Acroporapagoensis Hoffmeister, 1925 (411144) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type (synonym Acroporapagoensis). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Red Sea north-central. Geographical range extension – Southeast. Notes – In Hoffmeisterʻs (1925) original description of A.pagoensis, he cites it as similar to A.eurystoma. However, Wallace (1999) and Veron et al. (2019) consider this species a probable synonym of Acroporatenuis (Dana, 1846). All citations have used the name A.pagoensis except for NMNH (2018) in which one specimen from American Sāmoa was identified by S Cairns as A.eurystoma. Hoffmeister (1925) further states this species is distinctive from A.eurystoma. We consider A.eurystoma present based on A.pagoensis being synonymized under A.eurystoma, however, we believe A.pagoensis may be a valid species and A.eurystoma is not likely a valid name for the American Sāmoa observations. Veron et al. (2019) and Wallace (1999) consider this species to be endemic to the Red Sea. We believe more taxonomic investigation into this species is warranted, which should include colonies collected from American Sāmoa.

Acroporagemmifera (Brook, 1892) (207097) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporagemmifera (Brook, 1892) (207097). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Wolstenholme et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporagemmifera cf. (Brook, 1892) (207097). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporaglobiceps (Dana, 1846) (430645) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaglobiceps (Dana, 1846) (430645). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Acroporaglobiceps ? (Dana, 1846) (430645). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporaglobiceps cf. (Dana, 1846) (430645). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Notes – Fenner (this study) has examined the type specimens of Acroporahumilis (Dana, 1846) and A.globiceps. All colonies examined (including the ones within the DMWR collection) belong clearly to A.globiceps. The name A.globiceps was forgotten until Wallace (1999) and Veron (2000) used it again. It appears likely that all reports of A.humilis from the Samoan Archipelago are actually A.globiceps.

Acroporagranulosa (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207093) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporagranulosa (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207093). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporagranulosa cf. (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207093). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Acroporahyacinthus (Dana, 1846) (207044) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaconferta (Quelch, 1886) (207107) heterotypic synonym. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.

Acroporahyacanthus (Dana, 1846) (207044) [sic]. Reported – BPBM 2018.

Acroporahyacinthus (Dana, 1846) (207044). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporasurculosa (Dana, 1846) (207085) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.

Acroporasurculosa cf. (Dana, 1846) (207085) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003; DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – While Wallace (1999) and Veron et al. (2019) concur that Acroporasurculosa (Dana, 1846) is a synonym of A.hyacinthus, Randall and Myers (1983) considered A.surculosa to be valid. Randall (1995) reports both A.surculosa and A.hyacinthus from Palau. Colonies in American Sāmoa fit the type of A.surculosa (examined by D Fenner) and appears to be different from A.hyacinthus. Acroporasurculosa has smaller colonies with longer cone-shaped branchlets that more often appear to be fused or with multiple branch tips with long tentacles out during the day, while A.hyacinthus has larger colonies with shorter cylindrical branchlets that donʻt fuse or have multiple branch tips with much smaller tentacles if exposed during the day. Photographs show A.surculosa to have significant variation in both Guam (www.guamreeflife.com) and American Sāmoa. More research should pursue the potential for species distinction between these two species.

Acroporaintermedia (Brook, 1891) (207035) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaintermedia (Brook, 1891) (207035). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; BPBM 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporavanderhorsti Hoffmeister, 1925 (741178) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Mesophotic record – 37 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – This species has also been called Acroporanobilis (Dana, 1846). Wallace (1999) describes the relationship between A.intermedia, Acroporarobusta (Dana, 1846), and A.nobilis.

Acroporajacquelineae Wallace, 1994 (288212) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporajacquelineae Wallace, 1994 (288212). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fenner 2018. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

Acroporajacquilinae Wallace, 1994 (288212) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Notes – There have been only two references that report this species, but T Hughes also reports seeing it on Taʻū (T Hughes, pers. comm.). An examination of an A.jacquelineae sample by D Luck concluded that it was not this species based on the fact that the axials were slightly smaller than reported in Wallace (1999) and that there were many small radial corallites while Wallace (1999) reported there are very few such radials in this species (Luck 2013). Examination of skeletal photographs in Wallace (1999) clearly show that corallites in most of the colony indeed have very few radials, but corallites near the edge of the colony have many radials. The sample analyzed by D Luck was taken from the edge of the colony by D Fenner and D Luck likely did not realize that the sample was taken from the edge. Given that this species is listed as threatened under the ESA, careful attention has been paid to the presence of this species and we believe the evidence in hand is sufficient to conclude its presence in American Sāmoa albeit likely as a rare species.

Acroporalatistella (Brook, 1892) (207039) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporalatistella /azurea (Brook, 1892) (207039). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporalatistella (Brook, 1892) (207039). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporalatistella ? (Brook, 1892) (207039). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 42 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Acroporalisteri (Brook, 1893) (207057) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporalisteri (Brook, 1893) (207057). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DiDonato et al. 2006; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; QM 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Acroporalisteri cf. (Brook, 1893) (207057). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – A photographic record exists for this species (Corals NPAS 2016); however, this may be incorrectly identified. In addition, there is a single specimen reported by QM (2018) identified by C Wallace.

Acroporalongicyathus (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207114) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporalongicyathus (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207114). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporasyringodes (Brook, 1892) (207014) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.

Acroporasyringoides (Brook, 1892) (207014) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Sāmoa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Acroporalutkeni Crossland, 1952 (206994) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporalutkeni cf. Crossland, 1952 (206994). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporalutkeni Crossland, 1952 (206994). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Corals NPAS 2016; QM 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – QM (2018) reports this species identified by C Wallace.

Acroporamicroclados (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207101) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaassimilis Brook, 1892 (741262) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – NMNH 2018.

Acroporamicroclados (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207101). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Acroporamicroclados ? (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207101). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – The photographic record by Corals NPAS (2016) is incorrect, but there are multiple other specimen reports.

Acroporamillepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207023) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaconvexa cf. (Dana, 1846) (367986) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Acroporamillepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207023). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland 2007a; Birkeland et al. 2013; BPBM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporamillepora cf. (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207023). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporaprostrata (Dana, 1846) (207084) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Acroporaprostrata ? (Dana, 1846) (207084) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporasquamosa Brook, 1892 (741205) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Acroporamonticulosa (Brüggemann, 1879) (207103) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporamonticulosa (Brüggemann, 1879) (207103). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Coles et al. 2003; Wolstenholme et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporamuricata (Linnaeus, 1758) (207007) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaarbuscula (Dana, 1846) (207003) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Acroporaformosagracilis (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – NMNH 2018.

Acroporaformosavar.brachiata (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.

Acroporaformosavar.gracilis (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.

Acroporaformosavar.gracilis aff. (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b.

Acroporaformosa (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924a; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Mundy and Green 1999; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006.

Acroporaformosa cf. (Dana, 1846) (207036) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Acroporagracilis (Dana, 1846) (207060) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.

Acroporamuricata (Linnaeus, 1758) (207007). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Mayor 1924a; Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Birkeland et al. 2013; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Acroporanana (Studer, 1879) (207100) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaazura Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288186) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Corals NPAS 2016.

Acroporaazurea Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288186) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Mundy 1996; Fenner et al. 2008. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporanana /valida (Studer, 1879) (207100). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporanana (Studer, 1879) (207100). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporanana cf. (Studer, 1879) (207100). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporanasuta (Dana, 1846) (207009) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporacanaliculata (Klunzinger, 1879) (1262051) heterotypic synonym. Reported – NMNH 2018.

Acroporanasuta (Dana, 1846) (207009). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Bare et al. 2010; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; AM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporanasuta cf. (Dana, 1846) (207009). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporapalmerae Wells, 1954 (207049) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporapalmera Wells, 1954 (207049) [sic]. Reported – Corals NPAS 2016.

Acroporapalmerae Wells, 1954 (207049). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Coles et al. 2003; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Acroporapalmeri Wells, 1954 (207049) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – Wallace (1999) and Veron (2000) point out that this species has no differences in corallites or coenosteum with Acroporarobusta (Dana, 1846), only the differences in colony shape (almost all branches versus almost all encrusting). This raises the question if these two are separate species or not.

Acroporapaniculata Verrill, 1902 (207008) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporapanicualta Verrill, 1902 (207008) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporapaniculata Verrill, 1902 (207008). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 41 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – The photographic record by Corals NPAS (2016) is incorrect, but there are multiple specimen reports.

Acroporapolystoma (Brook, 1891) (207050) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporamassawensis von Marenzeller, 1907 (207004) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Acroporapolystoma (Brook, 1891) (207050). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Acroporapulchra (Brook, 1891) (207015) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporapulchra (Brook, 1891) (207015). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Mayor 1924b; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporapulchra ? (Brook, 1891) (207015). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Acroporaretusa (Dana, 1846) (430653) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaretusa (Dana, 1846) (430653). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Notes – The photographic record by Corals NPAS (2016) is incorrect, but Fenner (2018) shows clear evidence of its presence in addition to the QM (2018) specimen identified by C Wallace.

Acroporarobusta (Dana, 1846) (207000) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporacuspidata (Dana, 1846) (872427) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Acroporanobilis (Dana, 1846) (207090) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.

Acroporanobilis ? (Dana, 1846) (207090) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporapacifica (Brook, 1891) (207033) heterotypic synonym. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.

Acroporapaxilligera (Dana, 1846) (872424) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.

Acroporapinguis Wells, 1950 (207070) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Acroporapinquis aff. Wells, 1950 (207070) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Acroporapinquis Wells, 1950 (207070) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Acroporarobusta (Dana, 1846) (207000). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Green and Hunter 1998; DiDonato et al. 2006; Bare et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporarobusta ? (Dana, 1846) (207000). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Coles et al. 2003. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporarobusta cf. (Dana, 1846) (207000). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Acroporasmithi (Brook, 1893) (368476) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Sāmoa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Acroporanobilis has been synonymized with A.robusta by Wallace (1999) and accepted by Veron et al. (2019). Fenner has examined its type of A.nobilis in NMNH and agrees with Veron et al. (2019). Many reports of A.intermedia and A.nobilis in American Sāmoa may actually be A.intermedia. The photographic record by Corals NPAS (2016) is incorrect. However, given that multiple specimens have been identified from American Sāmoa, we believe that this species is present in American Sāmoa.

Acroporasamoensis (Brook, 1891) (207055) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporasamoensis (Brook, 1891) (207055). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925; Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporasamoensis ? (Brook, 1891) (207055). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporasamoensis aff. (Brook, 1891) (207055). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Mayor 1924b.

Acroporasamoensis cf. (Brook, 1891) (207055). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporasecale (Studer, 1878) (207080) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporadiversa (Brook, 1891) (207054) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Acroporadiversa cf. (Brook, 1891) (207054) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporaquelchi (Brook, 1893) (207022) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997.

Acroporaquelchi cf. (Brook, 1893) (207022) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporasecale (Studer, 1878) (207080). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporasecale cf. (Studer, 1878) (207080). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acropra secale /valida/kimbiensis (Studer, 1878) (207080) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species is tough to identify in situ, but based on multiple specimens of this species and its synonyms we believe this species to be present.

Acroporaselago (Studer, 1879) (207040) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporadelicatula (Brook, 1891) (207082) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Birkeland et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.

Acroporainsignis Nemenzo, 1967 (288211) possible heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018.

Acroporaselago (Studer, 1879) (207040). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – Veron (2000) indicates that A.insignis is quite different from A.selago, which has more appressed radial corallites that are labellate and A.insignis has a distinctive coloration. This makes this species easy to distinguish in the water. Given the dispute with this synonym, more work should be conducted to look at the species variation in this group. Randall & Myers (1983) and Randall (1995, 2003) consider Acroporadeliculata (Brook, 1891) a valid species.

Acroporasolitaryensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288248) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporasolitaryensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288248). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – QM 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu and Cook Islands, central Pacific. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 44 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – This species is confirmed by multiple specimen reports (QM 2018, Montgomery et al. 2019).

Acroporaspeciosa (Quelch, 1886) (430655) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporarambleri (Bassett-Smith, 1890) (207088) possible heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporarayneri Brook, 1892 (751726) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – BPBM 2018.

Acroporaspeciosa (Quelch, 1886) (430655). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Bare et al. 2010; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji and Society Islands, French Polynesia. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Mesophotic record – 46 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Acroporatenuis (Dana, 1846) (207105) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaafricana (Brook, 1893) (207063) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Acroporatenuis (Dana, 1846) (207105). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – The photographic record by Corals NPAS (2016) is incorrect, but there are multiple specimen reports.

Acroporateres (Verrill, 1866) (288255)^CoTW taxon inquirendum

Acroporateres (Verrill, 1866) (288255). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland 2007a; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporateres cf. (Verrill, 1866) (288255). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Geographical range extension – Southeast. Vulnerability – DD. Notes – Acroporateres (Verrill, 1886) has not been recorded in American Sāmoa since Hoffmeister (1925) and Lamberts (1983), except for Birkeland (2007a). The observations by Birkeland (2007a) in Ofu Lagoon concerned preliminary identifications without verification making the present record unverifiable. Given that there have been multiple specimen reports documenting this species, it is possible that this species has been extirpated and is no longer present in American Sāmoa.

Acroporavalida (Dana, 1846) (207072) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporavalida (Dana, 1846) (207072). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporavalida aff. (Dana, 1846) (207072). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporavalida cf. (Dana, 1846) (207072). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Maragos et al. 1994.

Acroporavariabilis (Klunzinger, 1879) (207028) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; BPBM 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Acroporavariabilis aff. (Klunzinger, 1879) (207028) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980.

Acroporaverweyi Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288263) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaverweyi cf. Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288263). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Mundy 1996. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Acroporaverweyi Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288263). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by C Wallace). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Genus Alveopora Blainville, 1830

Alveoporaallingi Hoffmeister, 1925 (207192) ^CoTW

Alveoporaallingi Hoffmeister, 1925 (207192). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type specimen location. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 31, 35 m depth (Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983). Notes – American Sāmoa is the type locality of this species.

Alveoporatizardi Bassett-Smith, 1890 (207195) ^CoTW

Alveoporatizardi Bassett-Smith, 1890 (207195). ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018.

Alveoporatizardi cf. Bassett-Smith, 1890 (207195). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species has skeletal features very similar to A.excelsa, but is nodular instead of horizontal branches.

Alveoporaverrilliana Dana, 1846 (207201) ^CoTW

Alveoporaverriliana Dana, 1846 (207201) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

Alveoporaverrilliana Dana, 1846 (207201). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Kenyon et al. 2010; BPBM 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Alveoporaviridis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (207203) ^CoTW

Alveoporavirdis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (207203) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Alveoporaviridis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (207203). ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – Aunuʻu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Caroline Islands, Micronesia. Geographical range extension – Southeast. Vulnerability – NT.

Genus Astreopora Blainville, 1830

Astreoporacucullata Lamberts, 1980 (287943) ^CoTW

Astreoporacuccullata Lamberts, 1980 (287943) [sic]. Reported – BPBM 2018.

Astreoporacucullata Lamberts, 1980 (287943). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type specimen location. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – American Sāmoa is the type locality of this species.

Astreoporagracilis Bernard, 1896 (207124) ^CoTW

Astreoporagracilis Bernard, 1896 (207124). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Astreoporagracilis cf. Bernard, 1896 (207124). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Astreoporagracillis Bernard, 1896 (207124) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Astreoporalisteri Bernard, 1896 (207125) ^CoTW

Astreoporalistera Bernard, 1896 (207125) [sic]. Reported – Corals NPAS 2016.

Astreoporalisteri Bernard, 1896 (207125). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Astreoporamyriophthalma (Lamarck, 1816) (207128) ^CoTW

Astrcoporamyriopthalma (Lamarck, 1816) (207128) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Astreoporaeliptica Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941 (430659) heterotypic synonym. Reported – DMWR 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Astreoporaelliptica Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941 (430659) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Astreoporamicrophthalma (Lamarck, 1816) (207128) [sic]. Reported – Fenner et al. 2008.

Astreoporamyriophthalma /listeri (Lamarck, 1816) (207128). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Astreoporamyriophthalma /suggesta (Lamarck, 1816) (207128). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Astreoporamyriophthalma (Lamarck, 1816) (207128). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Astreoporamyriopthalma (Lamarck, 1816) (207128) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993; Green and Hunter 1998.

Astreoporaprofunda Verrill, 1872 (207126) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018.

Astreoporarandalli Lamberts, 1980 (207127) ^CoTW

Astreoporarandalli Lamberts, 1980 (207127). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Coles et al. 2003; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 42 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Astreoporascabra Lamberts, 1982 (430660) ^CoTW

Astreoporascabra Lamberts, 1982 (430660). ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – LC.

Astreoporasuggesta Wells, 1954 (287948) ^CoTW

Astreoporasuggesta Wells, 1954 (287948). ^CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

Genus Isopora Studer, 1879

Isoporabrueggemanni (Brook, 1893) (730688) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporabrueggemanni (Brook, 1893) (207067) homotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Birkeland 2007a. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Acroporabruggemanni (Brook, 1893) (207067) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Acroporabruggemanni cf. (Brook, 1893) (207067) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Isoporabrueggemanni (Brook, 1893) (730688). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – Live colonies are fairly distinctive.

Isoporacrateriformis (Gardiner, 1898) (730691) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporacarterformis (Gardiner, 1898) (288193) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Acroporacarteriformis (Gardiner, 1898) (288193) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Acroporacraterformis (Gardiner, 1898) (288193) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporacrateriformis (Gardiner, 1898) (288193) homotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Bare et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Isoporacrateriformis (Gardiner, 1898) (730691). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – CRED 2011; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018; Paulay and Brown 2019. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Notes – Wallace (1999) and Veron (2000) note that the only difference between this species and Isoporacuneata (Dana, 1846) is colony shape. Isoporacrateriformis is encrusting while I.cuneata is cuneate to branching. Fenner has found only the encrusting/plate shape of I.crateriformis in American Sāmoa. Isoporacrateriformis is abundant to dominant in shallow reef slopes on southwest Tutuila.

Isoporapalifera (Lamarck, 1816) (730686) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporapaiifera (Lamarck, 1816) (207037) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Acroporapalifera (Lamarck, 1816) (207037) homotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Isoporapalifera (Lamarck, 1816) (730686). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Genus Montipora Blainville, 1830

Montiporaaequituberculata Bernard, 1897 (207144) ^CoTW

Montiporaaequituberculata ? Bernard, 1897 (207144). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Montiporaaequituberculata Bernard, 1897 (207144). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Montiporaaquituberculata Bernard, 1897 (207144) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Montiporacomposita Crossland, 1952 (759845) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Montgomery and D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 34 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Montiporaberryi Hoffmeister, 1925 (869368)

Montiporaberryi Hoffmeister, 1925 (869368). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type specimen location. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) consider this a possible synonym of Montiporainformis Bernard, 1897.

Montiporacaliculata (Dana, 1846) (287696) ^CoTW

Montiporacaliculata /foveolata (Dana, 1846) (287696). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Montiporacaliculata (Dana, 1846) (287696). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Montiporacapitata (Dana, 1846) (287697) ^CoTW

Montiporacapitata (Dana, 1846) (287697). ^CoTW Reported – Corals NPAS 2016; Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Montgomery and D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji and Kiribati, south-east Line Islands. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – NT. Mesophotic record – 49 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – While its presence is supported by a sample, more analysis should be done by a comparison with samples from Hawaii. Also, see note for Montiporaverrucosa (Lamarck, 1816).

Montiporaefflorescens Bernard, 1897 (207163) ^CoTW

Montiporaefflorescens ? Bernard, 1897 (207163). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Montiporaefflorescens Bernard, 1897 (207163). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Montiporatrabeculata Bernard, 1897 (759819) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species is difficult to identify.

Montiporaehrenbergi Verrill, 1872 (207155)

Montiporaehrenbergi Verrill, 1872 (207155). Reported – USACE 1980.

Montiporaehrenbergii Verrill, 1872 (207155) [sic]. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Green et al. 1997; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) believe this species is a probable synonym of Montiporahispida (Dana, 1846).

Montiporafoliosa (Pallas, 1766) (207182) ^CoTW

Montiporaacutata Bernard, 1897 (759840) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Montiporafoliosa (Pallas, 1766) (207182). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Montiporapulcherrima Bernard, 1897 (759835) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Montiporapulcherrima cf. Bernard, 1897 (759835) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Montiporascutata Bernard, 1897 (759840) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (synonym Montiporaacutata identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Mesophotic record – 30 m depth (Lamberts 1983).

Montiporafoveolata (Dana, 1846) (207133) ^CoTW

Montiporafoveolata (Dana, 1846) (207133). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Montiporafoveolata cf. (Dana, 1846) (207133). ^CoTW Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Montiporasocialis Bernard, 1897 (207173) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.

Montiporasocislis Bernard, 1897 (207173) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Montiporagrisea Bernard, 1897 (287709) ^CoTW

Montiporagrisea Bernard, 1897 (287709). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Mundy and Green 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple photographic records. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 53 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Montiporaincrassata (Dana, 1846) (287714) ^CoTW

Montiporaincrassata (Dana, 1846) (287714). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Fenner 2018.

Montiporaincrassita cf. (Dana, 1846) (287714) [sic]. Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Mesophotic record – 33 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Montiporainformis Bernard, 1897 (207186) ^CoTW

Montiporainformis Bernard, 1897 (207186). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Montiporainformis cf. Bernard, 1897 (207186). ^CoTW Reported – Hunter et al. 1993; DMWR 2018.

Montiporamarshallensis Wells, 1954 (1263761)

Montiporamarshallensis Wells, 1954 (1263761). Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) believe this name is probably synonymous with Montiporacrassituberculata Bernard, 1897. It has otherwise not been reported from American SāmoA Lamberts (1983) reported this species to be rare and Birkeland et al. (1987) reported this species from a single site in 1979.

Montiporaspumosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207138) ^CoTW

Montiporaspumosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207138). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Montiporatuberculosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207156) ^CoTW

Montiporatuberculosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207156). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Montiporaturgescens Bernard, 1897 (207142) ^CoTW

Montiporaturgescens ? Bernard, 1897 (207142). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Montiporaturgescens Bernard, 1897 (207142). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Mundy and Green 1999; Craig et al. 2001; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – LC.

Montiporaturtlensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (287731) ^CoTW

Montiporaturtlensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (287731). ^CoTW Reported – Work and Rameyer 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple photographic records. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Montiporavaughani Hoffmeister, 1925 (430668)

Montiporavaughani Hoffmeister, 1925 (430668). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type specimen location. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – DD. Notes – This species is easily identified but has one difference with M.foveolata, i.e., rows of corallites that are closer together within rows and farther apart between rows. However, some colonies have areas like this and other areas like M.foveolata. Veron et al. (2019) believe this species is probable synonym of M.foveolata.

Montiporavenosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207139) ^CoTW

Montiporvenosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207139) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Montiporavenosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207139). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Green et al. 1997; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Montiporaverrilli Vaughan, 1907 (207136) ^CoTW

Montiporaverilli Vaughan, 1907 (207136) [sic]. Reported – CRED 2011. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Montiporaverrilliauaensis Vaughan, 1907 (207136). Reported – NMNH 2018.

Montiporaverrillivar.auaensis Hoffmeister, 1925 (1262050). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925.

Montiporaverrilli cf. Vaughan, 1907 (207136). ^CoTW Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Montiporaverrilli Vaughan, 1907 (207136). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Green et al. 1997; Coles et al. 2003; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.

Montiporaverrillii Vaughan, 1907 (207136) [sic]. Reported – Corals NPAS 2016.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – DD. Notes – There appears to be no reliable way to distinguish this species from Montiporapatula Verrill, 1870 in spite of claims (Fenner 2005). More analysis of this species and M.patula is needed to determine which species is valid. The latter has not been reported from American Sāmoa.

Family Agariciidae Gray, 1847

Genus Gardineroseris Scheer & Pillai, 1974

Gardineroserisplanulata (Dana, 1846) (207274) ^CoTW

Gardineroseris plantuata (Dana, 1846) (207274) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Gardineroserisplanulata (Dana, 1846) (207274). ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Gardineroserisponderosa (Gardiner, 1905) (766561) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Gardinoserisplanulata (Dana, 1846) (207274) [sic]. Reported – Green and Hunter 1998; Fenner et al. 2008.

Pavonaplanulata cf. (Dana, 1846) (1263640) homotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 49 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Genus Leptoseris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849

Leptoserisexplanata Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941 (207289) ^CoTW

Leptoserisexplanata Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941 (207289). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 46 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Leptoserisfoliosa Dinesen, 1980 (207286) ^CoTW

Leptoserisfoliosa ? Dinesen, 1980 (207286). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Leptoserisfoliosa Dinesen, 1980 (207286). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Kenyon et al. 2010; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Leptoserisgardineri (van der Horst, 1922) (207284) ^CoTW

Leptoserisgardineri (van der Horst, 1922) (207284). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Leptoserisgardineri cf. (van der Horst, 1922) (207284). ^CoTW Reported – NMNH 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 49, 50 m depth (Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983).

Leptoserisincrustans (Quelch, 1886) (207279) ^CoTW

Leptoserisincrustans (Quelch, 1886) (207279). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Leptoserismycetoseroides Wells, 1954 (207283) ^CoTW

Leptoserismycetoceroides Wells, 1954 (207283) [sic]. Reported – Green and Hunter 1998.

Leptoserismycetoseroides cf. Wells, 1954 (207283). ^CoTW Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Leptoserismycetoseroides Wells, 1954 (207283). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Leptoserisscabra Vaughan, 1907 (207282) ^CoTW

Leptoserisscabra ? Vaughan, 1907 (207282). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Leptoserisscabra cf. Vaughan, 1907 (207282). ^CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

Leptoserisscabra Vaughan, 1907 (207282). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 30, 52 m depth (Lamberts 1983; Montgomery et al. 2019).

Leptoserissolida (Quelch, 1886) (207290) ^CoTW

Leptoserissolida (Quelch, 1886) (207290). ^CoTW Reported – NMNH 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Luck). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji and Society Islands, French Polynesia. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions. Vulnerability – LC.

Leptoseristubulifera Vaughan, 1907 (207288) ^CoTW

Leptoseristubulifera Vaughan, 1907 (207288). ^CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Montgomery). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 52 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Leptoserisyabei (Pillai & Scheer, 1976) (207287) ^CoTW

Leptoserisyabei (Pillai & Scheer, 1976) (207287). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Genus Pavona Lamarck, 1801

Pavonabipartita Nemenzo, 1979 (289199) ^CoTW

Pavonabipartita Nemenzo, 1979 (289199). ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Pavonachiriquiensis Glynn, Maté & Stemann, 2001 (289200) ^CoTW

Pavonachiriquensis Glynn, Maté & Stemann, 2001 (289200) [sic]. Reported – Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018.

Pavonachiriquiensis Glynn, Maté & Stemann, 2001 (289200). ^CoTW Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010; Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 46 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – See note on Pavonavarians Verrill, 1864.

Pavonaclavus (Dana, 1846) (207318) ^CoTW

Pavonaclavus (Dana, 1846) (207318). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pavonalilacaea (Klunzinger, 1879) (207297) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This is a distinctive species but corallites are near identical to P.bipartita.

Pavonadecussata (Dana, 1846) (207320) ^CoTW

Pavonadecussata (Dana, 1846) (207320). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Pavonadecussata ? (Dana, 1846) (207320). ^CoTW Reported – NMNH 2018.

Pavonadivaricata (Lamarck, 1816) (207311)

Pavonadivaricata (Lamarck, 1816) (207311). Reported – Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Sāmoa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – The coral in the photograph of this species reported in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to be incorrectly identified and should be Pavonafrondifera (Lamarck, 1816). Veron et al. (2019) consider Pavoniadivaricata Lamarck, 1816 as a synonym of P.frondifera.

Pavonaduerdeni Vaughan, 1907 (207315) ^CoTW

Pavonaduerdeni Vaughan, 1907 (207315). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 30 m depth (Lamberts 1983).

Pavonaexplanulata (Lamarck, 1816) (207306) ^CoTW

Pavonaexplanata (Lamarck, 1816) (207306) [sic]. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Pavonaexplanulata (Lamarck, 1816) (207306). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pavonaexplanulata cf. (Lamarck, 1816) (207306). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994.

Pavonafrondifera (Lamarck, 1816) (207307) ^CoTW

Pavonafrondifera (Lamarck, 1816) (207307). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Pavonagigantea Verrill, 1869 (289201) ^CoTW

Pavonagigantea cf. Verrill, 1869 (289201). ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Pavonagigantea Verrill, 1869 (289201). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Marshall Islands and Galapagos Islands. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions, significant geographical range extension. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 30 m depth (Lamberts 1983).

Pavonamaldivensis (Gardiner, 1905) (207309) ^CoTW

Pavonamaldivensis (Gardiner, 1905) (207309). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pavonapollicata Wells, 1954 (207299) heterotypic synonym. Reported – BPBM 2018; NMNH 2018.

Pavonaminuta Wells, 1954 (207317) ^CoTW

Pavonaminuta Wells, 1954 (207317). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pavonavarians Verrill, 1864 (207303) ^CoTW

Pavonavarians aff. Verrill, 1864 (207303). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Pavonavarians cf. Verrill, 1864 (207303). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994.

Pavonavarians Verrill, 1864 (207303). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pavonavenosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207301) ^CoTW

Pavonavenosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207301). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1995; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple photographic records. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – The identification of a photographed specimen of this species reported in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to be incorrect and should be Coscinaraeacolumna (Dana, 1846).

Family Astrocoeniidae Koby, 1890

Genus Stylocoeniella Yabe & Sugiyama, 1935

Stylocoeniellaarmata (Ehrenberg, 1834) (206950) ^CoTW

Stylocoeniaarmata (Ehrenberg, 1834) (206950) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Stylocoeniellaaramta (Ehrenberg, 1834) (206950) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Stylocoeniellaarmata (Ehrenberg, 1834) (206950). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Stylocoeniellaguentheri (Bassett-Smith, 1890) (206948) ^CoTW

Stylocoeniaguntheri (Bassett-Smith, 1890) (206948) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Stylocoeniellaguentheri (Bassett-Smith, 1890) (206948). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Family Coscinaraeidae Benzoni, Arrigoni, Stefani & Stolarski, 2012

Genus Coscinaraea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Coscinaraeacolumna (Dana, 1846) (207256) ^CoTW

Coscinaraeacollumna (Dana, 1846) (207256) [sic]. Reported – Craig et al. 2001; Fenner et al. 2008; DMWR 2018.

Coscinaraeacolumn (Dana, 1846) (207256) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

Coscinaraeacolumna (Dana, 1846) (207256). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Coscinareacolumna (Dana, 1846) (207256) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1995; Fenner et al. 2008.

Coscinereacolumna (Dana, 1846) (207256) [sic]. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Coles et al. 2003. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Coscinaraeaexesa (Dana, 1846) (287938) ^CoTW

Coscinaraeaexesa (Dana, 1846) (287938). ^CoTW Reported – Green and Hunter 1998; Kenyon et al. 2010; Fenner 2018.

Coscinareaexesa (Dana, 1846) (287938) [sic]. Reported – CRED 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Family Dendrophylliidae Gray, 1847

Genus Endopsammia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Endopsammiaregularis (Gardiner, 1899) (289894)

Endopsammiaregularis (Gardiner, 1899) (289894). Reported – DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – This species was collected by D Fenner and identified by S Cairns at the NMNH. Based on the evidence of a collected sample, we accept the presence of this species in American Sāmoa.

Genus Tubastraea Lesson, 1829

Tubastraeacoccinea Lesson, 1829 (291251)

Tubastraeaaurea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) (367759) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.

Tubastraeacoccinea Lesson, 1829 (291251). Reported – DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Tubastreacoccinea Lesson, 1829 (291251) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Mesophotic record – 45 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Tubastraeadiaphana (Dana, 1846) (291252)

Dendrophylliadiaphana Dana, 1846 (210747) homotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983.

Tubastraeadiaphana (Dana, 1846) (291252). Reported – NMNH 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available.

Genus Turbinaria Oken, 1815

Turbinariafrondens (Dana, 1846) (207506) ^CoTW

Turbinareafrondens ? (Dana, 1846) (207506) [sic]. Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Turbinariafrondens (Dana, 1846) (207506). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Turbinariafrondens cf. (Dana, 1846) (207506). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Turbinariairregularis Bernard, 1896 (207505) ^CoTW

Turbinariairregularis Bernard, 1896 (207505). ^CoTW Reported – This paper (Figure 2d).

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species is presented here as a new record (Figure 2d).

Turbinariamesenterina (Lamarck, 1816) (207511) ^CoTW

Turbinariamesenterina (Lamarck, 1816) (207511). ^CoTW Reported – Green and Hunter 1998; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Turbinariapeltata (Esper, 1794) (207512) ^CoTW

Turbinariapeltata (Esper, 1794) (207512). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, South Bank, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 30, 49 m depth (Lamberts 1983; Montgomery et al. 2019).

Turbinariareniformis Bernard, 1896 (207507) ^CoTW

Turbinareareniformis Bernard, 1896 (207507) [sic]. Reported – Coles et al. 2003. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Turbinariareniformis Bernard, 1896 (207507). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Turbinariaveluta Bernard, 1896 (767034) possible heterotypic synonym. Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner and J Wolstenholme). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Turbinariastellulata (Lamarck, 1816) (207510) ^CoTW

Turbinariastellulata (Lamarck, 1816) (207510). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Green and Hunter 1998; DiDonato et al. 2006; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 51 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Family Diploastreidae Chevalier & Beauvais, 1987

Genus Diploastrea Matthai, 1914

Diploastreaheliopora (Lamarck, 1816) (207417) ^CoTW

Diploastreaheliopora (Lamarck, 1816) (207417). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Cornish and DiDonato 2004; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Gross 2019; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Mesophotic record – 43 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – This species is relatively easy to identify.

Family Euphylliidae Alloiteau, 1952

Genus Euphyllia Dana, 1846

Euphylliaglabrescens (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) (207617) ^CoTW

Euphylliaglabrescens (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) (207617). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Coles et al. 2003; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple photographic records. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Mesophotic record – 49 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – Identification of this species requires both skeleton shape and tentacle shape.

Genus Fimbriaphyllia Veron & Pichon, 1980

Fimbriaphylliaparadivisa (Veron, 1990) (1048080)

Euphylliaparadivisa Veron, 1990 (207615) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple photographic records. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – 𝒯. Mesophotic record – 49 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – The identification of this species is well documented by photographic evidence and is a conclusive identification. Identification of this species requires both skeleton shape and tentacle shape.

Genus Galaxea Oken, 1815

Galaxeaastreata (Lamarck, 1816) (207368) ^CoTW

Galaxeaastreata (Lamarck, 1816) (207368). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Galaxeaclavus Dana, 1846 (207367) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Galaxeafascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) (207366) ^CoTW

Galaxeafascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) (207366). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Creuwels 2019; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Galaxeefascicularia (Linnaeus, 1767) (207366) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Galaxiafascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) (207366) [sic]. Reported – Mayor 1924a.

Family Fungiidae Dana, 1846

Genus Ctenactis Verrill, 1864

Ctenactiscrassa (Dana, 1846) (288875) ^CoTW

Ctenactiscrassa (Dana, 1846) (288875). ^CoTW Reported – Bare et al. 2010; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Herpetoglosasimplex (Gardiner, 1905) (211417) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Herpetoqlosasimplex (Gardiner, 1905) (211417) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Ctenactisechinata (Pallas, 1766) (216132) ^CoTW

Ctenactisechinata (Pallas, 1766) (216132). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Bare et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Fungiaechinata (Pallas, 1766) (367892) homotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 30 m depth (Lamberts 1983).

Genus Cycloseris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849

Cycloseriscostulata (Ortmann, 1889) (207325) ^CoTW

Cycloseriscostulata (Ortmann, 1889) (207325). ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.

Cycloserisfragilis (Alcock, 1893) (716448)

Cycloserisfragilis (Alcock, 1893) (716448). Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010.

Cycloserispatelliformis (Boschma, 1923) (207329) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Fungiafragilis (Alcock, 1893) (207333) homotypic synonym. Reported – Hoeksema 1989; NMNH 2018.

Fungiapatelliformis Boschma, 1923 (716681) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924a; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Mesophotic record – 33, 30 m depth (Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983). Notes – Veron et al. (2019) name this species Diaserisfragilis Alcock, 1893.

Cycloseristenuis (Dana, 1846) (207324) ^CoTW

Cycloseristenuis (Dana, 1846) (207324). ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji and Society Islands, French Polynesia. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion.

Cycloserisvaughani (Boschma, 1923) (207327) ^CoTW

Cycloserisvaughani (Boschma, 1923) (207327). ^CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

Cycloserisvaughani cf. (Boschma, 1923) (207327). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Mesophotic record – 47 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – Other mesophotic records are known from eastern Indonesia, eastern Australia and Easter Island (Hoeksema 2012c; Muir et al. 2018; Hoeksema et al. 2019).

Genus Danafungia Wells, 1966

Danafungiahorrida (Dana, 1846) (716608)

Fungiadanae Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (716867) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016.

Fungiadanai Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207343) heterotypic synonym, wrong species spelling. ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Mundy 1996; Coles et al. 2003. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Fungiahorrida Dana, 1846 (207355) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Fungiaklunzingeri cf. Döderlein, 1901 (207354) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Fungiaklunzingeri Döderlein, 1901 (207354) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fenner et al. 2008; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Fungiavalida Verrill, 1864 (207358) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Maragos et al. 1994.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (synonym Fungiaklunzingeri identified by D Fenner), Multiple photographic records. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Mesophotic record – 39 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Danafungiascruposa (Klunzinger, 1879) (716609)

Fungiascruposa Klunzinger, 1879 (207340) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Genus Fungia Lamarck, 1801

Fungiafungites (Linnaeus, 1758) (207350) ^CoTW

Fungiafungites (Linnaeus, 1758) (207350). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hoeksema 1989; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Genus Halomitra Dana, 1846

Halomitrapileus (Linnaeus, 1758) (207361) ^CoTW

Halomitrapileus (Linnaeus, 1758) (207361). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Genus Herpolitha Eschscholtz, 1825

Herpolithalimax (Esper, 1797) (207363) ^CoTW

Herpolithalimax (Esper, 1797) (207363). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Herpolithaweberi cf. (van der Horst, 1921) (411207) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 30, 47 m depth (Lamberts 1983; Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – Veron et al. (2019) report this species is distinguishable from H.weberi only when they co-occur, although they were synonymized by Hoeksema (1989) who considered the two dredged fragmented type specimens of H.weberi to represent a deep-water ecomorph of H.limax. It is possible that the specimens identified by Veron (2000) are thick, juvenile specimens and therefore do not show the character of full-grown corals while the types are very thin and from deeper (maybe silty) substrates (B Hoeksema pers. comm.). More work should be done on these two species.

Genus Lithophyllon Rehberg, 1892

Lithophyllonconcinna (Verrill, 1864) (716645)

Fungiaconcinna Verrill, 1864 (207353) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Fungiaconncina Verrill, 1864 (207353) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Fenner et al. 2008.

Lithophyllonconcinna (Verrill, 1864) (716645). Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

Lithophyllonrepanda (Dana, 1846) (716653)

Fungiarepanda Dana, 1846 (207359) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hoeksema 1989; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Genus Lobactis Verrill, 1864

Lobactisscutaria (Lamarck, 1801) (716542)

Fungiascutaria Lamarck, 1801 (207341) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hoeksema 1989; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Fungisscutaria Lamarck, 1801 (207341) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Lobactisscutaria (Lamarck, 1801) (716542). Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

Genus Pleuractis Verrill, 1864

Pleuractisgranulosa (Klunzinger, 1879) (716549)

Fungiagransulosa Klunzinger, 1879 (207348) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Fungiagranulosa Klunzinger, 1879 (207348) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pleuractisgranulosa (Klunzinger, 1879) (716549). Reported – Creuwels 2019; Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Mesophotic record – 30, 44 m depth (Lamberts 1983; Montgomery et al. 2019).

Pleuractisgravis (Nemenzo, 1955) (716550)

Fungiagravis Nemenzo, 1955 (288853) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018.

Pleuractismoluccensis (Van der Horst, 1919) (716545)

Fungiamolluccensis Van der Horst, 1919 (207337) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Fungiamoloccensis Van der Horst, 1919 (207337) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Fungiamoluccensis Van der Horst, 1919 (207337) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Hoeksema 1989; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018.

Pleuractismoluccensis (Van der Horst, 1919) (716545). Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Mesophotic record – 48 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Pleuractispaumotensis (Stutchbury, 1833) (716547)

Fungiapaumotensis Stutchbury, 1833 (207339) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Genus Polyphyllia Blainville, 1830

Polyphyllianovaehiberniae (Lesson, 1831) (289231) ^CoTW

Lithactinianovaehiberniae Lesson, 1831 (717282) homotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Polyphyllianovae-hiberniae (Lesson, 1831) (289231) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

Polyphyllianovaehibernae (Lesson, 1831) (289231) [sic]. Reported – Fenner 2018.

Polyphyllianovaehiberniae (Lesson, 1831) (289231). ^CoTW Reported – NMNH 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Polyphyllianovohibernae (Lesson, 1831) (289231) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Genus Sandalolitha Quelch, 1884

Sandalolithadentata Quelch, 1884 (291009) ^CoTW

Sandalolithadentata Quelch, 1884 (291009). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.

Sandalothiadentata Quelch, 1884 (291009) [sic]. Reported – Bare et al. 2010.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Aunuʻu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 47 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Sandalolitharobusta (Quelch, 1886) (291010) ^CoTW

Sandalolitharobusta (Quelch, 1886) (291010). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Sandolitharobusta (Quelch, 1886) (291010) [sic]. Reported – Coles et al. 2003. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by J Wolstenholme). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, South Bank, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 39 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Family Lobophylliidae Dai & Horng, 2009

Genus Acanthastrea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Acanthastreabrevis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (430639) ^CoTW

Acanthastreabrevis cf. Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (430639). ^CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

Acanthastreabrevis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (430639). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Mesophotic record – 46 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Acanthastreaechinata (Dana, 1846) (207384) ^CoTW

Acanthastreaechinata (Dana, 1846) (207384). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acanthastreahemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) (288878) ^CoTW

Acanthastreahemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) (288878). ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – This species is documented by clear photographic evidence (Fenner 2018) to support the record of its presence in American Sāmoa.

Acanthastreasubechinata Veron, 2000 (288885) ^CoTW

Acanthastreasubechinata Veron, 2000 (288885). ^CoTW Reported – This paper (Figure 2a).

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Ofu, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species is presented here as a new record (Figure 2a).

Genus Echinomorpha Veron, 2000

Echinomorphanishihirai (Veron, 1990) (289877) ^CoTW

Echinomorphanishihirai (Veron, 1990) (289877). ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Genus Echinophyllia Klunzinger, 1879

Echinophylliaaspera (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207370) ^CoTW

Echinophylliaaspera (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207370). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Echinoporaaspera (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (766286) homotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Echinophylliaechinoporoides Veron & Pichon, 1980 (287973) ^CoTW

Echinophylliaechinoporoides Veron & Pichon, 1980 (287973). ^CoTW Reported – This paper (Figure 2c).

Genus Lobophyllia de Blainville, 1830

Lobophylliaagaricia (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (888135)

Symphylliaagaricia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (288082) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Lobophylliacorymbosa (Forskål, 1775) (207391) ^CoTW

Lobophylliacorymbosa (Forskål, 1775) (207391). ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Lobophylliacostata (Dana, 1846) (207393)

Lobophylliacostata (Dana, 1846) (207393). Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Lamberts (1983) reported this species as common. Veron et al. (2019) report this species as a synonym of Lobophylliahemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834).

Lobophylliahemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207392) ^CoTW

Lobophylliahemprichi (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207392) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993; Green and Hunter 1998.

Lobophylliahemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207392). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Mundy and Green 1999; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identifier unknown). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 48 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Lobophylliaishigakiensis (Veron, 1990) (888146)

Acanthastreaishigakiensis Veron, 1990 (288879) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Lobophylliarecta (Dana, 1846) (888140)

Symphilliarecta (Dana, 1846) (207399) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – CRED 2011.

Symphyllianobilis (Dana, 1846) (207396) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018.

Symphylliarecta (Dana, 1846) (207399) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Genus Oxypora Saville-Kent, 1871

Oxyporacrassispinosa Nemenzo, 1979 (288351) ^CoTW

Oxyporacrassispinosa Nemenzo, 1979 (288351). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 47 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – This species sensu Veron (2000) appears to be different, suggesting the original description and type need to be examined.

Oxyporalacera (Verrill, 1864) (207374) ^CoTW

Oxyporalacera (Verrill, 1864) (207374). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Mundy and Green 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Family Merulinidae Verrill, 1865

Genus Astrea Lamarck, 1801

Astreaannuligera Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (762420) ^CoTW

Astreaannuligera Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (762420). ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018.

Montastraeaannuligera (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (207484) homotypic synonym. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.

Montastreaannuligera (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (764065) homotypic synonym, wrong genus spelling. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Mundy 1996; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Astreacurta Dana, 1846 (762421) ^CoTW

Astreacurta Dana, 1846 (762421). ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.

Montastraeacurta (Dana, 1846) (207481) homotypic synonym. Reported – Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.

Montastreacurta (Dana, 1846) (764064) homotypic synonym, wrong genus spelling. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Orbicellacurta Dana, 1846 (766045) homotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983.

Genus Caulastraea Dana, 1846

Caulastraeafurcata Dana, 1846 (289577)

Caulastreafurcata Dana, 1846 (207412) wrong genus spelling. ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Caulastreafurreata Dana, 1846 (207412) [sic] wrong genus spelling. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by J Wolstenholme). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Genus Coelastrea Verrill, 1866

Coelastreapalauensis (Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936) (762428)

Goniastreapalauenis (Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936) (207458) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Green and Hunter 1998.

Goniastreapalauensis (Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936) (207458) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Genus Cyphastrea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Cyphastreachalcidicum (Forskål, 1775) (207415) ^CoTW

Cyphastreachalcidicum (Forskål, 1775) (207415). ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Cyphastreachalcidium (Forskål, 1775) (207415) [sic]. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Cyphastreachalcidium ? (Forskål, 1775) (207415) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 30 m depth (Lamberts 1983).

Cyphastreamicrophthalma (Lamarck, 1816) (207416) ^CoTW

Cyphastreagardineri cf. Matthai, 1914 (766209) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Cyphastreamicrophthalma (Lamarck, 1816) (207416). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Cyphastreamicropthalma (Lamarck, 1816) (207416) [sic]. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Cyphastreamicropthalma cf. (Lamarck, 1816) (207416) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 33, 35 m depth (Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983).

Genus Dipsastraea Blainville, 1830

Dipsastraeafavus (Forskål, 1775) (718748)

Dipsastraeafavus (Forskål, 1775) (718748). Reported – NMNH 2018.

Faviafavulus (Forskål, 1775) (207435) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Faviafavus (Forskål, 1775) (207435) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by S Cairns). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Dipsastraealaxa (Klunzinger, 1879) (758235)

Dipsastraealaxa (Klunzinger, 1879) (758235). Reported – Gross 2019.

Favialaxa (Klunzinger, 1879) (207430) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Dipsastraeamatthaii (Vaughan, 1918) (758240)

Dipsastraeamatthaii (Vaughan, 1918) (758240). Reported – NMNH 2018; Gross 2019.

Faviamatthai ? Vaughan, 1918 (207437) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Faviamatthai Vaughan, 1918 (207437) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Green and Hunter 1998; Corals NPAS 2016.

Faviamatthaii Vaughan, 1918 (207437) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Dipsastraeapallida (Dana, 1846) (758233)

Dipsastraeapallida (Dana, 1846) (758233). Reported – NMNH 2018; Gross 2019.

Faviapallida (Dana, 1846) (207440) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Dipsastraearotumana (Gardiner, 1899) (758237)

Dipsastraearotumana (Gardiner, 1899) (758237). Reported – NMNH 2018; Gross 2019.

Faviarotumana (Gardiner, 1899) (207438) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Favitesrotumana (Gardiner, 1899) (207438) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Dipsastraeaspeciosa (Dana, 1846) (758219)

Dipsastraeaspeciosa (Dana, 1846) (758219). Reported – NMNH 2018.

Faviaspeciosa (Dana, 1846) (207425) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Dipsastraeatruncata (Veron, 2000) (758228)

Faviatruncatus Veron, 2000 (288076) homotypic synonym, wrong species spelling. ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Ofu/Olosega. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion.

Genus Echinopora Lamarck, 1816

Echinoporagemmacea (Lamarck, 1816) (207418) ^CoTW

Echinoporagemmacea (Lamarck, 1816) (207418). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Paulay and Brown 2019. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Echinoporagemmacea ? (Lamarck, 1816) (207418). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – The photographed specimen in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to belong to Echinoporahirsutissima Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849.

Echinoporahirsutissima Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (207420) ^CoTW

Echinoporahirsutissima ? Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (207420). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Echinoporahirsutissima Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (207420). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Echinoporalamellosa (Esper, 1795) (207421) ^CoTW

Echinoporalamellosa (Esper, 1795) (207421). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Echinopralamellosa (Esper, 1795) (207421) [sic]. Reported – CRED 2011.

Genus Favites Link, 1807

Favitesabdita (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207449) ^CoTW

Favitesabdita (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207449). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Gross 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Faviteschinensis (Verrill, 1866) (207451) ^CoTW

Faviteschinensis (Verrill, 1866) (207451). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Faviteschinesis (Verrill, 1866) (207451) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland 2007a. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Favitesflexuosa (Dana, 1846) (207444) ^CoTW

Favitesflexuosa (Dana, 1846) (207444). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Faviteshalicora (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207447) ^CoTW

Faviahalicora (Ehrenberg, 1834) (765790) homotypic synonym. Reported – Green and Hunter 1998.

Faviteshalicora (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207447). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; NMNH 2018; Gross 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Faviteshalicora cf. (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207447). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003.

Favitesparaflexuosus Veron, 2000 (288822)

Favitesparaflexuosus Veron, 2000 (288822). Reported – This paper (Figure 2b).

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Ofu, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Geographical range extension – East. Notes – This species is presented here as a new record (Figure 2b). Veron et al. (2019) recognize the spelling of this species as Favitesparaflexuosa Veron, 2000 even though the spelling was corrected in ICZN (2011).

Favitespentagona (Esper, 1795) (207446) ^CoTW

Favitespentagona (Esper, 1795) (207446). ^CoTW Reported – Green et al. 1997; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.

Favitespentagonia (Esper, 1795) (207446) [sic]. Reported – CRED 2011.

Genus Goniastrea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Goniastreaedwardsi Chevalier, 1971 (207466) ^CoTW

Goniastreaedwardsi Chevalier, 1971 (207466). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Goniastreaedwardsii Chevalier, 1971 (207466) [sic]. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Goniastreafavulus (Dana, 1846) (288026) ^CoTW

Goniastreafavulus (Dana, 1846) (288026). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; Gross 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Goniastreafavulus ? (Dana, 1846) (288026). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Goniastreafavulus cf. (Dana, 1846) (288026). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Goniastreaminuta Veron, 2000 (288027) ^CoTW

Goniastreaminuta ? Veron, 2000 (288027). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Goniastreaminuta Veron, 2000 (288027). ^CoTW Reported – DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – New Caledonia. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – NT.

Goniastreapectinata (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207464) ^CoTW

Goniastreapectinata /retiformis (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207464). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Goniastreapectinata (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207464). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Goninstreapectinata (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207464) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Goniastrearetiformis (Lamarck, 1816) (207461) ^CoTW

Goniastrearetifirmis (Lamarck, 1816) (207461) [sic]. Reported – Mundy 1996.

Goniastrearetifonnis (Lamarck, 1816) (207461) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Goniastrearetiformis (Lamarck, 1816) (207461). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Cornish and DiDonato 2004; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Goniastrearetortiformis (Lamarck, 1816) (207461) [sic]. Reported – NMNH 2018.

Goniostrearetiformis (Lamarck, 1816) (207461) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Goniastreastelligera (Dana, 1846) (763067)

Faviastelliger (Dana, 1846) (207441) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Work and Rameyer 2002.

Faviastelligera (Dana, 1846) (207441) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Goniastreastelligera (Dana, 1846) (763067). Reported – NMNH 2018; Gross 2019; Montgomery et al. 2019.

Genus Hydnophora Fischer von Waldheim, 1807

Hydnophoraexesa (Pallas, 1766) (207403) ^CoTW

Hydnophoraexaesa (Pallas, 1766) (207403) [sic]. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Hydnophoraexesa (Pallas, 1766) (207403). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Hydrophoraexesa (Pallas, 1766) (207403) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Hydnophoramicroconos (Lamarck, 1816) (207402) ^CoTW

Hydnophoramicroconnos (Lamarck, 1816) (207402) [sic]. Reported – CRED 2011.

Hydnophoramicroconos grade rigida (Lamarck, 1816) (207402). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925.

Hydnophoramicroconos (Lamarck, 1816) (207402). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924a; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Hydnophoramicroconus (Lamarck, 1816) (207402) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993; Green and Hunter 1998.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Mesophotic record – 30 m depth (Lamberts 1983).

Hydnophorarigida (Dana, 1846) (207406) ^CoTW

Hydnophorarigida (Dana, 1846) (207406). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by J Wolstenholme). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – The photographed coral of this species in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to be incorrectly identified.

Genus Leptoria Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Leptoriaphrygia (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207477) ^CoTW

Leptoriaphrygia /gracilis (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207477). Referenced – Green et al. 1997.

Leptoriaphrygia grade gracilis cf. (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207477). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925.

Leptoriaphrygia (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207477). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Leptoriaphyrgia (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207477) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Leptoriaphyrygia (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207477) [sic]. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Leptoriatenuis (Dana, 1846) (367855) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018.

Genus Merulina Ehrenberg, 1834

Merulinaampliata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207407) ^CoTW

Merulinaampliata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207407). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Mundy and Green 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Merulinavaughani Van der Horst, 1921 (758411) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Birkeland et al. 1987; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003.

Merulinascabricula Dana, 1846 (289198) ^CoTW

Merulinascabicula Dana, 1846 (289198) [sic]. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Merulinascabricula Dana, 1846 (289198). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 39 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – Some taxonomic disagreement exists for this genus as Huang et al. (2014) recognize Paraclavarina as a synonym of Merulina while Veron et al. (2019) do not.

Genus Mycedium Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851

Mycediumelephantotus (Pallas, 1766) (207373) ^CoTW

Mycediumelephantotum (Pallas, 1766) (207373) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Mycediumelephantotus (Pallas, 1766) (207373). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Mycediumrobokaki Moll & Best, 1984 (287735) ^CoTW

Mycediumrobokakai Moll & Best, 1984 (287735) [sic]. Reported – Fenner 2018.

Mycediumrobokaki Moll & Best, 1984 (287735). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – LC.

Genus Oulophyllia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Oulophylliacrispa (Lamarck, 1816) (207485) ^CoTW

Oulophylliacrispa /bennettae (Lamarck, 1816) (207485). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Oulophylliacrispa (Lamarck, 1816) (207485). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Genus Paragoniastrea Huang, Benzoni & Budd, 2014

Paragoniastrearusselli (Wells, 1954) (817179)

Favitesrussell (Wells, 1954) (207454) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Favitesrusselli (Wells, 1954) (207454) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Mesophotic record – 30 m depth (Lamberts 1983).

Genus Platygyra Ehrenberg, 1834

Platygyracontorta Veron, 1990 (289205) ^CoTW

Platygyracontorta Veron, 1990 (289205). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Platygyradaedalea (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207489) ^CoTW

Meandraesperi (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (1262040) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983.

Platygyradadaelea (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207489) [sic]. Reported – Fenner et al. 2008.

Platygyradaedala (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207489) [sic]. Reported – Work and Rameyer 2002.

Platygyradaedalea (esperi) (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207489). Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010.

Platygyradaedalea (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207489). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Platygyradaedallea (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207489) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Platygyrarustica (Dana, 1846) (411248) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Platygyrusdaedalea (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207489) [sic]. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Platygyrusrustica (Dana, 1846) (411248) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Platygyralamellina (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207487) ^CoTW

Meandralamellina Ehrenberg, 1834 (1262039) homotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925.

Platygyralamellina (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207487). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Platygyralamellina ? (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207487). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Platygyruslamellina (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207487) [sic]. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Platygyrapini Chevalier, 1975 (207490) ^CoTW

Platygyiapini Chevalier, 1975 (207490) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Platygyrapini Chevalier, 1975 (207490). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Platygyrasinensis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (207486) ^CoTW

Platygyrasinensis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (207486). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – The photographed coral of this species in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to be uncertain, but there are multiple other reports of this species.

Genus Scapophyllia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Scapophylliacylindrica Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (291024) ^CoTW

Scapophylliacylindrica Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (291024). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Family Plesiastreidae Dai & Horng, 2009

Genus Plesiastrea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Plesiastreaversipora (Lamarck, 1816) (207494) ^CoTW

Pleasiastreaversipora (Lamarck, 1816) (207494) [sic]. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Plesiastreaveripora (Lamarck, 1816) (207494) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

Plesiastreaversipora (Lamarck, 1816) (207494). ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Olosega, Rose Atoll, South Bank, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 43 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Family Pocilloporidae Gray, 1840

Genus Pocillopora Lamarck, 1816

Pocilloporaankeli Scheer & Pillai, 1974 (430671) ^CoTW

Pocilloporaankeli Scheer & Pillai, 1974 (430671). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pocilloporabrevicornis Lamarck, 1816 (206951) ^CoTW

Pocilloporabrevicornis Lamarck, 1816 (206951). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Kenyon et al. 2010; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997.

Pocilloporasetcheli Hoffmeister, 1925 (206967) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Corals NPAS 2016.

Pocilloporasetchelli cf. Hoffmeister, 1925 (206967) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Pocilloporasetchelli Hoffmeister, 1925 (206967) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.

Pocilloporasetichelli Hoffmeister, 1925 (206967) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type specimen location (synonym Pocilloporasetchelli). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Pocilloporadamicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) (206953) ^CoTW

Pocilliporadamicornisvar.cespitosa (Linnaeus, 1758) (206953) [sic]. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925.

Pocilloporadamicomis (Linnaeus, 1758) (206953) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Pocilloporadamicorniscaespitosa Dana, 1846 (545628). Reported – Mayor 1924b; NMNH 2018.

Pocilloporadamicornisvar.bulbosa (Linnaeus, 1758) (206953). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925.

Pocilloporadamicornisvar.cespitosa Dana, 1846 (818848). Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.

Pocilloporadamicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) (206953). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924a; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Cornish and DiDonato 2004; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019; Paulay and Brown 2019. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pocilloporaelegans Dana, 1846 (206956) ^CoTW

Pocilloporaelegans ? Dana, 1846 (206956). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Pocilloporaelegans Dana, 1846 (206956). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Coles et al. 2003; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Rose Atoll, Swains, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Pocilloporagrandis Dana, 1846 (206952)

Pocilloporaedouxi Milne Edwards, 1860 (206958) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Fenner et al. 2008.

Pocilloporaeydouxi cf. Milne Edwards, 1860 (206958) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980.

Pocilloporaeydouxi Milne Edwards, 1860 (206958) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pocilloporaeydoxi Milne Edwards, 1860 (206958) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Pocilloporagrandis Dana, 1846 (206952). Reported – QM 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.

Pocilloporaligulata Dana, 1846 (206959) ^CoTW

Pocilloporaligulata Dana, 1846 (206959). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Pocilloporameandrina Dana, 1846 (206964) ^CoTW

Pocilloporameandrina cf. Dana, 1846 (206964). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Pocilloporameandrina Dana, 1846 (206964). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pocilloporameandrioa Dana, 1846 (206964) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, South Bank, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – 𝒞, LC.

Pocilloporaverrucosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (206954) ^CoTW

Pocilloporadanae cf. Verrill, 1864 (206963) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

Pocilloporadanae Verrill, 1864 (206963) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Green et al. 1997; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Pocilloporaverrucosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (206954). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pocilloporawoodjonesi Vaughan, 1918 (289252) ^CoTW

Pocilloporawoodjonesi Vaughan, 1918 (289252). ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Pocilloporawoodjonsi Vaughan, 1918 (289252) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Genus Seriatopora Lamarck, 1816

Seriatoporahystrix Dana, 1846 (206973) ^CoTW

Seriatoporaangulata Klunzinger, 1879 (206971) heterotypic synonym. Reported – BPBM 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Seriatoporahystrix Dana, 1846 (206973). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Genus Stylophora Schweigger, 1820

Stylophorapistillata Esper, 1797 (206982) ^CoTW

Stylophoramordax (Dana, 1846) (206981) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Itano and Buckley 1988; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.

Stylophoramordax cf. (Dana, 1846) (206981) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Stylophorapistiliata Esper, 1797 (206982) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Stylophorapistillata Esper, 1797 (206982). ^CoTW Reported – Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Bare et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Birkeland et al. 2013; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Stylophorapistllata Esper, 1797 (206982) [sic]. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

Family Poritidae Gray, 1840

Genus Goniopora de Blainville, 1830

Gonioporacolumna Dana, 1846 (207221) ^CoTW

Gonioporacollumna Dana, 1846 (207221) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Gonioporacolumna Dana, 1846 (207221). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – NT.

Gonioporafruticosa Saville-Kent, 1891 (288272) ^CoTW

Gonioporafruiticosa Saville-Kent, 1891 (288272) [sic]. Reported – Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018.

Gonioporafruticosa Saville-Kent, 1891 (288272). ^CoTW Reported – DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Gonioporapandoraensis Veron & Pichon, 1982 (288275) ^CoTW

Gonioporapandaorensis Veron & Pichon, 1982 (288275) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – LC.

Gonioporasomaliensis Vaughan, 1907 (207212) ^CoTW

Goniopora somaliensis cf. Vaughan, 1907 (207212). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Montgomery et al. 2019.

Gonioporasomaliensis Vaughan, 1907 (207212). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Mundy 1996; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 47 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Genus Porites Link, 1807

Poritesannae Crossland, 1952 (288886) ^CoTW

Poritesannae Crossland, 1952 (288886). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Forsman et al. 2009; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Poritesarnaudi Reyes-Bonilla & Carricart-Ganivet, 2000 (288888) ^CoTW

Poritesarnaudi cf. Reyes-Bonilla & Carricart-Ganivet, 2000 (288888). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Poritesarnaudi Reyes-Bonilla & Carricart-Ganivet, 2000 (288888). ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – Aunuʻu, Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Clipperton Atoll, east Pacific. Geographical range extension – Southwest, Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted this species in the Society Islands, French Polynesia indicating it exists further west than Clipperton Atoll. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 49 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Poritescylindrica Dana, 1846 (207229) ^CoTW

Poritesandrewsi Vaughan, 1918 (207252) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; BPBM 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997.

Poritescapricornis Rehberg, 1892 (760262) heterotypic synonym. Reported – NMNH 2018.

Poritescylindrica ? Dana, 1846 (207229). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Poritescylindrica Dana, 1846 (207229). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Mundy and Green 1999; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Cornish and DiDonato 2004; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Forsman et al. 2009; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Portiescylindrica Dana, 1846 (207229) [sic]. Reported – Maragos et al. 1995.

Poritesevermanni Vaughan, 1907 (288900) ^CoTW

Poritesevermanni Vaughan, 1907 (288900). ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Aunuʻu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – New Caledonia and Kiribati west, Gilbert Islands. Geographical range extension – East and Southeast. Vulnerability – DD.

Poriteshorizontalata Hoffmeister, 1925 (207237) ^CoTW

Poriteshorizontalata cf. Hoffmeister, 1925 (207237). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Poriteshorizontalata Hoffmeister, 1925 (207237). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Poriteshorizontallata Hoffmeister, 1925 (207237) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Synaraeahorizontalata Hoffmeister, 1925 (207237) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Poriteslatistellata Quelch, 1886 (869070) ^CoTW

Poriteslatistella Quelch, 1886 (288906) wrong species spelling. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Poriteslichen Dana, 1846 (207228) ^CoTW

Poriteslichen /randalli ? Dana, 1846 (207228). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Poriteslichen Dana, 1846 (207228). ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Forsman et al. 2009; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Portieslichen Dana, 1846 (207228) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

Poriteslobata Dana, 1846 (207225) ^CoTW

Poriteslobata /lutea Dana, 1846 (207225). Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Poriteslobata forma nodulosa Dana, 1846 (207225). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.

Poriteslobatanodulosa Dana, 1846 (207225). Reported – NMNH 2018.

Poriteslobata aff. Dana, 1846 (207225). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980.

Poriteslobata cf. Dana, 1846 (207225). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Cornish and DiDonato 2004; DMWR 2018.

Poriteslobata Dana, 1846 (207225). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Green and Hunter 1998; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Forsman et al. 2009;Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Poriteslutea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207246) ^CoTW

Poritesarenosa (Esper, 1797) (207241) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Poriteslutea /evermanni Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207246). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Poritesluteahaddoni Vaughan, 1918 (994051). Reported – NMNH 2018.

Poritesluteavar.haddoni aff. Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207246). Reported – Mayor 1924b.

Poritesluteavar.haddoni Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207246). Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.

Poriteslutea ? Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207246). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Poriteslutea aff. Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207246). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; USACE 1980.

Poriteslutea cf. Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207246). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Poriteslutea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207246). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Green and Hunter 1998; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Forsman et al. 2009; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Poritesvar.haddoni Vaughan, 1918 (760256) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Portieslutea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207246) [sic]. Reported – Maragos et al. 1995.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 30 m depth (Lamberts 1983). Notes – The septal pattern of P.evermanni and P.lutea are essentially identical (Fenner 2005). Colonies of P.lutea collected and analyzed molecularly from American Sāmoa fell into three distinct clades that included colonies identified as P.evermanni (Forsman et al. 2009). The type specimen of P.lutea has not been examined, and E Turak (pers. comm.) indicates that the label on the presumed type in the Paris Natural History Museum may have been moved from a different skeleton. Thus, there are significant taxonomic challenges for this species and more work needed to sort the differences.

Poritesmonticulosa Dana, 1846 (367816) ^CoTW

Poritesmonticulosa Dana, 1846 (367816). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Swains, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species is very similar to Poritesrus (Forskål, 1775). The type specimen of P.monticulosa in the Yale Peabody Museum is a short, thick, rounded column. It can be reliably separated from P.rus in many locations in the Pacific, including American Sāmoa and Hawaii (Fenner 2005). However, there are no reliable microscopic features that distinguish it from P.rus and the species concept sensu Veron (2000) and Veron et al. (2019).

Poritesmurrayensis Vaughan, 1918 (207232) ^CoTW

Poritesmurraensis Vaughan, 1918 (207232) [sic]. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.

Poritesmurrayensis ? Vaughan, 1918 (207232). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Poritesmurrayensis Vaughan, 1918 (207232). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; Coles et al. 2003; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Poritesrandalli Forsman & Birkeland, 2009 (758221) ^CoTW

Poritesrandalli Forsman & Birkeland, 2009 (758221). ^CoTW Reported – Forsman and Birkeland 2009; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Paulay and Brown 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Type specimen location. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Poritesrus (Forskål, 1775) (207231) ^CoTW

Poritesconvexa (Verrill, 1864) (207230) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Coles et al. 2003; BPBM 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003.

Poritesfaustinoi Hoffmeister, 1925 (207239) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; NMNH 2018.

Poritesrus (Forskål, 1775) (207231). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Cornish and DiDonato 2004; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Poritesundulata (Verrill, 1864) (207243) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.

Synaraeafaustino Hoffmeister, 1925 (207239) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Synaraeaundulata Klunzinger, 1879 (760291) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Poritesstephensoni Crossland, 1952 (288915) ^CoTW

Poritesstephensoni Crossland, 1952 (288915). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This is a small, distinctive, massive species that only lives on reef flats and is not difficult to identify.

Genus Stylaraea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851

Stylaraeapunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) (212178) ^CoTW

Stylaraeapunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) (212178). ^CoTW Reported – Green et al. 1997; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Birkeland et al. 2013; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Stylareapunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) (212178) [sic]. Reported – Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006.

Family Psammocoridae Chevalier & Beauvais, 1987

Genus Psammocora Dana, 1846

Psammocoracontigua (Esper, 1794) (207267) ^CoTW

Psammacoracontigua (Esper, 1794) (207267) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

Psammocoracontiguatutuilensis (Esper, 1794) (207267). Reported – NMNH 2018.

Psammocoracontiguavar.maldivensis (Esper, 1794) (207267). Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925.

Psammocoracontiguavar.tutuilensis Hoffmeister, 1925 (869367). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925. Referenced – Green et al. 1997.

Psammocoracontigua (Esper, 1794) (207267). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Psammocoraobtusangula cf. (Lamarck, 1816) (287783) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Psammocoradigitata Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207260) ^CoTW

Psammocoradigitata Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207260). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple photographic records. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu. Geographical range extension – East although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species forms massive colonies, which can be very large, and not columnar. Historically, reports under P.digitata should be considered Psammocorahaimiana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851, and vice versa (Benzoni et al. 2010; Veron et al. 2019). However, the name P.haimiana has never been reported in American Sāmoa. See note on P.haimiana.

Psammocoranierstraszi Van der Horst, 1921 (207261) ^CoTW

Psammacoranietstraszi Van der Horst, 1921 (207261) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

Psammocoraneirstraszi Van der Horst, 1921 (207261) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Birkeland 2007b.

Psammocoranierstraszi aff. Van der Horst, 1921 (207261). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Psammocoranierstraszi Van der Horst, 1921 (207261). ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Psammocoranierstrazi Van der Horst, 1921 (207261) [sic]. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 47 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Psammocoraprofundacella Gardiner, 1898 (207271) ^CoTW

Psammacorasuperficialis Gardiner, 1898 (207270) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; CRED 2011.

Psammocoraprofundacella Gardiner, 1898 (207271). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Fenner et al. 2008; Benzoni et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Psammocoraprofundicella Gardiner, 1898 (207271) [sic]. Reported – Green and Hunter 1998; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.

Psammocorasamoaensis Hoffmeister, 1925 (718645) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – NMNH 2018.

Psammocorasamoensis Hoffmeister, 1925 (718645) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Green et al. 1997. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003.

Psammocorasuperficiales Gardiner, 1898 (207270) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Psammocorasuperficialis /nierstraszi Gardiner, 1898 (207270) heterotypic synonym. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Psammocorasuperficialis Gardiner, 1898 (207270) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Benzoni et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Scleractinian genera incertae sedis

Genus Leptastrea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849

Leptastreabewickensis Veron, Pichon & Best, 1977 (287822) ^CoTW

Leptastreabewickensis ? Veron, Pichon & Best, 1977 (287822). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Leptastreabewickensis Veron, Pichon & Best, 1977 (287822). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – The photo of this species reported in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to be incorrect and may be another Leptastrea sp.

Leptastreabottae (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (207476) ^CoTW

Leptastreabottae (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (207476). ^CoTW Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Leptastreaimmersa Klunzinger, 1879 (207473) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – New Caledonia and Society Islands, French Polynesia. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – Lamberts (1983) reported this species as rare, and Birkeland et al. (1987) reported it from three sites as the synonym L.immersa.

Leptastreapruinosa Crossland, 1952 (207472) ^CoTW

Leptastreapruinosa ? Crossland, 1952 (207472). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Leptastreapruinosa Crossland, 1952 (207472). ^CoTW Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identifier unknown). Distribution – Aunuʻu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 32 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – The color/tissue seen on living colonies makes identification from photographs easier than from skeleton. The species is documented by both specimens and photographs.

Leptastreapurpurea (Dana, 1846) (207470) ^CoTW

Leptastreapurpurea (Dana, 1846) (207470). ^CoTW Reported – Mayor 1924a, 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green et al. 1997; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Letpastreapurpurea (Dana, 1846) (207470) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Letpastreapurpurea cf. (Dana, 1846) (207470) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Leptastreatransversa Klunzinger, 1879 (207474) ^CoTW

Leptastreatransversa Klunzinger, 1879 (207474). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Genus Pachyseris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849

Pachyserisgemmae Nemenzo, 1955 (288721) ^CoTW

Pachyserisgemmae Nemenzo, 1955 (288721). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018.

Pachyserisrugosa (Lamarck, 1801) (207292) ^CoTW

Pachyseriscarinata Brüggemann, 1879 (766851) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Pachyserisrugosa (Lamarck, 1801) (207292). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Green and Hunter 1998; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Pachyserisspeciosa (Dana, 1846) (207293) ^CoTW

Pachyserislevicollis (Dana, 1846) (207294) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Pachyserisspeciosa (Dana, 1846) (207293). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018; NMNH 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 33, 30, 52 m depth (Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Montgomery et al. 2019).

Genus Plerogyra Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Plerogyrasimplex Rehberg, 1892 (287848) ^CoTW

Plerogyrasimplex Rehberg, 1892 (287848). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018.

Plerogyrasinuosa (Dana, 1846) (207498) ^CoTW

Plerogyrasinuosa (Dana, 1846) (207498). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple photographic records. Distribution – Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Subclass Octocorallia Haeckel, 1866

Order Helioporacea Bock, 1938

Family Helioporidae Moseley, 1876

Genus Heliopora de Blainville, 1830

Helioporacoerulea (Pallas, 1766) (210725)

Helioporacoerulca (Pallas, 1766) (210725) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Helioporacoerulea (Pallas, 1766) (210725). Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Craig et al. 2001; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Heliporacoerulea (Pallas, 1766) (210725) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, South Bank, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – VU.

Class Hydrozoa Owen, 1843

Order Anthoathecata Cornelius, 1992

Family Milleporidae Fleming, 1828

Genus Millepora Linnaeus, 1758

Milleporadichotoma Forskål, 1775 (210733)

Milleporadichotoma cf. Forskål, 1775 (210733). Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Milleporadichotoma Forskål, 1775 (210733). Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hunter et al. 1993; Craig et al. 2001; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – LC.

Milleporaexaesa Forsskål, 1775 (210728)

Milleporaexaesa Forsskål, 1775 (210728). Reported – Green et al. 1997; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Milleporaexesa Forsskål, 1775 (210728) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Milleporatuberosa Boschma, 1966 (210732) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Coles et al. 2003; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Milleporaexaesa is yellow-brown with occasional light green or pink, encrusts rubble, can have larger bumps, and found in lagoons. The synonym Milleporatuberosa Boschma, 1966 is purple encrusting sheets on hard substrate that can grow quite large and is found on slopes. Skeletons can easily be confused, but live colonies are distinguishable. For taxonomic details, see Randall and Cheng (1984). We believe that the taxonomy of this group needs to be revised and that the synonym M.tuberosa Boschma, 1966 may deserve to be resurrected for specimens outside the Red Sea (Arrigoni et al. 2018b). The photographed specimen of this species reported in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to have an incorrect identification and should be Milleporaplatyphylla Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1834.

Milleporaintricata Milne Edwards, 1860 (210727)

Milleporaintricata Milne Edwards, 1860 (210727). Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Milleporamurrayi Quelch, 1884 (292201) possible heterotypic synonym. Reported – DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Colonies of M.intricata have less obvious ogives while the synonym Milleporamurrayi Quelch, 1884 has very obvious ogives, which are downward curving branches with upward growing branches on the upper edge. Fenner has seen M.intricata in the Philippines which could be mistaken for M.murrayi. Razak and Hoeksema (2003) were correct that the colonies reported from Indonesia were M.intricata, but it is possible that M.murrayi is also present and valid. We believe this group needs to be revisited and the synonym M.murrayi may deserve to be resurrected. For more taxonomic details, see Randall and Cheng (1984).

Milleporaplatyphylla Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1834 (210730)

Milleporaplatyphylla cf. Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1834 (210730). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Milleporaplatyphylla Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1834 (210730). Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Craig et al. 2001; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner and Sudek 2016; BPBM 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Milleporaplatyphyllia cf. Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1834 (210730) [sic]. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – LC.

Possibly present

Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834

Subclass Hexacorallia Haeckel, 1896

Order Scleractinia Bourne, 1900

Family Acroporidae Verrill, 1902

Genus Acropora Oken, 1815

Acroporabushyensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (206999) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporabushiensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (206999) [sic]. Reported – Mundy 1996. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Acroporabushyensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (206999). ^{CoTW CCW} Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – New Caledonia. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – LC.

Acroporaechinata (Dana, 1846) (207069) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaechinata (Dana, 1846) (207069). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; BPBM 2018. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identifier unknown). Distribution – Ofu/Olosega, Sāmoa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – This species is reported in American Sāmoa based on four specimens labeled as A.echinata in the BPBM collection. However, the specimens listed at BPBM do not show documentation about the person that provided the identification. The referenced reports are based on Maragos et al. (1994) except for Hoffmeister (1925), which references this species presence in the Sāmoa Islands from Brook (with uncertain location). Based on the limited observations and the lack of a confirmed identification in the BPBM collection, we consider this species as possibly present in American Sāmoa.

Acroporaelseyi (Brook, 1892) (207113) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaelseyi (Brook, 1892) (207113). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Craig et al. 2001; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species was reported by Craig et al. (2001) and photo-documented in Corals NPAS 2016 (2016). Craig et al. (2001) reported this coral outside a belt transect area during surveys in the Ofu pools indicating this species has a low abundance. DiDonato et al. (2006) references to Craig et al. (2001), but the referenced document of this species in Lovell and McLardy (2008) could not be located. This species is similar to A.carduus. Based on these limited observations and its close similarity to another species, we determined this species as possibly present in American Sāmoa.

Acroporaglauca (Brook, 1893) (207017) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaglauca (Brook, 1893) (207017). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – The identity of the photographed specimen in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to be incorrect and should be A.clathrata.

Acroporahorrida (Dana, 1846) (207006) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporahorrida (Dana, 1846) (207006). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Craig et al. 2001; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Acroporahorrida ? (Dana, 1846) (207006). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Acroporakirstyae Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288215) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporakirstyae Veron & Wallace, 1984 (288215). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – Ofu, Rose Atoll. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – New Caledonia. Geographical range extension – East although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – This species is fairly distinctive.

Acroporaloripes (Brook, 1892) (207074) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaloripes (Brook, 1892) (207074). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporarosaria (Dana, 1846) (207029) possible heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Sāmoa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Acroporamicrophthalma (Verrill, 1870) (207046) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporamicrophthalma (Verrill, 1870) (207046). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporamicropthalma (Verrill, 1870) (207046) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland 2007a. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) report this species is readily confused with other Acropora species with a staghorn-like form. Wallace (1999) reports this species is difficult to distinguish from Acroporamuricata (Linnaeus, 1758). Despite the limited number of observations of this species and the difficulty in its identification, we believe that the photographic record from Corals NPAS (2016) is plausible evidence of its presence.

Acroporasarmentosa (Brook, 1892) (288244) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporasarmentosa (Brook, 1892) (288244). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – Taʻū. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Acroporasarmentosa is very distinctive and reported to be common by Veron et al. (2019). Given it has been reported by so few papers, we label this species as possibly present. Acroporaverweyi Veron & Wallace, 1984 is somewhat similar and present.

Acroporaspicifera (Dana, 1846) (207087) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaspicefera (Dana, 1846) (207087) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

Acroporaspicifera (Dana, 1846) (207087). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – Acroporaspicifera is a difficult species to identify in situ, but a sample has been identified by A Lamberts. Veron et al. (2019) report this species to be uncommon outside Australia.

Acroporasquarrosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207053) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporasquarrosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207053). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.

Acroporasquarrosa cf. (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207053). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Madagascar north. Geographical range extension – East although Veron et al. (2019) stated this species distribution was uncertain due to taxonomic uncertainties, significant geographical range extension. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Acroporasquarrosa is a Red Sea and western Indian Ocean species, and both Wallace (1999) and Veron (2000) report that it is endemic to the Red Sea. Based on a sample identified by A Lamberts and in situ reports (Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994), we believe that this species is possibly present. However, caution may be warranted on this species due to the later work not available to Lamberts (1983), Birkeland et al. 1987, and Maragos et al. (1994).

Acroporastriata (Verrill, 1866) (207081) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporastriata (Verrill, 1866) (207081). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Ofu. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Acroporasubglabra (Brook, 1891) (288250) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporasubglabra (Brook, 1891) (288250). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Acroporavalenciennesi (Milne Edwards, 1860) (206995) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporasplendida Nemenzo, 1967 (740875) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Acroporavalenciennesi (Milne Edwards, 1860) (206995). ^{CoTW CCW} Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Acroporavaughani Wells, 1954 (288262) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporavaughani Wells, 1954 (288262). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Acroporayongei Veron & Wallace, 1984 (207032) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporayongei /pulchra Veron & Wallace, 1984 (207032). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporayongei ? Veron & Wallace, 1984 (207032). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Acroporayongei Veron & Wallace, 1984 (207032). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Mundy 1996; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Genus Alveopora Blainville, 1830

Alveoporaexcelsa Verrill, 1864 (289255) ^CoTW

Alveoporaexcelsa Verrill, 1864 (289255). ^CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Raja Ampat, Papua. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – EN. Mesophotic record – 52 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – Alveopora species can be difficult to identify from photographs or even skeletons.

Alveoporaspongiosa Dana, 1846 (207198) ^CoTW

Alveoporaspongiosa ? Dana, 1846 (207198). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

Alveoporaspongiosa cf. Dana, 1846 (207198). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Alveoporaspongiosa Dana, 1846 (207198). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Mesophotic record – 46 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Alveoporasuperficialis Pillai & Scheer, 1976 (207199)

Alveoporasuperficiales Pillai & Scheer, 1976 (207199) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Birkeland 2007b.

Alveoporasuperficialis Pillai & Scheer, 1976 (207199). Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Coles et al. 2003. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) consider this species a synonym of A.spongiosa.

Genus Astreopora Blainville, 1830

Astreoporaexplanata Veron, 1985 (287944)

Astreopora explanata Veron, 1985 (287944). Reported – Maragos et al. 1994. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – This species is considered a synonym of A.expansa by Veron et al. (2019).

Astreoporaincrustans Bernard, 1896 (207131) ^CoTW

Astreoporaincrustans Bernard, 1896 (207131). ^CoTW Reported – NMNH 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (Identifier unknown). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – VU.

Astreoporaocellata Bernard, 1896 (207123) ^CoTW

Astreoporaocellata Bernard, 1896 (207123). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002. Referenced – Birkeland 2007a, 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – New Caledonia. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species is subtly different from A.myriophthalma.

Genus Isopora Studer, 1879

Isoporacuneata (Dana, 1846) (730687) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporacuneata (Dana, 1846) (206997) homotypic synonym. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Isoporacuneata (Dana, 1846) (730687). ^{CoTW CCW} Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – See note of I.crateriformis.

Genus Montipora Blainville, 1830

Montiporaangulata (Lamarck, 1816) (287691) ^CoTW

Montiporaangulata (Lamarck, 1816) (287691). ^CoTW Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Rose Atoll. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – This species was only reported by Kenyon et al. (2010) from Rose Atoll, and is reported to be very rare (Veron et al. 2019).

Montiporacalcarea Bernard, 1897 (287695)

Montiporacalcarea Bernard, 1897 (287695). Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) consider this species unresolved and M.calcarea sensu Veron (2000) as an undefined separate species.

Montiporaconicula Wells, 1954 (1263760)

Montiporaconicula Wells, 1954 (1263760). Reported – Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – This species has been reported by two sources, but there is no photo-documentation or collection material available for this species. However, both sources for this species are from well-known coral experts, so we accept this species presence in American Sāmoa. Veron et al. (2019) consider this species unresolved.

Montiporacorbettensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (287701) ^CoTW

Montiporacorbettensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 (287701). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Montiporadanae Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207152) ^CoTW

Montiporadanae Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207152). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Montiporadigitata (Dana, 1846) (207185) ^CoTW

Montiporadigitata (Dana, 1846) (207185). ^CoTW Reported – Green and Hunter 1998.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Hunter and Green (1998) reported this species with an occasional abundance at two sites.

Montiporaeffusa (Dana, 1846) (207169) ^CoTW

Montiporaeffusa (Dana, 1846) (207169). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu and Society Islands, French Polynesia. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions. Vulnerability – NT.

Montiporafloweri Wells, 1954 (287707) ^CoTW

Montiporafloweri Wells, 1954 (287707). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Montiporahispida (Dana, 1846) (207164) ^CoTW

Montiporahispida (Dana, 1846) (207164). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Maragos et al. 1994; Green et al. 1997; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000; Fenner et al. 2008; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Montiporahoffmeisteri Wells, 1954 (287713) ^CoTW

Montiporahoffmeisteri cf. Wells, 1954 (287713). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Montiporahoffmeisteri Wells, 1954 (287713). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Montiporalobulata Bernard, 1897 (207141) ^CoTW

Montiporalobulata Bernard, 1897 (207141). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Montiporamillepora Crossland, 1952 (207190) ^CoTW

Montiporamillepora Crossland, 1952 (207190). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Montiporamollis Bernard, 1897 (207137) ^CoTW

Montiporamollis Bernard, 1897 (207137). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Montiporamonasteriata (Forskål, 1775) (207153) ^CoTW

Montiporamonasteriata (Forskål, 1775) (207153). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1995; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Montiporanodosa (Dana, 1846) (287719) ^CoTW

Montiporanodosa (Dana, 1846) (287719). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Montiporanodosa cf. (Dana, 1846) (287719). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – Corals in some published photographs of this species (Veron 2000) appear to be incorrectly identified, showing no papillae between lumps, while this species has papillae between lumps. The photographs appear to be of Montiporaturgescens Bernard, 1897. Identifications based on Veron (2000) may be of Montiporaturgescens Bernard, 1897 due to this error.

Montiporapeltiformis Bernard, 1897 (207180) ^CoTW

Montiporapeltiformis Bernard, 1897 (207180). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Montiporaundata Bernard, 1897 (207167) ^CoTW

Montiporacolei Wells, 1954 (759740) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Montiporaundata Bernard, 1897 (207167). ^CoTW Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Montiporaverrucosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207146) ^CoTW

Montiporaverrucosa (Lamarck, 1816) (207146). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple photographic records. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Montiporacapitata has commonly been reported as M.verrucosa, especially in Hawaii (Fenner 2005).

Family Agariciidae Gray, 1847

Genus Coeloseris Vaughan, 1918

Coeloserismayeri Vaughan, 1918 (207613) ^CoTW

Coeloserismayeri Vaughan, 1918 (207613). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Genus Pavona Lamarck, 1801

Pavonacactus (Forskål, 1775) (207312) ^CoTW

Pavonacactus (Forskål, 1775) (207312). ^CoTW Reported – Craig et al. 2001; Birkeland 2007a; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Pavonafoliosa Dana, 1846 (766375) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – The identification of a coral in a photo of this species reported in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to be incorrect and should be Leptoserisgardineri (van der Horst, 1922). Otherwise, this species has only been observed by Craig et al. (2001) as an off transect observation and by Birkeland (2007a).

Pavonadiffluens (Lamarck, 1816) (207295) ^CoTW

Pavonadiffluens (Lamarck, 1816) (207295). ^CoTW Reported – Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

Pavonadiffluens cf. (Lamarck, 1816) (207295). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Montgomery et al. 2019. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Socotra Archipelago. Geographical range extension – Southeast, significant geographical range extension. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Mesophotic record – 44 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – This species is similar to Pavonaexplanulata (Lamarck, 1816) and Pavonagigantea Verrill, 1869. The type locality of this species is the Red Sea, from where it is well known. Randall (1995, 2003) has also reported this species from Guam and the Marianas. Veron (2014) reports that colonies in the Pacific Ocean are likely belonging to an undescribed species that is similar to P.diffluens, but with different corallite sizes. D Fenner (pers. comm.) reports that there appear to be no differences in corallite sizes or features between the specimen in the NOAA 2014). Given the protection status of P.diffluens under the ESA, more analysis is warranted on its type and samples from American Sāmoa. Here, we apply the precautionary principle to this species as possibly present in American Sāmoa until Pacific specimens are confirmed to belong to P.diffluens or can be described as a new species.

Family Dendrophylliidae Gray, 1847

Genus Rhizopsammia Verrill, 1870

Rhizopsammiaverrilli van der Horst, 1922 (210737)

Rhizopsammiaverrilli van der Horst, 1922 (210737). Reported – Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – This species has been documented by Fenner (2018), but no samples have been identified. An analysis of the skeletal characteristics is warranted before a firm conclusion on species presence can be made. Arrigoni et al. (2014: fig. 10M–O) provide more information on and illustrations of this species.

Genus Turbinaria Oken, 1815

Turbinariaradicalis Bernard, 1896 (289213) ^CoTW

Turbinariaradicalis Bernard, 1896 (289213). ^CoTW Reported – NMNH 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identifier unknown). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Bismarck Sea, New Guinea and Great Barrier Reef south. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species is documented from American Sāmoa from a sample in the NMNH, but the expert that made the identification is not listed within the NMNH (2018) database.

Family Euphylliidae Alloiteau, 1952

Genus Euphyllia Dana, 1846

Euphylliacristata Chevalier, 1971 (289214) ^CoTW

Euphylliacristata Chevalier, 1971 (289214). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – VU.

Genus Galaxea Oken, 1815

Galaxeahorrescens (Dana, 1846) (707460) ^CoTW

Acrheliahorrescens (Dana, 1846) (289335) homotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Galaxeahorrescens (Dana, 1846) (707460). ^CoTW Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This observation was from dredged material from the construction of the Pago Pago airport (Lamberts 1983). Separately from the report of A.horrescens, Lamberts (1983) stated that fossil corals of the genus Acrhelia were found in the airport dredged material. The reference to the fossil coral may have concerned A.horrescens, presently known as G.horrescens.

Family Fungiidae Dana, 1846

Genus Cycloseris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849

Cycloserisexplanulata (van der Horst, 1922) (716292)

Psammocoraexplanulata van der Horst, 1922 (207265) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – New Caledonia and Society Islands, French Polynesia. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions. Notes – There remains some significant taxonomic disagreement with the placement of Psammocoraexplanulata van der Horst, 1922 in the genus Cycloseris. Benzoni et al. (2012a) moved this species into Cycloseris based on genetic evidence, but Veron et al. (2019) state that this species does not have the genus-level characters of Cycloseris and therefore retains this species in Psammocora. However, original genus descriptions are often simple and based on the characters of the type species. They may need to be revised based on new information and the addition of other species. A taxonomic revision seems warranted in this circumstance (Benzoni et al. 2012). The identification of this species can be similar to Cycloseriswellsi (Veron & Pichon, 1980) (see the note for that species for further information), and Benzoni et al. (2012) report it may be confused with Cycloserismokai (Hoeksema, 1989) although field identifications are distinct.

Cycloseriswellsi (Veron & Pichon, 1980) (716291)

Coscinaraeawellsi Veron & Pichon, 1980 (207257) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Coscinereawellsi Veron & Pichon, 1980 (207257) [sic] homotypic synonym. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Notes – Similar to C.explanulata, this species was moved to the genus Cycloseris from Coscinaraea (Benzoni et al. 2012). See the note under C.explanulata for more details.

Genus Lithophyllon Rehberg, 1892

Lithophyllonscabra (Döderlein, 1901) (716611)

Fungiascabra Döderlein, 1901 (288856) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu and Society Islands, French Polynesia. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions. Notes – This species is similar to Lithophyllonconcinna (Verrill, 1864) and considered rare by Veron et al. (2019), although it has been observed as an abundant species at shallow depths on nearshore reefs in Indonesia and also in shallow water in eastern Australia (Hoeksema 2012c, 2012d, 2015).

Lithophyllonundulatum Rehberg, 1892 (290309) ^CoTW

Lithophyllonundulatum Rehberg, 1892 (290309). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species is fairly distinctive, but there has only been a single observation (Fisk and Birkeland 2002). This observation included only a single colony within a quantitative study.

Family Lobophylliidae Dai & Horng, 2009

Genus Echinophyllia Klunzinger, 1879

Echinophylliaechinata (Saville-Kent, 1871) (287972) ^CoTW

Echinophylliaechinata (Saville-Kent, 1871) (287972). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003; CRED 2011. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Coles et al. (2003) erroneously referenced Birkeland et al. 1987; Birkeland et al. (1987) did not report this species.

Genus Lobophyllia de Blainville, 1830

Lobophylliahataii Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936 (207390) ^CoTW

Lobophylliahataii Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936 (207390). ^CoTW Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Taʻū. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Lobophylliaradians (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (888141)

Symphylliaradians Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (207401) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Fenner et al. 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Lobophylliarobusta Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936 (288104) ^CoTW

Lobophyllia robusta cf. Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936 (288104). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018; Montgomery et al. 2019.

Lobophylliarobusta Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936 (288104). ^CoTW Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010; DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 40 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – The specimen identified by D Fenner remains an uncertain identification.

Lobophylliasinuosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) (888144)

Lobophylliasinosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) (888144) [sic]. Reported – USACE 1980.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Aunuʻu. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) maintain this species in the genus Symphyllia and reports this species as a probable synonym of S.recta.

Lobophylliavalenciennesii (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (888145)

Symphylliavalenciennesii Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (207398) homotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) maintain this species in the genus Symphyllia, but also accept the incorrect species spelling of S.valenciennesi.

Family Merulinidae Verrill, 1865

Genus Coelastrea Verrill, 1866

Coelastreaaspera (Verrill, 1866) (762427)

Coelastreaaspera (Verrill, 1866) (762427). Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

Goniastreaaspera ? Verrill, 1866 (207467) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Goniastreaaspera Verrill, 1866 (207467) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Mesophotic record – 47 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Genus Cyphastrea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Cyphastreadecadia Moll & Best, 1984 (288920) ^CoTW

Cyphastreadecadia Moll & Best, 1984 (288920). ^CoTW Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Rose Atoll. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species is fairly distinctive and was only reported by one source from Rose Atoll where surveys have been limited. Colonies from the lagoon of Rose Atoll found by D Fenner have a colony shape intermediate between that of this species and other species.

Cyphastreaserailia (Forskål, 1775) (207413) ^CoTW

Cyphastreaserailia (Forskål, 1775) (207413). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Cyphastreaserailia cf. (Forskål, 1775) (207413). ^CoTW Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

Cyphastreaseralia (Forskål, 1775) (207413) [sic]. Reported – Fenner et al. 2008.

Cyphastreaseralia ? (Forskål, 1775) (207413) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Cyphastreaserilia cf. (Forskål, 1775) (207413) [sic]. Reported – Hunter et al. 1993.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Genus Dipsastraea Blainville, 1830

Dipsastraeaamicorum (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (762753)

Dipsastraeaamicorum (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (762753). Reported – Gross 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (unknown identifier). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Notes – The record of this species is only based on a single specimen in the University of California of Paleontology (Gross 2019). Veron et al. (2019) classify this species in the genus Favia, which is an Atlantic taxon according to others (Budd et al. 2012; Baron-Szabo 2018).

Dipsastraeahelianthoides (Wells, 1954) (758239)

Faviahelianthila Wells, 1954 (207429) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Faviahelianthoides Wells, 1954 (207429) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Craig et al. 2001; Birkeland 2007a; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Faviaheliantoides Wells, 1954 (207429) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Dipsastraealaddi (Wells, 1954) (762754)

Barabattoialaddi (Wells, 1954) (271296) homotypic synonym. Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Rose Atoll. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Solomon Islands and Bougainville and Cook Islands, central Pacific. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions. Notes – This species is very rarely reported from anywhere in the world and in American Sāmoa only from Rose Atoll during limited surveys. Veron et al. (2019) report the species B.laddi as a historical generic designation for Favialaddi.

Dipsastraeamaxima (Veron, Pichon & Wijsman-Best, 1977) (758230)

Faviamaxima Veron, Pichon & Wijsman-Best, 1977 (207428) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Rose Atoll. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Notes – This species has only been recorded from Rose Atoll from limited surveys.

Genus Echinopora Lamarck, 1816

Echinoporahorrida Dana, 1846 (288342) ^CoTW

Echinoporahorrida Dana, 1846 (288342). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT.

Echinoporapacifica Veron, 1990 (1341443)

Echinoporapacifica Veron, 1990 (1341443). Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Echinoporapacificus Veron, 1990 (288345) wrong species spelling. ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species was only recorded by a single study and the number of colonies reported was limited (Fisk and Birkeland 2002). Veron et al. (2019) report Echinoporalamellosa (Esper, 1795) as a similar species.

Genus Favites Link, 1807

Favitescolemani (Veron, 2000) (763489)

Montastraeacolemani Veron, 2000 (289299) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland 2007a.

Montastreacolemani ? Veron, 2000 (289299) homotypic synonym, wrong genus spelling. Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Ofu, Taʻū. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Geographical range extension – East. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) accept this species as Phymastreacolemani (Veron, 2000). This species is documented by single specimen (DMWR 2018) with an uncertain identification in addition to a single in situ report (Birkeland 2007a).

Favitescomplanata (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207455) ^CoTW

Favitescomplanata (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207455). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Mundy 1996; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Favitescomplanata cf. (Ehrenberg, 1834) (207455). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – The record of this species was based on a single specimen with an uncertain identification and the single photographic record (Corals NPAS 2016) appears to be uncertain. There remain multiple reports of this species, so we list this species as possibly present.

Favitesrotundata Veron, Pichon & Wijsman-Best, 1977 (207445)

Faviarotundata (Veron, Pichon & Wijsman-Best, 1977) (207427) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Corals NPAS 2016.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Favitesvalenciennesi (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (763525)

Montastraeavalciennesi (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (207482) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Montastraeavalenciennesi (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (207482) homotypic synonym. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a.

Montastreavalenciennesi (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (764067) homotypic synonym, wrong genus spelling. Reported – Mundy 1996; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Taʻū. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) accept this species as Phymastreavalenciennesi (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849). This species is very similar to Favitescolemani (Veron, 2000), differing in the size of corallites.

Genus Hydnophora Fischer von Waldheim, 1807

Hydnophoragrandis Gardiner, 1904 (287996)

Hydnophoragrandis Gardiner, 1904 (287996). Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) report that H.grandis is a synonym of H.exesa, but H.grandis sensu Veron (2000) is an unnamed species.

Genus Merulina Ehrenberg, 1834

Merulinatriangularis (Veron & Pichon, 1980) (739884)

Clavarinatriangularis Veron & Pichon, 1980 (739878) homotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Paraclavarinatriangularis (Veron & Pichon, 1980) (290627) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East.

Genus Oulophyllia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Oulophylliabennettae (Veron, Pichon & Wijsman-Best, 1977) (288394) ^CoTW

Oulophylliabennettae (Veron, Pichon & Wijsman-Best, 1977) (288394). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Fenner 2018.

Oulophylliabennetti (Veron, Pichon & Wijsman-Best, 1977) (288394) [sic]. Reported – Birkeland 2007a.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) report this species as ‘uncommon, but conspicuousʻ. However, this species appears identical to Oulophylliacrispa (Lamarck, 1816), except that it has two or fewer corallites in one valley, while O.crispa is meandroid with many corallites in a valley. In American Sāmoa, many colonies appear to have intermediate-length valleys.

Genus Paragoniastrea Huang, Benzoni & Budd, 2014

Paragoniastreaaustralensis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857) (817177)

Goniastreaaustralensis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857) (207460) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Kenyon et al. 2010. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Goniastreaaustraliensis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857) (207460) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Goniastreaaustraliensis ? (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857) (207460) [sic] homotypic synonym. Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Genus Platygyra Ehrenberg, 1834

Platygyraryukyuensis Yabe & Sugiyama, 1935 (289206) ^CoTW

Platygyraryukyuensis Yabe & Sugiyama, 1935 (289206). ^CoTW Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010.

Family Pocilloporidae Gray, 1840

Genus Pocillopora Lamarck, 1816

Pocilloporaacuta Lamarck, 1816 (759099) ^CoTW

Pocilloporabulbosa cf. Ehrenberg, 1834 (206968) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Pocilloporadamicornisbulbosa Ehrenburg, 1834 (224196) heterotypic synonym. Reported – NMNH 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identifier unknown). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Kiribati, north-east Line Islands. Geographical range extension – Southwest although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Notes – This species was observed by Lamberts (1983), but within an uncertain identification. A sample exists in the NMNH listed as Pocilloporadamicornisbulbosa Ehrenburg, 1834, but this database entry does not list the expert who made the identification. Recent genetic and morphological evidence in Hawaii and Singapore suggests common misidentification between Pocilloporadamicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) and P.acuta (Poquita-Du et al. 2017, 2019; Johnston et al. 2018).

Family Poritidae Gray, 1840

Genus Goniopora de Blainville, 1830

Gonioporadjiboutiensis Vaughan, 1907 (207210) ^CoTW

Gonioporadjiboutiensis cf. Vaughan, 1907 (207210). ^CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

Gonioporadjiboutiensis Vaughan, 1907 (207210). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 47 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Gonioporalobata Milne Edwards, 1860 (207208) ^CoTW

Gonioporalobata cf. Milne Edwards, 1860 (207208). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Gonioporalobata Milne Edwards, 1860 (207208). ^CoTW Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Gonioporatraceyi cf. Wells, 1954 (759973) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species is similar to Gonioporacolumna Dana, 1846.

Gonioporapedunculata Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (759975)

Gonioporaminor cf. Crossland, 1952 (207217) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

Gonioporaminor Crossland, 1952 (207217) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003; CRED 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Ofu/Olosega, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East. Mesophotic record – 48 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019). Notes – This species is similar to Gonioporatenuidens (Quelch, 1886). Veron et al. (2019) report this as an unrecognized species.

Gonioporatenuidens (Quelch, 1886) (207211) ^CoTW

Gonioporatenuidens (Quelch, 1886) (207211). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Gonioporatenuidens cf. (Quelch, 1886) (207211). ^CoTW Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species is similar to G.pedunculata (Gonioporaminor Crossland, 1952 as a synonym).

Genus Porites Link, 1807

Poritesdensa Vaughan, 1918 (288897) ^CoTW

Poritesdensa Vaughan, 1918 (288897). ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996; CRED 2011. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species has only been reported as a new record by a single study (Mundy 1996). Most Porites spp. can be difficult to identify without a skeletal sample.

Poritesmyrmidonensis Veron, 1985 (288908) ^CoTW

Poritesmyrmidonensis Veron, 1985 (288908). ^CoTW Reported – Montgomery et al. 2019.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Coral Sea. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – LC. Mesophotic record – 44 m depth (Montgomery et al. 2019).

Poritesnapopora Veron, 2000 (288909) ^CoTW

Poritesnapopora Veron, 2000 (288909). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Pohnpei and Kosrae, Micronesia. Geographical range extension – Southeast. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Notes – This species has only been reported by a single study with only two colonies observed. Veron (2014) reports that this species does not occur within the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga region. NOAA (2018) reports that this species is possibly present in American Sāmoa. Fenner (2015) reports this species with a moderate level of species identity while Veron (2014) reports this species is distinctive.

Poritesnigrescens Dana, 1848 (207234) ^CoTW

Poritesnigrescens Dana, 1848 (207234). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008; Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – VU.

Poritespukoensis Vaughan, 1907 (207250) ^CoTW

Poritespukoensis Vaughan, 1907 (207250). ^CoTW Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Hawaii east. Geographical range extension – South. Vulnerability – CE. Notes – Skeleton identification is the strongest evidence of a species presence short of a type locality, but massive Porites are difficult to identify. The occurrence of P.pukoensis has only been confirmed from the Hawaiian Archipelago despite these reports. However, additional analysis of the specimen within the NMNH collection should occur to make a final conclusion of the presence of species. Veron et al. (2019) show the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga region to be doubtful for this species presence.

Poritessolida (Forskål, 1775) (207227) ^CoTW

Poritessolida (Forskål, 1775) (207227). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1995; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Forsman et al. 2009; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Poritessolida cf. (Forskål, 1775) (207227). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by J Wolstenholme). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Large massive Porites spp. are the most difficult of all coral species to identify, even with skeleton samples examined by experts. The identify of the photographed specimen of this species in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to be uncertain.

Poritessuperfusa Gardiner, 1898 (759336) ^CoTW

Poritessuperfusa Gardiner, 1898 (759336). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – Ofu, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga.

Poritesvaughani Crossland, 1952 (288918) ^CoTW

Poritesvaughani Crossland, 1952 (288918). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC.

Family Psammocoridae Chevalier & Beauvais, 1987

Genus Psammocora Dana, 1846

Psammocorahaimiana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (718603) ^CoTW

Psammacorafolium Umbgrove, 1939 (207259) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Psammocorafolium Umbgrove, 1939 (207259) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Psammocorahaimeana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207262) wrong species spelling. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Maragos et al. 1994; Mundy 1996; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Psammocorahameana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 (207262) [sic] wrong species spelling. Reported – Fenner et al. 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu and Tuamotu Archipelago west, central Pacific. Geographical range extension – Between two disjunct ecoregions although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Notes – Benzoni et al. (2010) discuss at length several species of Psammocora. They reported that the species name P.haimeana sensu Klunzinger 1879 seems to be an incorrect spelling of P.haimiana, but that this misspelling has been propagated in the literature since Veron and Pichon (1976). However, the name P.haimeana is not as simple as an incorrect spelling as they document through morphological and molecular analyses that specimens identified as P.haimeana are actually Psammocoraprofundacella Gardiner, 1898. This indicates that all the colonies listed here as P.haimeana are likely P.profundacella and should not be considered as evidence for the presence of P.haimiana. However, A Lamberts identified a specimen as P.folium which appears to be a synonym of P.haimiana, which Benzoni et al. (2010) confirm as correct. Despite this sample, we believe that the uncertainty of the identity of this species leaves uncertainty of its presence in American Sāmoa. We should further note that the name P.haimiana has not been directly reported in American Sāmoa, which historically has been used incorrectly for the species P.digitata (see note under P.digitata).

Class Hydrozoa Owen, 1843

Order Anthoathecata Cornelius, 1992

Family Milleporidae Fleming, 1828

Genus Millepora Linnaeus, 1758

Milleporatenera Boschma, 1949 (210729)

Milleporatenella Ortmann, 1892 (287427) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Maragos et al. 1995; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Milleporatenera Boschma, 1949 (210729). Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Maragos et al. 1994.

Milleporatortuosa Dana, 1848 (735836) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Milliporinatortuosa Dana, 1848 (735836) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – BPBM 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Possibly present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identifier unknown). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Sāmoa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This is a branching species and it is possible that M.dichotoma in American Sāmoa may have been identified as M.tenera erroneously.

Uncertain

Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834

Subclass Hexacorallia Haeckel, 1896

Order Scleractinia Bourne, 1900

Family Acroporidae Verrill, 1902

Genus Acropora Oken, 1815

Acroporacophodactyla (Brook, 1892) (430641) ^CoTW taxon inquirendum

Acroporacophodactyla /lutkeni (Brook, 1892) (430641). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Acroporacophodactyla (Brook, 1892) (430641). ^CoTW Reported – DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporacophodactyla aff. (Brook, 1892) (430641). ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – DD. Notes – Acroporacophodactyla has some taxonomic uncertainty, but Veron et al. (2019) recognize this as a valid species. Based on this uncertain taxonomic status, we regard the presence of this species in American Sāmoa as uncertain. However, a number of reports have reported this species or a species similar to A.cophodactyla.

Acroporadendrum (Bassett-Smith, 1890) (288195) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporadendrum (Bassett-Smith, 1890) (288195). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu. Geographical range extension – East although Veron et al. (2019) strongly predicted the presence of this species in the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga ecoregion. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – This species has only been reported by Fisk and Birkeland (2002). Wallace (1999) considers this species a difficult and uncertain species rarely reported. Based on this, we have uncertainties about the presence of this species in American Sāmoa.

Acroporaexquisita Nemenzo, 1971 (288202)

Acroporaexquisita Nemenzo, 1971 (288202). Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Rose Atoll. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – DD. Notes – This species is not accepted by Veron et al. (2019), Wallace (1999), or Wallace et al. (2012). Veron et al. (2019) report this species sensu Veron (2000) as unresolved and that it concerns an undescribed species. Based on this uncertainty and only a single observation by Kenyon et al. (2010), we are uncertain of its presence in American Sāmoa.

Acroporasubulata (Dana, 1846) (368478) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporasubulata (Dana, 1846) (368478). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Mundy 1996; DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporasubulata cf. (Dana, 1846) (368478). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Corals NPAS 2016.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Manuʻa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – While a specimen has been identified as A.subulata by D Fenner, recent examination and consideration of the previous identification suggests that the specimen may belong to A.surculosa.

Genus Astreopora Blainville, 1830

Astreoporaexpansa (Brüggemann, 1877) (207129) ^CoTW

Astreoporaexpansa (Brüggemann, 1877) (207129). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Vanuatu. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) report this species as distinctive, but the species has only been reported by one study. Based on this uncertainty, we believe that its presence in American Sāmoa is uncertain.

Genus Montipora Blainville, 1830

Montiporaorientalis Nemenzo, 1967 (287720) ^CoTW

Montiporaorientalis ? Nemenzo, 1967 (287720). ^CoTW Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Montiporaorientalis cf. Nemenzo, 1967 (287720). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – This species was reported by two studies both with uncertain identification (Birkeland 2007b, Fisk and Birkeland 2002), indicating that there has been no confirmed observations. Also, this is a rare species (Veron et al. 2019). Based on the lack of a confirmed identification, we consider this species presence as uncertain.

Family Agariciidae Gray, 1847

Genus Leptoseris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849

Leptoserisstriata Fenner & Veron, 2000 (288719) ^CoTW

Leptoserisstriata Fenner & Veron, 2000 (288719). ^CoTW Reported – Bare et al. 2010.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – New Caledonia. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – Bare et al. (2010) is the only reference to this species and that study has tentative identifications based on video footage taken from a towed camera, which is usually very blurry. Evidence for the presence of this species in American Sāmoa is therefore uncertain.

Family Lobophylliidae Dai & Horng, 2009

Genus Homophyllia Brüggemann, 1877

Homophylliabowerbanki (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857) (886931)

Acanthastreahillae Wells, 1955 (207381) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Mundy 1996. Referenced – Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Notes – Mundy (1996) reported this species as a new record for American Sāmoa and remarked on its distinctive morphology. Veron et al. (2019) reported that this species may be difficult to distinguish from Lobophylliaishigakiensis (Veron, 1990) and Sclerophylliamaxima (Sheppard & Salm, 1988), the latter not reported in American Sāmoa. It is possible that this report was a misidentified colony of L.ishigakiensis. Veron et al. (2019) maintain A.hillae as valid and recognizes Acanthastreabowerbanki Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857 as a separate and valid species. Arrigoni et al. (2016) synonymized both species under H.bowerbanki.

Genus Oxypora Saville-Kent, 1871

Oxyporaglabra Nemenzo, 1959 (207375) ^CoTW

Oxyporaglabra Nemenzo, 1959 (207375). ^CoTW Reported – Green and Hunter 1998.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species was reported at two sites by Green and Hunter (1999) and no other Oxypora spp. were reported. Their observation could have been confused with a different Oxypora sp.

Family Merulinidae Verrill, 1865

Genus Caulastraea Dana, 1846

Caulastraeaechinulata (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (289576)

Caulastreaechinulata /furcata (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (411159) wrong genus spelling. Reported – Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) maintain the incorrect genus spelling of Caulastrea.

Genus Dipsastraea Blainville, 1830

Dipsastraeadanai (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857) (758238)

Faviadanae ? Verrill, 1872 (764061) homonym, heterotypic synonym. Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

Faviadanae Verrill, 1872 (764061) homonym, heterotypic synonym. Reported – CRED 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Notes – Coles et al. (2003) reported a questionable identification as the only observation of this species in American Sāmoa. Based on this uncertainty, we find the presence of this species uncertain. Veron et al. (2019) maintain Faviadanai as the name for this species.

Genus Favites Link, 1807

Favitesspinosa (Klunzinger, 1879) (430662) ^CoTW

Favitesspinosa cf. (Klunzinger, 1879) (430662). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Bismarck Sea, New Guinea. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – The identification of this species was listed as cf. by Fisk and Birkeland (2002). Based on the uncertainty of this single observation, we list the presence of this species as uncertain.

Genus Pectinia Blainville, 1825

Pectinialactuca (Pallas, 1766) (207378) ^CoTW

Pectinialactuca (Pallas, 1766) (207378). ^CoTW Reported – Work and Rameyer 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – American Sāmoa. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Fiji. Geographical range extension – East. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – This species is rather recognizable, but it has not been observed by any other study than by Work and Rameyer (2002), who are not coral experts. Based on this uncertainty, we list this species presence as uncertain.

Family Pocilloporidae Gray, 1840

Genus Pocillopora Lamarck, 1816

Pocilloporamolokensis Vaughan, 1907 (411253) ^CoTW

Pocilloporamolokensis Vaughan, 1907 (411253). ^CoTW Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Rose Atoll. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Kiribati, north-east Line Islands. Geographical range extension – Southwest. Vulnerability – DD. Notes – Pocilloporamolokensis is known as a mesophotic species, and this observation was from shallow water at Rose Atoll. Veron et al. (2019) report a similar species as Pocilloporaeffusus Veron, 2000, which occurs in wave-washed habitats that reflect those of Rose Atoll. Pocilloporaeffusus is only known from the eastern Pacific (Veron et al. 2019). We conclude that the presence of this species in American Sāmoa is uncertain.

Family Poritidae Gray, 1840

Genus Porites Link, 1807

Poritesaustraliensis Vaughan, 1918 (207249) ^CoTW

Poritesaustraliensis cf. Vaughan, 1918 (207249). ^CoTW Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Poritesaustraliensis Vaughan, 1918 (207249). ^CoTW Reported – Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; BPBM 2018. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single specimen report (identifier unknown). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Rose Atoll, Swains, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species is notoriously difficult to identify or separate from Poriteslobata Dana, 1846. The single specimen collected is located in the BPBM collection, but the identifying person is not listed within the BPBM database. The specimen in the photograph of this species reported in Corals NPAS (2016) appears to be unidentifiable.

Family Psammocoridae Chevalier & Beauvais, 1987

Genus Psammocora Dana, 1846

Psammocorastellata (Verrill, 1866) (287784) ^CoTW

Psammocorastellata (Verrill, 1866) (287784). ^CoTW Reported – CRED 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Rose Atoll, Swains. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Kiribati central, Phoenix Islands. Geographical range extension – South. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – The only evidence for this observation came from CRED (2011) during a belt transect survey. More evidence is needed to determine the presence of this species.

Class Hydrozoa Owen, 1843

Order Anthoathecata Cornelius, 1992

Family Stylasteridae Gray, 1847

Genus Distichopora Lamarck, 1816

Distichoporagracilis Dana, 1848 (288326)

Distichoporagracilis Dana, 1848 (288326). Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Species identifications of corals within Distichopora are difficult, so we list this species presence as uncertain. It is possible that reports of D.gracilis are of Distichoporaviolacea (Pallas, 1766) as they are difficult to distinguish.

Distichoporaviolacea (Pallas, 1766) (210734)

Distichoporaviolacea (Pallas, 1766) (210734). Reported – Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Species identifications of corals within Distichopora are difficult, so we list this species presence as uncertain.

Genus Stylaster Gray, 1831

Stylastergracilis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 (285880)

Stylastergracilis cf. Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 (285880). Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Green et al. 1999.

Stylastergracilis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 (285880). Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Species identifications of corals within Stylaster are uncertain, so we list this species as uncertain.

Stylastersanguineus Valenciennes in Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 (285906)

Stylasterelegans Verrill, 1864 (527670) heterotypic synonym. Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a.

American Sāmoa status – Uncertain. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – Species identifications of corals within Stylaster are uncertain, so we list this species as uncertain.

Likely not present

Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834

Subclass Hexacorallia Haeckel, 1896

Order Scleractinia Bourne, 1900

Family Acroporidae Verrill, 1902

Genus Acropora Oken, 1815

Acroporagrandis (Brook, 1892) (207031) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporagrandis (Brook, 1892) (207031). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Craig et al. 2001; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Likely not present. Evidence – Multiple reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Ofu. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – It is possible that this record concerns a mis-identification of Acroporaintermedia (Brook, 1891). Based on this, we consider this species not likely present in American Sāmoa.

Acroporahemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) (288207) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporahemprichii cf. (Ehrenberg, 1834) (288207). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Likely not present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Ofu. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sri Lanka south. Vulnerability – VU. Notes – This species was reported in a single study (Fisk and Birkeland 2002) and was identified as cf., with no photograph or skeleton specimen to support this identification. Based on this single uncertain observation and the fact that this species is only reported from the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean (Wallace 1999; Veron et al. 2019), we believe that it is not likely present in American Sāmoa.

Acroporahumilis (Dana, 1846) (207094) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporafructicosa Brook, 1892 (740120) [sic] heterotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b; Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983.

Acroporafruticosa Brook, 1892 (740120) heterotypic synonym. Reported – USACE 1980.

Acroporahumilis (Dana, 1846) (207094). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003, 2013; Itano and Buckley 1988; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; Wolstenholme et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a; Fenner et al. 2008; Bare et al. 2010; Kenyon et al. 2010; CRED 2011; Corals NPAS 2016; AM 2018; BPBM 2018; NMNH 2018; QM 2018. Referenced – Dahl and Lamberts 1977; Dahl 1981; Green et al. 1997, 1999; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a, 2007b; Lovell and McLardy 2008.

Acroporahumilis aff. (Dana, 1846) (207094). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Mayor 1924b.

Acroporaocellata (Klunzinger, 1879) (207115) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; Fenner 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007b.

Acroporaocellata cf. (Klunzinger, 1879) (207115) heterotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Coles et al. 2003.

American Sāmoa status – Likely not present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – American Sāmoa, Aunuʻu, Manuʻa Islands, Ofu, Ofu/Olosega, Olosega, Rose Atoll, Taʻū, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – NT. Notes – This species has often been reported in American Sāmoa (see notes for A.globiceps). Based on the historical mis-identification of A.humilis, we believe that this species in not likely present in American Sāmoa. The synonym Acroporaocellata (Klunzinger, 1879) is recognized by Veron et al. (2019) as a valid species, which therefore needs additional taxonomic study.

Acroporapharaonis (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207059) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporapharaonis (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207059). ^{CoTW CCW} Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

Acroporapharoensis (Milne Edwards, 1860) (207059) [sic]. Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Likely not present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Aunuʻu, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sri Lanka south. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Notes – The sample identification was made by D Fenner in the DMWR collection. However, subsequent work has indicated that this identification was incorrect and the sample may represent a new, undescribed species (D Fenner, pers. comm.). Based on this uncertainty, we believe that A.pharaonis is likely not present in American Sāmoa.

Acroporarudis (Rehberg, 1892) (288241) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporarudis (Rehberg, 1892) (288241). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

Acroporarudis cf. (Rehberg, 1892) (288241). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – DMWR 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Likely not present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by D Fenner). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sumatra west. Vulnerability – 𝒯, EN. Notes – The sample identification was made by D Fenner in the DMWR collection, but subsequent work has indicated this identification was incorrect (D Fenner, pers. comm.). Based on this uncertainty, we believe this species is likely not present in American Sāmoa.

Genus Montipora Blainville, 1830

Montiporaaustraliensis Bernard, 1897 (287693) ^CoTW

Montiporaaustraliensis Bernard, 1897 (287693). ^CoTW Reported – Birkeland 2007a. Referenced – Kenyon et al. 2011.

American Sāmoa status – Likely not present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Ofu. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Coral Sea and Tuamotu Archipelago south-east and Pitcairn Islands. Vulnerability – 𝒯, VU. Notes – Veron (2014) reported that this species can be misidentified as other Montipora spp. and does not report this as species present within the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga region. Fenner (2014) reported this species with a high degree of identification uncertainty, which therefore also applies to American Sāmoa. The only record in American Sāmoa is by Birkeland (2007a). NOAA (2015b) reports the distribution of this species within American Sāmoa as possible, but not confirmed. Based on this information, we conclude that this species is likely absent within American Sāmoa.

Montiporabilaminata Bernard, 1897 (1263759)^CoTW taxon inquirendum

Montiporabilamina Bernard, 1897 (1263759) [sic]. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Montiporabilaminata Bernard, 1897 (1263759). ^CoTW Reported – USACE 1980.

American Sāmoa status – Likely not present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identified by A Lamberts). Distribution – American Sāmoa, Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – South China Sea.

Family Fungiidae Dana, 1846

Genus Polyphyllia Blainville, 1830

Polyphylliatalpina (Lamarck, 1801) (211418) ^CoTW

Polyphylliatalpina (Lamarck, 1801) (211418). ^CoTW Referenced – Lovell and McLardy 2008.

American Sāmoa status – Likely not present. Evidence – Referenced only. Distribution – American Sāmoa. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Sāmoa, Tuvalu, and Tonga. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – This species has not been directly reported from American Sāmoa and a single study references this species to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). Based on this limited evidence, we conclude this species presence is likely not present.

Family Poritidae Gray, 1840

Genus Porites Link, 1807

Poritescompressa Dana, 1846 (207236) ^CoTW

Poritescompressa Dana, 1846 (207236). ^CoTW Reported – BPBM 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Likely not present. Evidence – Single specimen report (identifier unknown). Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Hawaii east. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – The source of this observation is a sample within the BPBM collection, but the identifying person is not listed within the BPBM database. This species could be confused with Poritescylindrica Dana, 1846, and Porites spp. can be difficult to identify even with a sample in hand. Given P.compressa is believed to be restricted to the Hawaiian Islands and that it is similar to a common species, P.cylindrica, we believe this species is likely not present in American Sāmoa.

Not present

Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834

Subclass Hexacorallia Haeckel, 1896

Order Scleractinia Bourne, 1900

Family Acroporidae Verrill, 1902

Genus Acropora Oken, 1815

Acroporaplantaginea (Lamarck, 1816) (207042)^CoTW taxon inquirendum

Acroporaplantaginea (Lamarck, 1816) (207042). ^CoTW Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.

American Sāmoa status – Not present. Evidence – Referenced only. Distribution – Sāmoa Islands. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Seychelles south. Vulnerability – DD. Notes – Veron et al. (2019) accept this species as valid; however, given the taxonomic uncertainty, we consider this species as not present until more information is available.

Acroporaprolifera (Lamarck, 1816) (288235) ^{CoTW CCW}

Acroporaprolifera (Lamarck, 1816) (288235). ^{CoTW CCW} Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Not present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Manuʻa Islands, Taʻū. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Belize and west Caribbean. Notes – Acroporaprolifera is exclusively a Caribbean hybrid. This record may be a simple typo meant to be Acroporapalifera (Lamarck, 1816), now known as Isoporapalifera (Lamarck, 1816). Given a single reference using this name, we assume it to be an error (verified by C Birkeland, pers. comm.) and hence conclude that it is not present in American Sāmoa.

Genus Alveopora Blainville, 1830

Alveoporaexplanata Hoffmeister, 1945 (1263757)

Alveoporaexplanata Hoffmeister, 1945 (1263757). Reported – Green and Hunter 1998.

American Sāmoa status – Not present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Notes – This species is considered extinct (Hoeksema and Cairns 2018).

Family Fungiidae Dana, 1846

Genus Pleuractis Verrill, 1864

Pleuractisseychellensis (Hoeksema, 1993) (716548)

Fungiaseychellensis Hoeksema, 1993 (207345) homotypic synonym. ^CoTW Reported – Fenner 2018.

American Sāmoa status – Not present. Evidence – Single photographic record. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Chagos Archipelago. Notes – This species has only been documented by Fenner (2018) with photographic evidence. However, D Fenner (pers. comm.) reports this identification is incorrect.

Family Merulinidae Verrill, 1865

Genus Orbicella Dana, 1846

Orbicellaannularis (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (758260) ^CoTW

Montastraeaannularis (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (207479) homotypic synonym. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

American Sāmoa status – Not present. Evidence – Single report. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Belize and west Caribbean. Vulnerability – 𝒯. Notes – This species is known to be restricted to the Atlantic Ocean and is most likely meant to be Astreaannuligera Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 formerly known as Montastreaannuligera (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849). We assume this to be a simple error as verified by C Birkeland (pers. comm.).

Class Hydrozoa Owen, 1843

Order Anthoathecata Cornelius, 1992

Family Milleporidae Fleming, 1828

Genus Millepora Linnaeus, 1758

Milleporaalcicornis Linnaeus, 1758 (210726)

Milleporaalcicornis Linnaeus, 1758 (210726). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983.

American Sāmoa status – Not present. Evidence – Multiple specimen reports. Distribution – Tutuila. Nearest confirmed ecoregion – Not available. Vulnerability – LC. Notes – Hoffmeister (1925) identified a sample as this species in American Sāmoa. However, this is an Atlantic species that is not been documented to be present anywhere in the Indo-Pacific. The sample was likely Milleporadichotoma Forskål, 1775 (see Razak and Hoeksema 2003), which has been documented in American Sāmoa.

Scleractinia names that are not valid

Acroporacaniculata nomen dubium

Acroporacaniculata. Reported – DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016.

Closest name – Acroporanasuta (Dana, 1846). Notes – The closest name to this report is Acroporapaniculata, but this was reported by Corals NPAS (2016) with photographic evidence. Based on this photograph, the colony clearly does not belong to A.paniculata. An additional fuzzy match for the species names is Acroporacanaliculata, which is a synonym of Acroporanasuta. This specimen in the photo more closely matches A.nasuta.

Acroporadamicornisvar.gracilis nomen dubium

Acroporadamicornisvar.gracilis. Reported – Mayor 1924b.

Closest name – Pocilloporadamicornis (Linnaeus, 1758). Notes – Likely wrong genus name recorded, although the subspecies is unknown.

Acroporaexigua (Dana, 1846) (367985) taxon inquirendum

Acroporaexigua (Dana, 1846) (367985). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; NMNH 2018.

Acroporahaimei Milne Edwards, 1860 (207110) taxon inquirendum

Acroporahaimii Milne Edwards, 1860 (207110) [sic]. Reported – Mayor 1924b.

Acroporasuperficialis nomen dubium

Acroporasuperficialis. Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Closest name – Alveoporasuperficialis Pillai & Scheer, 1976 or Psammocorasuperficialis Gardiner, 1898. Notes – Acropora is very different than Alveopora and Psammocora, so it seems likely neither of the closest names is correct. The intended identification is not clear, but it is possible the wrong genus name was accidently recorded.

Cyphastreaimmersa nomen dubium

Cyphastreaimmersa. Reported – DMWR 2018.

Closest name – Lepastreaimmersa Klunzinger, 1879. Notes – Likely wrong genus name recorded. L.immersa is accepted as Leptastreabottae.

Faviachinensis nomen dubium

Faviachinensis. Reported – Maragos et al. 1995.

Closest name – Faviteschinensis (Verrill, 1866). Notes – Likely wrong genus name recorded.

Faviafavites nomen dubium

Faviafavites. Reported – Fisk and Birkeland 2002.

Notes – This name was most likely meant to represent an unidentified merulinid species.

Faviaspinosa nomen dubium

Faviaspinosa ?. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Closest name – Favitesspinosa (Klunzinger, 1879). Notes – Birkeland (2007b) references Fisk and Birkeland (2002). Likely wrong genus name recorded.

Gonioporagracilis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (207222) taxon inquirendum

Gonioporagracilis cf. (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (207222). Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Gonioporaparvistella Ortmann, 1888 (207215) taxon inquirendum

Gonioporaparvastella Ortmann, 1888 (207215) [sic]. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Gonioporaparvistella Ortmann, 1888 (207215). Reported – USACE 1980.

Gonioporaretiformis nomen dubium

Gonioporaretiformis. Reported – BPBM 2018.

Closest name – Goniastrearetiformis (Lamarck, 1816). Notes – Likely wrong genus name recorded.

Gonioporasamoa nomen dubium

Gonioporasamoa. Reported – Lamberts 1983.

Closest name – Gonioporasomaliensis Vaughan, 1907. Notes – Likely wrong spelling of the species name.

Herpolithacrassa nomen dubium

Herpolithacrassa. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Closest name – Ctenactiscrassa (Dana, 1846). Notes – Likely wrong genus name recorded.

Madreporarosacea Esper, 1791 (1262328) taxon inquirendum

Acroporarosacea Esper, 1791 (1262328). Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.

Notes – Hoffmeister (1925) references Studer (1901).

Madreporasecunda Dana, 1846 (815921) taxon inquirendum

Acroporasecunda Dana, 1846 (815921) [sic]. Referenced – Hoffmeister 1925.

Notes – Hoffmeister (1925) references Studer (1901).

Montiporaculiculata nomen nudum

Montiporaculiculata Bernard (207189). Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Montiporacurta nomen dubium

Montiporacurta. Reported – Maragos et al. 1995.

Closest name – Montastreacurta (Dana, 1846). Notes – Likely wrong genus name recorded. Montastreacurta is accepted as Astreacurta.

Montiporaelschneri Vaughan, 1918 (207181) taxon inquirendum

Montiporaelschneri Vaughan, 1918 (207181). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983; Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Green et al. 1997; NMNH 2018. Referenced – Green et al. 1997, 1999; Birkeland 2007b.

Montiporaelshneri Vaughan, 1918 (207181) [sic]. Reported – Coles et al. 2003; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006.

Montiporagranulosa Bernard, 1897 (207171) taxon inquirendum

Montiporagranulosa Bernard, 1897 (207171). Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987, 2003; Green et al. 1997; Birkeland and Belliveau 2000. Referenced – Green et al. 1999; Coles et al. 2003; Birkeland 2007b.

Montiporagranulosa cf. Bernard, 1897 (207171). Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987.

Closest name – Montiporagrisea Bernard, 1897. Notes – Likely the wrong species name was recorded.

Montiporamonticulosa Studer, 1880 (873507) taxon inquirendum

Montiporamonticulosa Studer, 1880 (873507). Reported – Maragos et al. 1994; Corals NPAS 2016. Referenced – DiDonato et al. 2006; Birkeland 2007a.

Closest name – Montiporamonasteriata (Forskål, 1775). Notes – Likely the wrong species name was recorded.

Montiporapagoensis nomen dubium

Montiporapagoensis ?. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Closest name – Acroporapagoensis Hoffmeister, 1925. Notes – Acropora and Montipora are quite different, but we suspect the wrong genus name was recorded.

Montiporascabricula (Dana, 1846) (759851) taxon inquirendum

Montiporascabricula (Dana, 1846) (759851). Reported – Kenyon et al. 2010.

Closest name – Merulinascabricula Dana, 1846. Notes – Likely wrong genus name recorded.

Montiporastuderi Vaughan, 1907 (411237) taxon inquirendum

Montiporastuderi Vaughan, 1907 (411237). Reported – Maragos et al. 1994. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Montiporatruncata Zou, Song & Ma, 1975 (1317852) taxon inquirendum

Montiporatruncata Zou, Song & Ma, 1975 (1317852). Referenced – Green et al. 1997.

Mussasinuosa (Lamarck, 1816) (1262046) taxon inquirendum

Mussasinuosa (Lamarck, 1816) (1262046). Reported – Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983.

Pavonahaimeana nomen dubium

Pavonahaimeana ?. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Closest name – Psammocorahaimeana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851. Notes – Likely wrong genus name recorded.

Plesiastreacurta nomen dubium

Plesiastreacurta. Reported – NMNH 2018.

Closest name – Astreacurta Dana, 1846. Notes – Astrea was formerly known as Montastrea.

Poritesbernardi Vaughan, 1907 (869037) taxon inquirendum

Poritesbernardi cf. Vaughan, 1907 (869037). Reported – DMWR 2018.

Poritesmatthaii nomen dubium

Poritesmatthaii. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Closest name – Faviamatthaii Vaughan, 1918. Notes – Likely wrong genus name recorded.

Poritesqueenslandiseptima nomen nudum

Poritesqueenslandiseptima. Reported – USACE 1980; Lamberts 1983.

Notes – This name was used by Bernard (1905), who described various varieties of Porites colonies using numbers. These varieties are not valid taxa under the rules set forth by the ICZN (B Hoeksema, pers. comm.).

Psammacora var . tutuilensis nomen dubium

Psammacoravar.tutuilensis. Reported – USACE 1980.

Closest name – Psammocoracontiguavar.tutuilensis Hoffmeister, 1925.

Scapophylliapistillata nomen dubium

Scapophylliapistillata. Reported – Green and Hunter 1998.

Closest name – Stylophorapistillata Esper, 1797. Notes – Likely wrong genus name recorded.

Seriatoporacrassa Quelch, 1886 (411280) taxon inquirendum

Seriatoporacrassa Quelch, 1886 (411280). Reported – Birkeland et al. 1987. Referenced – Birkeland 2007b.

Stylasteraurea nomen dubium

Stylasteraurea. Reported – USACE 1980.

Closest name – Tubastraeaaurea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833). Notes – Tubastraea and Stylaster are quite different, but we suspect the wrong genus name was recorded.

Stylocoracontigua nomen dubium

Stylocoracontigua ?. Reported – Birkeland et al. 2003.

Closest name – Psammocoracontigua (Esper, 1794). Notes – Likely wrong genus name recorded.

Phylum Bryozoa

Class Stenolaemata Borg, 1926, Order Cyclostomatida Busk, 1852, Family Lichenoporidae Smitt, 1867, Domoporatruncata (Jameson, 1811) (868511) Milleporatruncata Jameson, 1811 (1293355) or Class Gymnolaemata Allman, 1856, Order Cheilostomatida Busk, 1852, Family Myriaporidae Gray, 1841, Myriaporatruncata (Pallas, 1766) (111435) Milleporatruncata Pallas, 1766 (210731) homotypic synonym. Reported – Mayor 1924b, Hoffmeister 1925, Lamberts 1983; Distribution – Tutuila; Notes – This species was later determined to be a bryozoan, but it is not clear to which species it actually refers. We include this species in the list so one can track the name M.truncata.

Discussion

There can be considerable uncertainty in identifying corals due to several underlying problems (Bernard 1902; Veron 1993, 1995, 2015; Forsman et al. 2015). Some species are inherently difficult to identify or to discern from congeners based on minor morphological differences or plastic characters making taxonomic differences difficult to discern (Todd et al. 2008). Additionally, people may have considerable variation in identification skills and taxonomic knowledge leading to incorrect identifications. Finally, names of species or a species concept can change over time, particularly in groups that have a historical nomenclatural confusion such as Psammocorahaimeana as discussed below. This makes it difficult to judge if species identifications are correct without documentation of the observation. For specimens observed in situ, there is no way to truly verify the observation as correct, so we can only rely on the expertise of the observer, the frequency of the species observed, and a subjective likelihood of the species observation. For reports that have photographic documentation, the species observation may be verifiable, but photographic documentation is often inconclusive as the appropriate species level characters are not always visible. Reports that rely on the identification of a collected specimen can be the most powerful for conclusive documentation. However, even with collections, caution should still be exercised because individuals vary in their ability and experience with coral taxonomy and identification. The most conclusive documentation of a species presence is the collection of a specimen that becomes the type specimen of that species. This also includes species and its type that are synonymized with another species. Type specimens described from American Sāmoa include Acroporatutuilensis (synonym Acroporaabrotanoides), Acroporapagoensis (synonym Acroporaeurystoma) , Alveoporaallingi, Astreoporacucullata, Montiporaberryi, Montiporavaughani, Pocilloporasetchelli (synonym Pocilloporabrevicornis), Poriteshorizontalata, and Poritesrandalli.

The spelling of species names and the interpretation of the exact spelling or the assumed name can also be important in determining the likelihood of the presence of that given species. In the course of this analysis, two examples demonstrate the need for keeping track of the spellings and how to determine the meaning of the intended species. One example is the reported species name Acroporacaniculata (DiDonato et al. 2006; Corals NPAS 2016) which is not a valid species name. The fuzzy match algorithm used in the WoRMS REST webservice suggested that the best match is Acroporapaniculata which is reasonable if one assumes this is a simple typo. However, Corals NPAS (2016) provides photographic evidence of this species and the photo is clearly not A.paniculata. Instead, the specimen in the photo more closely resembles Acroporanasuta, which has a synonym of A.canaliculata that may serve as the likely misspelled name. This highlights the need to carefully review all fuzzy name matches, particularly when a species is reported with no verifiable evidence. Another example is the reported name Psammocorahaimeana which had been a historical name used and reported. However, we now know that P.haimeana has been a misspelled name of P.haimiana starting with Klunzinger (1879) and perpetuated since. Further evidence now shows that colonies reported as P.haimeana are actually Psammocoraprofundacella (Benzoni et al. 2010). This shows that published names, especially those that do not have type specimens, further complicating proper identification, should be used carefully.

Coral taxonomy and identification are fraught with complex difficulties and highly variable, and sometimes poorly documented characters. Taxonomy is largely based on the morphology of type specimens; therefore, additional comparison between a specimen and the species type description is usually needed to confirm an identification. An example of this situation is Acroporahumilis and Acroporaglobiceps where we believe all previous reports of A.humilis in American Sāmoa are actually A.globiceps based on evaluation of the type specimens of both species by D Fenner. These comparisons are rarely done due to researchers being unaware of how to find the type specimens or to the inability to access type specimens, if they are even available at all. Some coral type specimens are of poor quality and increase the likelihood of different interpretations (Veron et al. 2019).

Further complicating coral taxonomy and identification is the uncertain evolutionary history of this group, and the general lack of concordance between morphological and molecular systematics of scleractinians (Fukami et al. 2004). Coral taxonomy is based on morphological characters of the skeleton; however, these characters do not always delineate families or species well. For example, early application of molecular phylogenetic analyses to scleractinian corals revealed two major groups, complex and robust, based on DNA that did not correspond to morphologically-based suborders (Romano and Palumbi 1996; Romano and Cairns 2000). Subsequent studies found that most families of corals based on morphological characters were not monophyletic based on genetic data (Fukami et al. 2008). Adding to the confusion, there is concordance between molecular data and morphological characters in some groups (Wallace et al. 2007; Flot et al. 2008; Forsman et al. 2010; Benzoni et al. 2012b; Marti-Puig et al. 2014; Forsman et al. 2015), but not others and even variable conclusions among studies using the same groups of species (Miller and Benzie 1997; Forsman et al. 2009, 2017; Pinzón et al. 2013; Combosch and Vollmer 2015; Johnston et al. 2017). Veron (1995) proposed this inconsistency originates from corals having undergone reticulate evolution where species populations hybridized during periods of overlap separated by periods of isolation confounding species boundaries. A range of contradictory studies argue in support of or against reticulate evolution in corals (Johnston et al. 2017a; van Oppen et al. 2001; Vollmer and Palumbi 2002; Flot et al. 2011; Combosch and Vollmer 2015). Ultimately, whatever the cause, all morphological traits are based on the underlying genetic code with environmental influences, so morphological and molecular characters have to agree at some level, and there is a need to combine both approaches to further our understanding of species boundaries and resolve the ongoing “species problem” (Bernard 1902) in scleractinian corals (Fukami et al. 2004, 2008; Forsman et al. 2010; Stat et al. 2012; Kitahara et al. 2016; Johnston et al. 2017). Studies that show a discordance between morphological and molecular approaches should be viewed with caution due to the genes examined, false assumptions of the mechanism of evolution, and/or the plasticity and appropriateness of both the morphological and molecular characters examined (Losos et al. 2012). We believe this annotated checklist provides a foundation for further morphological and genetic analysis of the corals present within American Sāmoa.

Despite the difficulties of identification, this checklist is our best estimate of the species we believe are present in American Sāmoa given the caveat of different levels of identification uncertainty. These results provide a comprehensive list of species in an orderly fashion that can be further analyzed and/or reinterpreted by others interested in coral species distribution. We report there has been 745 unique names and spellings of species used for American Sāmoa. Of these, 538 represent valid species names (including synonyms), of which 377 are currently accepted names. Among these 377 species, we conclude that there are 251 species present and 91 species possibly present. In addition, there are 20 species of uncertain presence, nine species likely not present, and six species considered incorrectly reported and not present. A significant factor in determining the number of species in any location is a consistent use of accepted taxonomy.

If we consider differences in the taxonomy, the number of species present in American Sāmoa can change. The main differences between differing taxonomies include two distinct types of synonyms. One includes homotypic synonyms where the species identification is not in dispute, but rather the placement of that species within a certain genus, thereby creating a dispute in species name, but no dispute in that species being a discrete taxonomic entity. Of these species presented here, there are 54 homotypic species with CoTW disagreeing on 40 species. Thirty-four include species where CoTW does not acknowledge the movement of a species to a different genus and six species where CoTW moves species to a different genus but is not currently recognized by WLS. The other type of synonym difference includes heterotypic synonyms where two names are based on two type specimens that have been combined into a single species. In this circumstance, different experts based on their experience and knowledge of that species may have differing opinions on the validity of the synonyms. Of these species presented here, there are 72 heterotypic species with CoTW disagreeing on 20 species split in WLS and eight species that CoTW splits but are not in WLS. A fundamental difference is that taxonomic changes in WLS are based on references in peer-reviewed journals and those in CoTW are not. This is important since taxonomic changes based on the ICZN need to be published in printed media such as journals and books or they need to have a Zoobank registration, while those in electronic media only without a Zoobank registration are not valid. While the on-line version of CoTW (Veron et al. 2019) is not currently compliant with ICZN, it does provide insight to different expert opinion on species concepts.

Here we report new records for American Sāmoa. Montiporamarshallensis Wells, 1954 is reported as a probable synonym of Montiporacrassituberculata Bernard, 1897 by CoTW and is included in the eight heterotypic synonyms discussed previously, but this synonymization creates the first time this name to be used in relation to American Sāmoa and is not included in the totals listed in this study. Additionally, we report four new records documented by D Fenner not previously reported in American Sāmoa. These records include Acanthastreasubechinata Veron, 2000 (Figure 2a), Favitesparaflexuosus Veron, 2000 (Figure 2b), Echinophylliaechinoporoides Veron & Pichon, 1980 (Figure 2c), and Turbinariairregularis Bernard, 1896 (Figure 2d). The evidence presented here is sufficient to conclude these species are present.

We report a total of 342 species present or possibly present for American Sāmoa. If one were to accept the species with taxonomic differences of opinion from Veron et al. (2019), the species number decreases by approximately 12 species. Further, Veron et al. (2019) included only zooxanthellate scleractinian corals thereby reducing the number by another eight species (four azooxanhellate dendrophyllids and four milleporids). This allows comparable numbers of 322 species to the 313 species reported by Veron et al. (2019) from the Sāmoa, Tuvalu, Tonga ecoregion. Presumably, any in-depth analysis for the other islands within this ecoregion will report other species not found in American Sāmoa. This would indicate that the species richness reported in Veron et al. (2019) is likely an underestimate for this ecoregion. It is difficult to determine the amount of this underestimate, but may indicate that the species richness is closer to that found in Micronesia, the Coral Sea, or Vanuatu (Table 1). This also indicates that the species richness is still much lower than the Coral Triangle and the broader geographical pattern of species richness across the Pacific remains (Veron et al. 2015). The known diversity of an area is largely a product of effort. With increasing effort, more species are documented up to an asymptote (Colwell et al. 2012). Both the present list and the estimates in Veron et al. (2019) are likely to be underestimates of the true diversity within any single region.

Using the ecoregions from Veron et al. (2019), we show geographical range extension records for 66 species considered present or possibly present. The direction of these range extensions are 61% to the east, while 21% close the gap between two disjunct ecoregions. Fewer species are extended south (3%), southeast (11%), and southwest (4%). There are no species that are only extended to the west. Of these range extensions, three species were considerable. The nearest confirmed ecoregion for Acroporasquarrosa was Madagascar north, while Pavonagigantea was Marshall Islands and Galapagos Islands and Pavonadiffluens was Socotra Archipelago in the Indian Ocean.

While shallow coral reef corals are relatively well described, mesophotic corals are poorly described in American Sāmoa. The maximum reported depth of a zooxanthellate coral is 165 m at Johnston Atoll (Kahng and Maragos 2006), and 19 of 66 coral species were reported from mesophotic depths in the Hawaiian Archipelgo (Spalding et al. 2019). Of the 51 reviewed studies that report corals from American Sāmoa, only four have reported corals from mesophotic depths (Hoffmeister 1925; Lamberts 1983; Bare et al. 2010; Montgomery et al. 2019). These limited results report 90 mesophotic species to a maximum depth of 53 m, leaving a significant portion of MCE depths unexplored and hence a large information gap in the coral species diversity. Bare et al. (2010) reported additional species and colonies deeper than previously reported, but the species are tentative identifications from low-resolution video so are not included here. Most of the mesophotic corals reported are considered depth generalist species with almost all of them reported from shallow reefs. Given the maximum depth of these species reports, it is very likely that the number of species recorded from American Sāmoa will increase with more surveys on MCEs, particularly from the lower mesophotic depth range.

Corals have long been threatened from many sources of anthropogenic factors including overfishing, land-based sources of pollution, development, and climate change (Pandolfi 2003; Bellwood et al. 2004; Halpern et al. 2007; Brainard et al. 2013). Based on these threats, 845 scleractinian, helioporid, tubiporid, and milleporid coral species were assessed for extinction risk using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Carpenter et al. (2008) estimated that 27% of the global species of corals were threatened (Table 2). Of the species considered present or possibly present in American Sāmoa, we estimate that 17.5% of the species are considered threatened while only 14% of the known mesophotic corals are categorized as threatened. This seems in line with the determination that American Sāmoaʻs coral reefs are in “good” condition (NOAA and UM-CEP 2018). Overall, this seems to suggest the corals in American Sāmoa may be doing better than corals on a global scale; however, it should be noted that there is a higher percentage of corals that have an unknown assessment. The vertical distribution of species may play an important role in their potential risk of extinction, particularly for species that are considered depth generalist in which most of the mesophotic corals reported in American Sāmoa are considered.

Table 2.

The number of corals assessed for extinction risk. The number of corals and the percentages (Unknown (Unk) = DD + NE; Threatened (Thr) = VU + EN + CE).

Species status	DD	LC	NT	VU	EN	CE	NE	Total	Unk	NT + Thr	Thr
Present	5	104	55	41	0	0	46	251	20.3%	38.2%	16.3%
Possibly present	0	32	16	17	1	1	24	91	26.4%	38.5%	20.9%
Uncertain	3	3	2	5	0	0	7	20	50.0%	35.0%	25.0%
Likely not present	0	3	1	3	1	0	1	9	11.1%	55.6%	44.4%
Not present	1	1	0	0	0	0	6	8	87.5%	0.0%	0.0%
Present and possibly present	5	136	72	58	1	1	67	342	21.9%	38.3%	17.5%
MCE	0	47	12	12	1	0	18	90	20.0%	27.8%	14.4%
Global	141	297	176	201	25	5	0	845	16.7%	48.2%	27.3%

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NOAA has also listed 18 Indo-Pacific species (including three species recorded outside U.S. waters; Cantharellusnoumeae Hoeksema & Best, 1984, Siderastreaglynni Budd & Guzman, 1994, and Tubastraeafloreana Wells, 1982) under the ESA (16 U.S.C. § 1531) and of these species, six have been confirmed in American Sāmoa (Acroporaglobiceps, Acroporajacquelineae, Acroporaretusa, Acroporaspeciosa, Fimbriaphylliaparadivisa, and Isoporacrateriformis; NOAA 2015a) with another six species (Acroporalokani, Acroporatenella, Anacroporaspinosa, Montiporaaustraliensis Bernard, 1897, Poritesnapopora, and Seriatoporaaculeata considered possibly present (Table 3). In addition, one species, Pocilloporameandrina, is a candidate species for listing and it widely reported from American Sāmoa (USACE 1980; Birkeland et al. 1987; Hunter et al. 1993; Maragos et al. 1994, 1995; Mundy 1996; Green and Hunter 1998; Birkeland 2001, 2007a; Craig et al. 2001; Fisk and Birkeland 2002; Work and Rameyer 2002; Birkeland et al. 2003; Coles et al. 2003; DiDonato et al. 2006; Fenner et al. 2008; Kenyon et al. 2010; Corals NPAS 2016; DMWR 2018; Fenner 2018). Of these seven species considered confirmed, we validate that all seven are in American Sāmoa, but also believe two others are possibly present (Pavonadiffluens and Poritesnapopora). Of the five remaining species (Acroporalokani, Acroporatenella, Anacroporaspinosa, Montiporaaustraliensis, and Seriatoporaaculeata that NOAA considers possibly present, we believe one, Montiporaaustraliensis Bernard, 1897 is likely absent. The four remaining species (Acroporalokani, Acroporatenella, Anacroporaspinosa, and Seriatoporaaculeata have not been reported within American Sāmoa. These reports provide resource managers additional information to further evaluate species distributions.

Table 3.

Corals listed under the ESA. The coral species listed under the ESA with the likely presence reported in this study and NOAA’s report of species occurrence (NOAA 2015b). Listing status is noted 𝒯 for threatened and 𝒞 for candidate. Species reported from mesophotic depths are noted by *.

ESA Species	Listing Status	Presence	NOAA listed Occurrence
Acroporaglobiceps (Dana, 1846)	𝒯	Present	Confirmed
Acroporajacquelineae Wallace, 1994	𝒯	Present	Confirmed
Acroporalokani Wallace, 1994	𝒯	Not reported	Possible
Acroporapharaonis (Milne Edwards, 1860)	𝒯	Likely not present	Unlikely
Acroporaretusa (Dana, 1846)	𝒯	Present	Confirmed
Acroporarudis (Rehberg, 1892)	𝒯	Likely not present	Unlikely
*Acroporaspeciosa (Quelch, 1886)	𝒯	Present	Confirmed
Acroporatenella (Brook, 1892)	𝒯	Not reported	Possible
Anacroporaspinosa Rehberg, 1892	𝒯	Not reported	Possible
*Fimbriaphylliaparadivisa (Veron, 1990)	𝒯	Present	Confirmed
Isoporacrateriformis (Gardiner, 1898)	𝒯	Present	Confirmed
Montiporaaustraliensis Bernard, 1897	𝒯	Likely not present	Possible
Orbicellaannularis (Ellis & Solander, 1786)	𝒯	Not present	Caribbean species, not in Indo-Pacific
*Pavonadiffluens (Lamarck, 1816)	𝒯	Possibly present	Unlikely
Pocilloporameandrina Dana, 1846	𝒞	Present
Poritesnapopora Veron, 2000	𝒯	Possibly present	Possible
Seriatoporaaculeata Quelch, 1886	𝒯	Not reported	Possible

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr Richard Pyle for the advice on this manuscript and taxonomic issues. We also wish to thank Dr Bert Hoeksema (with Dr Stephen Cairns) for maintaining the Scleractinia of the World database and being responsive to our many inquiries as well as Dr Charles Birkeland and two anonymous reviewers of this manuscript. We further wish to acknowledge the great resource that the WoRMS database provides to the global community of marine scientists and managers. We thank the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrationʻs Coral Reef Conservation Program (NA15NOS4820082) and the Colonel Willys E Lord, DVM and Sandina L Lord Scholarship Fund for the Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology for funding. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Citation

Montgomery AD, Fenner D, Toonen RJ (2019) Annotated checklist for stony corals of American Sāmoa with reference to mesophotic depth records. ZooKeys 849: 1–170. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.849.34763

Funding Statement

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Coral Reef Conservation Program (NA15NOS4820082) and Colonel Willys E. Lord, DVM and Sandina L. Lord Scholarship Fund for the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology

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PERMALINK

Annotated checklist for stony corals of American Sāmoa with reference to mesophotic depth records

Anthony D Montgomery

Douglas Fenner

Robert J Toonen

Abstract

Introduction

Figure 1.

Table 1.

Materials and methods

Museum name abbreviations

Datasets

Checklist

Present

Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834

Subclass Hexacorallia Haeckel, 1896

Order Scleractinia Bourne, 1900

Family Acroporidae Verrill, 1902

Genus Acropora Oken, 1815

Genus Alveopora Blainville, 1830

Genus Astreopora Blainville, 1830

Genus Isopora Studer, 1879

Genus Montipora Blainville, 1830

Family Agariciidae Gray, 1847

Genus Gardineroseris Scheer & Pillai, 1974

Genus Leptoseris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849

Genus Pavona Lamarck, 1801

Family Astrocoeniidae Koby, 1890

Genus Stylocoeniella Yabe & Sugiyama, 1935

Family Coscinaraeidae Benzoni, Arrigoni, Stefani & Stolarski, 2012

Genus Coscinaraea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Family Dendrophylliidae Gray, 1847

Genus Endopsammia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Genus Tubastraea Lesson, 1829

Genus Turbinaria Oken, 1815

Figure 2.

Family Diploastreidae Chevalier & Beauvais, 1987

Genus Diploastrea Matthai, 1914

Family Euphylliidae Alloiteau, 1952

Genus Euphyllia Dana, 1846

Genus Fimbriaphyllia Veron & Pichon, 1980

Genus Galaxea Oken, 1815

Family Fungiidae Dana, 1846

Genus Ctenactis Verrill, 1864

Genus Cycloseris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849

Genus Danafungia Wells, 1966

Genus Fungia Lamarck, 1801

Genus Halomitra Dana, 1846

Genus Herpolitha Eschscholtz, 1825

Genus Lithophyllon Rehberg, 1892

Genus Lobactis Verrill, 1864

Genus Pleuractis Verrill, 1864

Genus Polyphyllia Blainville, 1830

Genus Sandalolitha Quelch, 1884

Family Lobophylliidae Dai & Horng, 2009

Genus Acanthastrea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Genus Echinomorpha Veron, 2000

Genus Echinophyllia Klunzinger, 1879

Genus Lobophyllia de Blainville, 1830

Genus Oxypora Saville-Kent, 1871

Family Merulinidae Verrill, 1865

Genus Astrea Lamarck, 1801

Genus Caulastraea Dana, 1846

Genus Coelastrea Verrill, 1866

Genus Cyphastrea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Genus Dipsastraea Blainville, 1830

Genus Echinopora Lamarck, 1816

Genus Favites Link, 1807

Genus Goniastrea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Genus Hydnophora Fischer von Waldheim, 1807

Genus Leptoria Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Genus Merulina Ehrenberg, 1834

Genus Mycedium Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851

Genus Oulophyllia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Genus Paragoniastrea Huang, Benzoni & Budd, 2014

Genus Platygyra Ehrenberg, 1834

Genus Scapophyllia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Family Plesiastreidae Dai & Horng, 2009

Genus Plesiastrea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Family Pocilloporidae Gray, 1840