Abstract
Preoperative lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) has been considered a prognostic factor in various cancers. However, the application of LMR in the assessment of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate whether preoperative LMR could serve as a prognostic marker in patients with ESCC undergoing curative tumor resection. Medical records of 680 patients of ESCC after curative surgery without preoperative adjuvant therapy were obtained. The median of LMR was determined as the optimal cut off value. The association of LMR with clinical features of ESCC was analyzed using chi-square tests. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to calculate the correlation. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) stratified by LMR were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. The LMR was negatively correlated with sex (r=-0.245, P<0.001). Low LMR (LMR<3.17) predicted a shorter DFS and OS in patients with ESCC. Multivariate analyses revealed that LMR was independently correlated with DFS (hazard ratios 0.854; 95% confidence interval 0.768-0.949; P=0.003) and OS (hazard ratios 0.864; 95% confidence interval 0.779-0.958; P=0.006). Our study indicated that low LMR could serve as an independent worse prognostic marker in patients with ESCC.
Keywords: lymphocyte to monocyte, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, prognosis
Introduction
Esophageal cancer is identified as the sixth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world 1. In China, esophageal cancer is one of the most frequent malignant carcinomas and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death 2. Meanwhile, 90 percent of cases are esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) 3. Although significant advances achieved in multimodality therapies including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, patients with ESCC still face with unfavorable prognosis that the 5-year survival rate is only around 30% 4-6. Several factors are associated with the prognosis of ESCC, including clinicopathological characteristics such as TNM stage and tumor differentiation. Nevertheless, patients with the same TNM stage have disparate prognosis 7. Therefore, it is imperative to identify new and accurate prognosis biomarkers of ESCC.
A growing number of studies have showed that cancer-related inflammation results in worse prognosis. Moreover, systemic inflammation plays an outstanding role in carcinoma development, progression and metastasis 8. A variety of inflammatory biomarkers including neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) have been extensively studied in various cancers 9-11. The lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) has been associated with worse prognosis in various cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer and breast cancer 12-14. However, because of the inconsistent results, whether LMR are associated with the prognosis in ESCC remains controversial 15-18. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to investigate whether preoperative LMR plays a key role in survival of patients with ESCC.
Materials and Methods
Patient selection
A total of 731 patients newly diagnosed with ESCC from Feb 2008 to Jan 2015 at the Zhejiang Cancer Hospital were selected for the research. The histological grades were determined based on the World Health Organization classification criteria. The inclusion standard as follows: (1) ESCC was pathologically confirmed; (2) received esophagectomy after diagnosis without preoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy; (3) sufficient clinical information and follow-up data. 51 patients were excluded: 43 patients with preoperative chemotherapy, 7 patients with preoperative radiotherapy and 1 patient without preoperative LMR available. As result, 680 patients with ESCC were enrolled in the study.
The preoperative peripheral blood cell count was examined within 1 week prior to surgery. The LMR was calculated by dividing the absolute lymphocyte count with the absolute monocyte count. The conduct of this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. All individual participants completed written informed consent.
Blood-routine markers
Patients were requested to be fasted after midnight prior to draw blood sample. On the morning, venous blood sample (2 mL) was drawn into the EDTA-K2 anticoagulative tubes. The lymphocyte and monocyte were examined by the SYSMEX XE-2100 (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) Automatic Blood Cell Analyzer.
Statistical analysis
Categorical data are expressed as percentage and continuous data without a normal distribution as median and interquartile range. The lymphocyte, monocyte and LMR were analyzed as continuous variables and all clinicopathologic characteristics were counted as categorical variables.
The association of LMR with clinicopathological features of ESCC was analyzed using chi-square tests. The median of LMR was used to determine the cutoff value. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test was used to evaluate the effect of clinicopathological features on survival. Hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated using multivariate COX regression analyses. All statistical tests were two-sided, and P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The SPSS software (version 19.0) was utilized for statistical analysis.
Results
Patient characteristics
We enrolled 680 patients with ESCC in this study, including 582 (85.6%) males and 98 (14.4%) females. The median age at therapy initiation was 61 years (Interquartile range: 56-67 years). There were 461 (67.8%) patients received surgery without any other auxiliary treatment, 155 (22.8%) patients received chemotherapy and 64 (9.4%) had access to radiotherapy after the operation. The clinical characteristics were shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Difference in LMR according to clinical characteristics in ESCC patients
| Cases | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | N | % | |
| Sex | Male | 582 | 85.6 |
| Female | 98 | 14.4 | |
| Age at therapy initiation (years) | Median | 61 | |
| Interquartile range | (56-67) | ||
| Pathology grade | Well differentiated | 49 | 7.2 |
| middle differentiated | 449 | 66.0 | |
| Poorly differentiated | 166 | 24.4 | |
| Undifferentiated | 2 | 0.3 | |
| Missing | 14 | 2.1 | |
| Depth of tumor | T1a-1b | 64 | 9.4 |
| T2 | 131 | 19.3 | |
| T3 | 485 | 71.3 | |
| Lymph node metastasis | N0 | 296 | 43.5 |
| N1 | 213 | 31.3 | |
| N2 | 118 | 17.4 | |
| N3 | 53 | 7.8 | |
| Pathological stage | 1a-1b | 116 | 17.1 |
| 2a-2b | 229 | 33.7 | |
| 3a-3c | 335 | 49.3 | |
| Vessel invasive | Yes | 210 | 30.9 |
| No | 470 | 69.1 | |
| Nerve infiltration | Yes | 254 | 37.4 |
| No | 426 | 62.6 | |
| Treatment regimen | S | 461 | 67.8 |
| S plus postoperative C | 155 | 22.8 | |
| S plus postoperative CRT | 64 | 9.4 | |
| Hospital time after operation (days) | Median | 11 | |
| Interquartile range | (10-14) | ||
| LMR | Median | 3.17 | |
| Interquartile range | (2.33-4.33) | ||
Abbreviations: S: surgery; C: chemotherapy; CRT: chemoradiotherapy; LMR: lymphocyte to monocyte ratio.
The median of the LMR was 3.17(Interquartile range: 2.33-4.33). We chose the median as the cutoff value and divided the patients into low LMR group (LMR<3.17) and high LMR group (LMR≥3.17). Thus, 343 patients with the low LMR and 337 patients were grouped into the high LMR.
Correlation between LMR and clinical features
The correlation between LMR and clinical characteristics is listed in Table 2. None of the clinical features was significantly associated with the LMR including age at therapy initiation, pathology grade, depth of tumor, lymph node metastasis, pathological stage, vessel invasive, nerve infiltration, treatment regimen and hospital time after operation. Nevertheless, a decreased LMR was notably correlated with sex (P<0.001). The LMR was negatively correlated with sex (r = -0.245, P<0.001) using Spearman analysis (Table 3).
Table 2.
Relationship between preoperative LMR and clinicopathological features in patients with ESCC
| Characteristics | Total patients | LMR<3.17 (n=343 ) | LMR≥3.17 (n=337 ) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 321 | 261 | <0.001 |
| Female | 23 | 75 | ||
| Age at therapy initiation(years) | ≤60 | 148 | 164 | 0.130 |
| >60 | 196 | 172 | ||
| Pathology grade | Well differentiated | 28 | 21 | |
| middle differentiated | 228 | 221 | 0.539 | |
| Poorly differentiated | 81 | 85 | ||
| Undifferentiated | 0 | 2 | ||
| Missing | 7 | 7 | ||
| Depth of tumor | T1a-1b | 25 | 39 | |
| T2 | 67 | 64 | 0.151 | |
| T3 | 252 | 233 | ||
| Lymph node metastasis | N0 | 148 | 148 | |
| N1 | 102 | 111 | 0.307 | |
| N2 | 61 | 57 | ||
| N3 | 33 | 20 | ||
| Pathological stage | 1a-1b | 55 | 61 | |
| 2a-2b | 113 | 116 | 0.572 | |
| 3a-3c | 176 | 159 | ||
| Vessel invasive | Yes | 106 | 104 | 0.969 |
| No | 238 | 232 | ||
| Nerve infiltration | Yes | 127 | 127 | 0.813 |
| No | 217 | 209 | ||
| Treatment regimen | S | 234 | 227 | |
| S plus postoperative C | 81 | 74 | 0.641 | |
| S plus postoperative CRT | 29 | 35 | ||
| Hospital time after operation(days) | ≤14 | 264 | 273 | 0.149 |
| >14 | 80 | 63 |
Abbreviations: S: surgery; C: chemotherapy; CRT: chemoradiotherapy; LMR: lymphocyte to monocyte ratio.
Table 3.
Spearman analysis of correlation between preoperative LMR and clinicopathological features
| Variables | LMR | |
|---|---|---|
| spearman correlation | P value | |
| Sex | -0.245 | <0.001 |
| Age at therapy initiation(years) | -0.061 | 0.110 |
| Depth of tumor | -0.054 | 0.161 |
| Lymph node metastasis | -0.026 | 0.506 |
| Pathological stage | -0.037 | 0.335 |
| Vessel invasive | 0.008 | 0.825 |
| Nerve infiltration | 0.004 | 0.927 |
| Treatment regimen | 0.001 | 0.977 |
| Hospital time after operation(days) | 0.013 | 0.742 |
Prognostic variables for DFS and OS
As shown in Figure 1, the Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that patients with low LMR had a worse DFS (P=0.007, Figure 1A) and OS (P=0.018, Figure 1B) compared with high LMR group.
Figure 1.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves showing the relationship between lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) and ESCC. A: Disease-free survival according to LMR; B: Overall survival according to LMR.
Univariate analysis revealed that in addition to LMR (P=0.020), lymph node metastasis (P<0.001), pathological stage (P<0.001), vessel invasive (P=0.027), nerve infiltration (P<0.001) and treatment regimen (P<0.001) were also significantly correlated with DFS. After adjustment for confounders, lymph node metastasis (P<0.001), nerve infiltration (P=0.003), treatment regimen (P<0.001) and LMR (P=0.003) were significantly associated with DFS (Table 4).
Table 4.
Disease-free survival analyses according to preoperative LMR in 680 patients with ESCC.
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | ||
| Sex (male vs. female) | 1.246 | 0.826-1.879 | 0.295 | ||||
| Age (>60 vs. ≤60) | 0.995 | 0.977-1.012 | 0.559 | ||||
| Depth of tumor (3 vs. 1+2) | 1.143 | 0.909-1.439 | 0.253 | ||||
| Lymph node metastasis (+ vs. -) | 1.667 | 1.453-1.910 | <0.001 | 1.648 | 1.314-2.068 | <0.001 | |
| Pathological stage (3 vs. 1+2) | 1.64 | 1.332-2.021 | <0.001 | 0.84 | 0.611-1.157 | 0.286 | |
| Vessel invasive (+ vs. -) | 1.382 | 1.037-1.842 | 0.027 | 0.81 | 0.578-1.136 | 0.222 | |
| Nerve infiltration (+ vs. -) | 1.643 | 1.250-2.159 | <0.001 | 1.57 | 1.160-2.126 | 0.003 | |
| Treatment regimen (S vs. S+CRT/C) |
1.306 | 1.170-1.458 | <0.001 | 1.299 | 1.147-1.471 | <0.001 | |
| Hospital time after operation(days) (>14 vs. ≤14) | 1.003 | 0.989-1.017 | 0.716 | ||||
| LMR (≥3.17 vs. <3.17) | 0.892 | 0.810-0.982 | 0.020 | 0.854 | 0.768-0.949 | 0.003 | |
Abbreviations: S: surgery; C: chemotherapy; CRT: chemoradiotherapy; LMR: lymphocyte to monocyte ratio.
In the univariate analysis, we found that LMR was significantly associated with OS (P=0.018). Meanwhile, there was a close relationship between depth of tumor (P=0.001), lymph node metastasis (P<0.001), pathological stage (P<0.001), vessel invasive (P=0.027), nerve infiltration (P<0.001) and monocyte (P=0.022). In the multivariate analysis, lymph node metastasis (P<0.001), nerve infiltration (P=0.007) and LMR (P=0.006) were significantly related to OS (Table 5). Above all, LMR was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC after esophageal radical surgery.
Table 5.
Overall survival analyses according to preoperative LMR in 680 patients with ESCC.
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Sex (male vs. female) | 1.242 | 0.836-1.844 | 0.283 | |||
| Age (>60 vs. ≤60) | 1.001 | 0.984-1.018 | 0.926 | |||
| Depth of tumor (3 vs. 1+2) | 1.513 | 1.178-1.943 | 0.001 | 0.987 | 0.714-1.364 | 0.935 |
| Lymph node metastasis (+ vs. -) | 1.755 | 1.544-1.995 | <0.001 | 1.692 | 1.317-2.173 | <0.001 |
| Pathological stage (3 vs. 1+2) | 1.929 | 1.563-2.382 | <0.001 | 0.909 | 0.605-1.365 | 0.644 |
| Vessel invasive (+ vs. -) | 1.783 | 1.369-2.324 | <0.001 | 0.885 | 0.634-1.237 | 0.475 |
| Nerve infiltration (+ vs. -) | 1.829 | 1.411-2.371 | <0.001 | 1.524 | 1.12-2.075 | 0.007 |
| Treatment regimen (S vs. S+CRT/C) | 1.006 | 0.896-1.13 | 0.916 | |||
| Hospital time after operation(days) (>14 vs. ≤14) | 1.007 | 0.995-1.019 | 0.234 | |||
| LMR(≥3.17 vs. <3.17) | 0.895 | 0.816-0.981 | 0.018 | 0.864 | 0.779-0.958 | 0.006 |
Abbreviations: S: surgery; C: chemotherapy; CRT: chemoradiotherapy; LMR: lymphocyte to monocyte ratio.
Discussions
Up to now the association between preoperative LMR and the prognosis of patients with ESCC remains inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted this retrospective study concerning the patients without preoperative adjuvant treatment, which have an impact on the count and percentage of lymphocyte and monocyte. In the present research, low LMR was discovered to be significantly related to sex (P<0.001), with 70% of patients being male. There is a 2-fold to 3-fold difference in incidence and mortality rates between the gender worldwide 19. A total of 731 patients newly diagnosed with ESCC from Feb 2008 to Jan 2015 at the Zhejiang Cancer Hospital were selected for the present study. With 51 patients excluded, 680 patients undergoing radical surgery were enrolled. Therefore, there was a possibility that decreased LMR was significantly associated with gender. The reason for no relationship between clinical features and LMR was that the patients undergoing radical surgery were in early and middle stage but not in advanced stage. Low LMR was correlated with the unfavorable prognosis of ESCC after radical surgery. We concluded that LMR was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC by using the Cox regression model.
The system inflammation in the tumor microenvironment has an impact on the tumorigenesis and progression. There were increasing studies suggest that the inflammation-based score were associated with the outcome of various cancers 20-25. The representative markers of system inflammation are the peripheral inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. LMR ratio is the calculated value between lymphocytes and monocytes. As result, LMR ratio that is correlated with worse prognosis of patients with ESCC is on behalf of lymphocytes and monocytes. In other words, LMR presents tumorigenesis and progression through lymphocytes and monocytes. Lymphocytes play a major role in suppressing cancer cell proliferation and migration 26. Besides, cytotoxic lymphocytes, mainly cytotoxic T cells, are essential for eliminating residual cancer cell and being applied in immunotherapy 27-28.
Monocytes are thought to have an impact on tumorigenesis through differentiation to tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs are recruited to the tumor site by obtaining the signal from tumor-derived chemotactic factors 29. Therefore, the mount and percentage of monocytes could represent for TAMs reflecting the tumor burden. Recent studies reported that increased infiltration of TAMs was associated with the outcome of various cancers 30-31. Above all, LMR may substitute for the balance between the promotion of tumor reaction and anti-tumor immune response.
There was also a study that focused on the relationship between LMR and outcome in ESCC patients after radical surgery. The author concluded that low LMR (LMR≤4.0) was correlated with the worse cancer specific survival and overall survival. The clinical information was based on 147 cases of ESCC patients in Japan. Besides, the cut off value was determined by the Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis 16. In our study, we chose the median value of LMR as the optimal cut off value. Disease free survival and overall survival represented the survival of ESCC patients. Based on 680 cases patients with primary diagnosis of ESCC, we found that low LMR was an independent prognostic factor in ESCC patients in China.
There were several limitations of this study: first, it was the single-center design and retrospective analysis. Second, it was uncertain whether a different cut off value determined by other ways including ROC curve analysis and C index would serve as an optimal indicator of survival in ESCC patients. The cut off value of LMR ranged from 2.93 to 5.3 in the reported studies. We chose the median value of LMR, which minimized a false positive result, as the cut off value. Therefore, multi-center design and prospective trials are required to confirm the reproducibility of these findings.
In summary, a low preoperative LMR indicates a worse survival of patients with primary diagnosis ESCC who received radical surgery. This finding may help clinicians to assess the prognosis of ESCC patients after operation.
Acknowledgments
We thank the included patients and all the investigators, including the clinicians and laboratory technicians in our study.This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (contract/grant number: 81502603), General research program of Health Department of Zhejiang Province (contract/grant number: 2016KYB048) and Zhejiang Youth Talents Project (contract/grant number: 2019RC026).
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